Lesson Plan Surface Chemistry Class XII , CBSE

A.K.Gupta, PGT Chemistry, KVS ZIET Bhubaneswar
CHEMISTRY
CLASS XII
UNIT 5
SURFCAE CHEMISTRY
LESSON PLANS
Some of the most important chemicals are produced
industrially by means of reactions that occur on the surfaces
of solid catalysts.
UNIT 5
Surface Chemistry
Class XII
CHEMISTRY PART -I
LESSON PLAN
ASHOK KUMAR GUPTA
PGT CHEMISTRY
KVS ZIET
BHUBANESWAR
Kendriya Vidyalaya No. – 4 Campus
Niladri Vihar, PO- SaileshreeVihar
BHUBANESWAR (Odisha)- 751 017
http://www.zietbbsr.org
12/07/2016

Objectives
After studying this Unit, pupil should will be able to
• describe interfacial phenomenon and its significance;
• define adsorption and classify it into physical and chemical
adsorption;
• explain mechanism of adsorption;
• explain the factors controlling adsorption from gases and
solutions on solids;
• explain adsorption results on the basis of Freundlich
adsorption isotherms;
• appreciate the role of catalysts in industry;
• enumerate the nature of colloidal state;
• describe preparation, properties and purification of colloids;
• classify emulsions and describe their preparation and
properties;
• describe the phenomenon of gel formation;
• list the uses of colloids.
Planning:
Period Content to be covered
1 describe interfacial phenomenon and its
significance;
• define adsorption and classify it into
physical and chemical adsorption;
• explain mechanism of adsorption;
• explain the factors controlling
adsorption from gases and solutions on
solids;
• explain adsorption results on the basis
of Freundlich adsorption isotherms;
2
Test, 10 M, 30 Minutes
2 • appreciate the role of catalysts in
industry;
I.enumerate the nature of colloidal state;
• describe preparation & purification of
colloids
3 • describe properties of colloids;
• classify emulsions and describe their
preparation and properties;
• describe the phenomenon of gel
formation;
• list the uses of colloids.
4 Unit Test
Period 1: Time 45 Minutes
Introduction: 5 minutes
I. Demonstration: In a solution of an organic dye,
say methylene blue, when activated charcoal is
added and the solution is well shaken, it is observed
that the filtrate turns colourless.
II.Why does the solution become colourless?
(Students Response- the molecules of the dye,
accumulate on the surface of charcoal,
Teachers Role-Introduce the term adsorption)
III.In the packets of electronic goods some
silica gel is placed? Why?
(Students response-the water molecules get
adsorbed on the surface of the gel.
CONTENT DELIVERY:
Teachers Role- teacher introduces the topic with a
sentence like “There are several examples, which reveal
that the surface of a solid has the tendency to attract
and retain the molecules of the phase with which it
comes into contact. These molecules remain only at the
surface and do not go deeper into the bulk.
 The accumulation of molecular species at the
surface rather than in the bulk of a solid or liquid is
termed as adsorption. The molecular species or
substance, which concentrates or accumulates at the
surface is termed adsorbate and the material on the
surface of which the adsorption takes place is called
adsorbent.
Distinction between Adsorption and Absorption
 In adsorption, the substance is concentrated only at
the surface and does not penetrate through the surface
to the bulk of the adsorbent, while in absorption, the
substance is uniformly distributed throughout the bulk
of the solid.
Example:
i. when a chalk stick is dipped in ink, the surface
retains the colour of the ink due to adsorption of
coloured molecules while the solvent of the ink goes

