The document outlines the evolution and history of digital libraries, starting from Vannevar Bush's 1945 concept of memex to the development of ARPANET and the TCP/IP protocol in the 1980s. It highlights significant milestones such as NSF funding initiatives in the 1990s for digital library research, and the creation of various software tools like Greenstone and DSpace. The text emphasizes the collaborative efforts of various organizations and institutions in advancing digital library technologies.

1. Evolution / History / Development of
Digital Libraries
RupeshKumarA
a.rupeshkumar@gmail.com

2. Evolution
• Theideaof digital library is not new.
• It has been conceived by many people in differentways.

3. As WeMayThink
• In July 1945, Vannevar BushthethenDirector of the US
Office of ScientificResearch and Developmentpublished an
article.
• It was titled“As WeMay Think”.
• Publishedin the journalTheAtlanticMonthly
• The article proposed the potentialthattechnology offers the
scientiststo gather, store, find and retrieve information.
• He called this systemMemex

4. The Library ofthe Future
• In 1960s, J.C.R.Licklider studieddigital computingat
MassachusettsInstituteof Technology (MIT).
• In his book TheLibraryoftheFuture,he described the
research and development needed to builda truly digital
library.

5. ARPANET
• In late 1960s, the Departmentof DefenceAdvancedResearch
Project Agency (DARPA) initiateda computer network for
sharing confidentialdefenceinformation.
• This network was called theARPANET.
• Similar projects were being initiatedin the United Kingdom
and France.

6. TCP/IP
• In 1981, access to the ARPANET was expanded whenthe
NationalScience Foundation(NSF) fundedtheComputer
Science Network (CSNET).
• In 1982, theInternetprotocol suite(TCP/IP)was introduced
as the standard networking protocol on theARPANET.
• In late 1980s, Commercial Internetservice providers (ISPs)
began toemerge.

7. WWW
• In the1980s, research at CERN in Switzerland by British
computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee resulted in theWorld
Wide Web (WWW).
• In themid-1990s, communicationservices such as electronic
mail,instantmessaging,voice over InternetProtocol (VoIP)
telephone calls,two-way interactivevideo calls started.

8. NSF Grants for DLResearch
• In 1994, USgovernmentannouncedfunding of$24.4millionto
six universities forresearch in “digitallibraries”.
• The funding wasa joint initiativeof NationalScience Foundation
(NSF), DepartmentofDefenseAdvancedResearchProjects
Agency (DARPA),andNationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration(NASA)
• This was called“DigitalLibrary Initiative-1”(DLIPhase 1)

9. NSF-funded universities forDL research
• Carnegie Mellon University
• University of California-Berkeley
• University of Michigan
• University of Illinois
• University of California-SantaBarbara
• Stanford University

10. DLI-2
• In March 1997, NSF sponsored a workshop
• PlanningWorkshop on Distributed Knowledgework
environments.
• It was held at SantaFe.
• This workshop provided directions for DigitalLibrary
InitiativePhase2.

11. DLI-2
• NSF announced DLI-2in February 1998.
• $8-10millionfor4-5years
• Sponsoring Institutionswere:
– LibraryofCongress
– DARPA
– NationalLibraryofMedicine(NLM)
– NASA
– NationalEndowmentfortheHumanities
– NationalArchives
– SmithsonianInstituteforMuseumandLibraryServices

12. DLI-2 Program Goals
• NewDL research
• Technologiesand applications to advance the use of
distributed, networkedinformationof all types around the
nationand theworld.

13. GSDL
• Greenstone DigitalLibrary Software
• Released in 1999
• Developed by University of Waikato as part of New Zealand
DigitalLibrary Project
• Presentstable versions:
– Greenstone2: 2.86
– Greenstone 3: 3.07

14. EPrints
• Created in 2000 as a result of 1999 SantaFe meeting.
• Developed by University of Southampton
• First OAI-PMH compliant software
• Latest stable release 3.3.15 (December 2015)

15. DSpace
• First public version released in Nov. 2002
• Joint effort of MIT and HPLabs
• Consistentdevelopment
• Latest Stable version 5.5 (March 2016)

16. Fedora Commons
• FEDORA (Flexible ExtensibleDigital Object Repository
Architecture) was launched in 2003
• Developed by Cornell University.
• Latest stable release 4.1.0 (February 2015)

17. Invenio
• CERN DocumentServer Software
• Prior to 2006, it was calledCDSware
• Later renamed CDSInvenio
• Now, simply called “Invenio”