This document provides an overview of white blood cells (WBCs), including their production, types, functions, and normal counts. It discusses that WBCs can be divided into phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes) and immunocytes (lymphocytes and plasma cells). It also outlines the stages of leukocyte maturation, cluster of differentiation cell markers, lifespan of different WBC types, and normal differential WBC counts.

1. Developed by
Dr.Abdulrazzaq Othman Alagbare
M.D Clinical pathologist-Lecturer of hematology
Hematology 2-1
WBC- Benign Disorders
For
Clinical Laboratory Students

3. Leukopoiesis and Leukopoietic Function
Lesson 1

4. Introduction:
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White blood cells
White blood cells are a group of cells circulating in the peripheral blood
may be divided into two broad groups:
1-the phagocytes  Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil and Monocyte
2- the immunocyteslymphocytes, their precursor cells and plasma cells

5. Introduction:
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White blood cells
 Only mature phagocytic cells and lymphocytes are found in normal peripheral
blood
 Their main function to protect the body and fight infections is closely connected
with two soluble protein systems of the body: immunoglobulins and complements
 From whom? Viruses, Bacteria, Fungus, and others
 TheWBC activity site mainly in the inflamed tissues

6. White Blood Cells - production
 Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cells
 CFU-S
▪ CFU-E
▪ Eryhtrocytes
▪ CFU-GM
▪ Granulocytes
▪ Monocytes
▪ CFU-M
▪ Megakaryocytes (Platelets)
 LSC
▪ T Lymphocytes
▪ B Lymphocytes

7. Leukopoiesis and Leukopoietic Function
Leukopoiesis means the states of
 the production
 development
 differentiation of all white blood cells
Stages of Leukocyte Maturation
Granullar cells
 Myeloblast->Promyelocyte (Progranulocyte) ->Myelocyte-
>Metamyelocyte->Band-> ->Segmented Neutrophil (Eosinophils
and Basophils)
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8. 6/24/2023 White blood cells 8
megakaryocyte
monocyte

9. Cluster of differentiation
The cluster of differentiation (cluster
of designation or Classification
Determinant) (often abbreviated as
CD)
o is a protocol used for the
identification and investigation of
cell surface molecules providing
targets for immunophenotyping of
cells.
2/1/2015 Flowcytometry or immunophenotypic 9

10. Type of cell CD markers
stem cells CD34+, CD31-,CD117
all leukocyte groups CD45+
Granulocyte CD45+, CD11b, CD15+, CD24+, CD114+, CD182+
Monocyte CD45+, CD14+, CD114+, CD11a,CD11b, CD91+,CD16+
T lymphocyte CD45+, CD3+
T helper cell CD45+, CD3+, CD4+
T regulatory cell CD4, CD25,
CytotoxicT cell CD45+, CD3+, CD8+
B lymphocyte CD45+, CD19+ or CD45+, CD20+, CD24+, CD38,CD22
Thrombocyte CD45+, CD61+
Natural killer cell NK cells CD16+, CD56+, CD3-, CD31, CD30,CD38
2/1/2015 Flowcytometry or immunophenotypic 10

11. White Blood Cells types
They are 2 types
 Myelocytic Lineage
 Production of Granulocyte and Monocytes
 Begins with myeloblast
 Formed in bone marrow
 Lymphocytic lineage
 Production of T and B lymphocytes
 Begins with lymphoblast
 Produced mainly in various lymphogenous tissues

12. Lymphogenous tissues
 Lymphogenous tissues
 Lymph glands
 Spleen
 Thymus
 Tonsils
 Pockets of lymphoid tissue elsewhere in body
▪ Bone marrow
▪ Peyer's patches
▪ Lymphogneous tissue underneath gut wall epithelium

13. White Blood Cells storage
 WBC formed in bone marrow are stored until needed in
the circulation
 Normally, about three times WBC are stored in the marrow
▪ a 6-day supply
 Lymphocytes are mostly stored in the various lymphoid
tissues

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Diapedesis
Definition: Process by
which Neutrophils and
Monocytes come out of
blood vessel wall
===========
Pores of vessel wall
are smaller than cells
Small portion of the
cell squeezes through
the pores

15. WBC - Life Span
Granulocytes -Life Span
After being released from bone
marrow
1. In blood 4 to 8 hours
2. In tissues 4 to 5 days
where needed
During serious tissue infection,
total life span shortened
Monocytes- Life Span
1. In blood 10 to 72 hours
2. In tissues, they become
tissue Macrophages , can
live for 15-20 DAY
Tissue macrophages provide
continuing defense

16.  Lymphocytes- Life Span
▪ Continual circulation of lymphocytes
▪ Lymphocytes enter circulation with lymph from the lymph nodes and other
lymphoid tissue
▪ After a few hours, they go out of blood and back into the tissues by diapedesis
▪ Again re-enter lymph and return to blood
▪ Life spans (weeks or months) depends on the body's need for these cells

17. Neutrophil Eosinophil Basophil Monocyte Lymphocyte

18. Normal differential Count
 Differential Count or Relative count %
 Neutrophils 62.0% (50-70%)
 Band for < 5%
 PMN < 5%
 Eosinophils 2.3% (1-4%)
 Basophils 0.4% (0-0.4%)
 Monocytes 5.3% (2-8%)
 Lymphocytes 30.0% (20-40%)
Group of Neutrophils

19. END OFTH
LESSON
THANK
YOU
ANY ?
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The peripheral blood cells