deeper into the stick due to absorption. On breaking
the chalk stick, it is found to be white from inside.
ii. Water vapours are absorbed by anhydrous calcium
chloride but adsorbed by silica gel.
The term sorption is used when both adsorption
and absorption take place simultaneously.
Mechanism of Adsorption:
Adsorption arises due to the presence of unbalanced or
residual attractive forces at the surface particles of the
adsorbent. These forces are responsible for attracting
the adsorbate particles on the surface of adsorbent.
The extent of adsorption(x/m) increases with the
increase of surface area per unit mass of the adsorbent
at a given temperature and pressure.
H of adsorption is always -ve:
When a gas is adsorbed, the freedom of movement of its
molecules become restricted. Consequently, S is
negative. For a process to be spontaneous, at constant
temperature and pressure, G must be negative.
We know, G = H – TS, G can be negative only if H
has sufficiently high negative value as – TS is positive.
Conclusion:
 Adsorption occurs at low temperature (H > TS)
As the adsorption proceeds, H becomes less and less
negative ultimately H becomes equal to TS and G
becomes zero. At this state equilibrium is attained.
Types of Adsorption
If accumulation of gas on the surface of a solid occurs on
account of weak van der Waals’ forces, the adsorption is
termed as physical adsorption or physisorption.
When the gas molecules or atoms are held to the solid
surface by chemical bonds, the adsorption is termed
chemical adsorption or chemisorption. The chemical
bonds may be covalent or ionic in nature.
Characteristics of physisorption:
i. Lack of specificity
ii. Nature of adsorbate: easily liquefiable gases (i.e.,
with higher critical temperatures) are readily
adsorbed as van der Waals’ forces are stronger
near the critical temperatures.
 Which gas SO2 (critical temperature 630K), CH4
(critical temperature 190K) or H2 (critical temperature
33K) shall be adsorbed more by 1g of activated
charcoal?
iii. Reversible nature: Solid + Gas l Gas/Solid + Heat
HeatSolidGasGasSlod  /
iv. The extent of adsorption increases with the
increase of surface area of the adsorbent.
v. Enthalpy of adsorption is low (20–40 kJ mol-1
)
Characteristics of chemisorption:
(i) Chemisorption is highly specific - it occurs only if there
is some possibility of chemical bonding between
adsorbent and adsorbate.
Example: oxygen is adsorbed on metals by virtue of
oxide formation and hydrogen is adsorbed by transition
metals due to hydride formation.
(ii) Chemisorption is irreversible in nature.
(iii) Chemisorption is also an exothermic process
(iv) Like most chemical changes, chemisorption
adsorption increases with rise of temperature.
Physisorption of a gas adsorbed at low temperature
may change into chemisorption at a high temperature.
(v) Usually high pressure is also favourable for
chemisorption.
(vi) Like physical adsorption, chemisorption also
increases with increase of surface area of the adsorbent.
(vii) Enthalpy of chemisorption is high (80-240 kJ mol-1)
as it involves chemical bond formation.
Write four differences between chemisorption
and physisorption
Adsorption isobar:
The graph of the variation in the amount of gas
adsorbed by the adsorbent with temperature at
constant pressure is termed as adsorption isobar.
Adsorption Isotherms
The graph of the variation in the amount of gas
adsorbed by the adsorbent with pressure at constant
temperature is termed as adsorption isotherm.
Freundlich isotherm: explains the behavior of
adsorption in an approximate manner.

The experimental isotherms always seem to
approach saturation at high pressure. This cannot be
explained by Freundlich isotherm. Thus, it fails at high
pressure.
CAT
1.Adsorption isotherm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP2tQDAOSC0
2. Adsorption and Absorption
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djIzXvwIz5U
Adsorption from Solution Phase
The following observations have been made
in the case of adsorption from solution phase:
(i) The extent of adsorption decreases with an increase
in temperature.
(ii) The extent of adsorption increases with an increase
of surface area of the adsorbent.
(iii) The extent of adsorption depends on the
concentration of the solute in solution.
(iv) The extent of adsorption depends on the nature of
the adsorbent and the adsorbate.
Freundlich’s equation describes the behaviour of
adsorption from solution by the equation-
n
kC
m
x
1

Applications of Adsorption
(i) Production of high vacuum: The remaining traces of air
can be adsorbed by charcoal from a vessel evacuated by
a vacuum pump to give a very high vacuum.
(ii) Gas mask (a device which consists of activated
charcoal or mixture of adsorbents) is usually used for
breathing in coal mines to adsorb poisonous gases.
(iii) Silica and aluminium gels are used as adsorbents for
removing moisture and controlling humidity.
(iv) Removal of colouring matter from solutions using
animal charcoal.
(v) As Hetergeneous catalyst: Manufacture of ammonia
using iron (Fe) as a catalyst, manufacture of H2SO4 by
contact process and use of finely divided nickel in the
hydrogenation of oils are examples of heterogeneous
catalysis.
(vi) Due to the difference in degree of adsorption
of gases by charcoal, a mixture of noble gases can be
separated by adsorption on coconut charcoal at different
temperatures.
(vii) A number of drugs are used to kill germs by
getting adsorbed on them
(viii) In Froth floatation process
(ix) Adsorption indicators
(x) Chromatographic analysis.
ASSIGNMENTS
1.Write any two characteristics of Chemisorption.
2. Why does physisorption decrease with the increase
of temperature?
3 Why are powdered substances more effective
adsorbents than their crystalline forms?

Practice test
10 Marks 30 Minute
Q.No Question M
1 Distinguish between the meaning of the
terms adsorption and absorption.
Give one example of each.
1
2 Give reason why a finely divided
substance is more effective as an
adsorbent.
1
3 Why is adsorption always exothermic? 1
4 Write four factors which influence the
adsorption of a gas on a solid?
2
5 Write the effect of pressure and
temperature on the adsorption of gases
on solids.
2
6 Write six differences between
physisorption and chemisorption?
3
7 What is an adsorption isotherm?
Describe Freundlich adsorption
isotherm.
3
8 Which of the following graph- A 0r B
represents adsorption isotherm for
physisorption and chemisorption
2
Discussion of Answer by teacher and peer
correction strategy-15Minutes
A B

