Dr Trevor Cole's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: From family history to epigenetics of osteoporosis.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
This PPT presentation talks about osteosarcoma from the clinical point of view, summarizing the recent guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
Dr Trevor Cole's presentation from Osteoporosis 2016: From family history to epigenetics of osteoporosis.
Find out more at: https://nos.org.uk/conference
This PPT presentation talks about osteosarcoma from the clinical point of view, summarizing the recent guidelines in diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most frequent primary liver cancer with a high mortality rate.
Other name: hepatoma
HCC often develops in patients with chronic liver disease
Hepatoblastoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the tissues of the liver. It
is the most common type of childhood liver cancer and usually affects children younger than 3 years of age
the RBC production and maturation completed in the bone marrow normally, all the maturation stages of erythropoiesis are descriped here and how regulated ..etc
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
4. INTRODUCTION
❖ Ewing sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that occurs in bones or
in the soft tissue around the bones.
❖ It is an aggressive bone and soft-tissue cancer
In 1920,Dr,James Ewing described an unusual tumor in a 14-
year-old girl as a “diffuse endothelioma of bone.
5. Ewing sarcoma sites
❖ most often begins in the leg bones and in
the pelvis, but it can occur in any bone.
Bone (80%)
❖ Axial skeleton (45%) - Pelvis (20%) - Ribs
(10%)
Other axial bones (15%)
Distal skeleton (35%)
❖ Femur (12%) -Humerus (4%) - Other distal
bones (19%)
Ewing sarcoma sites-Metastasis
6. Main metastatic site are
❖ • Lungs
❖ • Bone
❖ • Bone marrow
Ewing sarcoma sites-Metastasis
7. ❖ Ewing sarcoma affects males more often than females.
It occurs primarily in
❖ children 0-10 yrs.
❖ and young adults, up to 20yrs.
❖ Consist 1% of all cancers in children and adolescents younger
than 15
❖ and 2% of all cancers in teens aged 15 to 19.
Ewing sarcoma incidence
8. Recently, doctors have defined the disease to include four types of
cancer, referred to as the Ewing's Family of Tumor (EFT). This
includes:
❖Ewing's sarcoma of bone
❖Ewing's sarcoma of soft tissue
❖Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) which may occur in
both bone and soft tissue
❖Askin's tumor, a PNET that occurs in the bones of the chest
The Ewing's Family of Tumor (EFT)
9. ❖ There is no known cause of Ewing's sarcoma.
The Ewing's Sarcoma Causes
Predispose by
10. ❖Over 90% of Ewing's sarcomas contain a t(11;22)(q24;q12) translocation
which fuses the EWS gene on chromosome 22 with the FLI1 gene on
chromosome 11. EWSR1-FLI1
❖This genetic feature defines the Ewing's family of tumors (Ewing's
sarcomas, peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumours (pPNET) and
Askin's tumours).
Genetic abnormality in Ewing Family tumors
12. Clinical Symptoms and Signs
•Pain and enlarging mass associated with swollen soft tissue.
•Systemic symptoms.
•Pathologic fracture is infrequent.
•There is a need to improve diagnostic tests to identify Ewing’s
sarcoma.
13. Ewing sarcoma Diagnostic panel
❖Patient history
❖Clinical examination
❖CBC-ESR
❖Blood Tests- LFT,RFT.Mg++,Ca++,ALK. etc.
❖Cytogenetic tests-FISH,Karyotyping test
❖Molecular genetic tests-PCR
❖Biopsy
❖Radiological investigation
➢X-ray
➢CT Features
➢MRI Features
➢Bone Scan - Tumor and metastasis
➢Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
18. . (A) Atypical (large cell)
Histologic variation in Ewing sarcoma
(B) Areas with extensive
spindle cell features
may be seen
Spindle cell sarcoma is a soft
tissue tumor usually found in the
arm or leg bones, or in the
pelvis.
20. Ewing sarcoma of bone in a child. Plain radiograph shows
a mass in the metadiaphyseal region of the distal humerus.
Ewing sarcoma - Radiological investigation
22. What is the difference between Ewing
sarcoma and osteosarcoma?
Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma have
different origins and come from different
cells.
This difference affects the
treatment used. For example,
radiation therapy is used more
often to treat Ewing sarcoma than
osteosarcoma.