Objectives: at the end of this class pupil
should be able to-
• appreciate the role of catalysts in industry;
I. Demonstration: watch the video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTfMrx7275w
II. what chemical reaction equation are going on here
in terms of atomic symbol
Students Response- decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide.
2222
2
1
OOHOH KI

III. What is the role of KI?
Students Response- it catalyzes (speeds up)
the rate of decomposition of H2O2.
Teachers Role-That is correct. Today we shall discuss
about the role of adsorption in catalysis.
CONTENT DELIVERY:
Catalysis: Substances, which accelerate the rate of a
chemical reaction and themselves remain chemically and
quantitatively unchanged after the reaction, are known
as catalysts, and the phenomenon is known as catalysis.
Example:
2
872653
3 322 OKClKClO K
  
non catalyzed
reaction
2
633473,
3 322 2
OKClKClO KMnO
  
catalyzed
reaction
Promoters and poisons
Promoters are substances that enhance the activity of a
catalyst while poisons decrease the activity of a catalyst.
Example:
In Haber’s process for manufacture of ammonia,
molybdenum (Mo) acts as a promoter for iron(Fe)
catalyst.
)(2)(3)( 322 gNH
Mo
Fe
gHgN 
Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
When the reactants and the catalyst are in the same
phase (i.e., liquid or gas), the process is said to be
homogeneous catalysis. The catalytic process in which
the reactants and the catalyst are in different phases is
known as heterogeneous catalysis.
Examples of Homogeneous Catalysis-
Video clip:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FSdBB1vBDKY
I. )()()( 3
)(
22 gSOgOgSO gNO
 
II. Hydrolysis of ester
iii.Hydrolysis of sugar
Examples of Homogeneous Catalysis-
i.
)(2)()(2 3
)(
22 gSOgOgSO SPt
 
ii. )(2)(3)( 322 gNH
Mo
Fe
gHgN 
iii. OHgNOgOgNH SPt
2
)(
23 6)(4)(5)(4  
Adsorption Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
Show the following clip-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjMwTA597Og
The reactants in gaseous state or in solutions, are
adsorbed on the surface of the solid catalyst. The
increase in concentration of the reactants on the surface
increases the rate of reaction. Adsorption being an
exothermic process, the heat of adsorption is utilised in
enhancing the rate of the reaction.
The mechanism involves five steps:
(i) Diffusion of reactants to the surface of the catalyst.
(ii) Adsorption of reactant molecules on the surface of
the catalyst.
(iii) Occurrence of chemical reaction on the catalyst’s
surface through formation of an intermediate .
(iv) Desorption of reaction products from the catalyst
surface, and thereby, making the surface available again
for more reaction to occur.
(v) Diffusion of reaction products away from the
catalyst’s surface.
The surface of the catalyst unlike the inner part of the
bulk, has free valencies which provide the seat for
chemical forces of attraction.
Question:
1. Why is it necessary to remove CO when ammonia is
obtained by Haber’s process?
2. Why is the ester hydrolysis slow in the beginning and
becomes faster after sometime?
3. What is the role of desorption in the process of catalysis.

Important features of solid catalysts
(a)
Activity
(b) Selectivity
Refers to
the ability
of the
catalyst
to
enhance
the arte
of the
reaction
It is the ability of the catalyst to direct a
reaction to yield
a particular product selectively, when under
the same reaction
conditions many products are possible.
Example: Example:
)()(3)( 242 gOHgCHHgCO Ni

)(2)( 3
/
2
32
gOHCHHgCO OCrZnOCu
  
)()( 2 gHCHOHgCO Cu

Shape Selective Catalysis by Zeolites
The catalytic reaction that depends upon the pore
structure of the catalyst and the size of the reactant and
product molecules is called shape-selective catalysis.
Example: Zeolites are good shape-selective catalysts
because of their honeycomb-like structures.
Nature of Zoolite: They are microporous
aluminosilicates with three dimensional network of
Al–O–Si framework. The reactions taking place in zeolites
depend upon the size and shape of reactant and product
molecules as well as upon the pores and cavities of the
zeolites.
 What is ZSM 5? What is its use?
 ZSM 5 is zeolite sieves with molecular porosity 5.
Use: It is used as catalysts in petrochemical industries to
convert alcohols directly into gasoline (petrol) by
dehydrating them to give a mixture of hydrocarbons.
Enzyme Catalysis
They are protein molecules of high molecular mass and
are very effective biological catalysts.
Examples:
1. The invertase enzyme converts cane sugar
into glucose and fructose. The process is called Inversion.
2. The zymase enzyme converts glucose into ethyl alcohol
and carbon dioxide.
3. The diastase enzyme converts starch into maltose.
4. The maltase enzyme converts maltose into glucose.
5. Decomposition of urea into ammonia and carbon
dioxide is catalyzed by the enzyme urease.
6. In stomach, the pepsin enzyme converts proteins into
peptides while in intestine, the pancreatic trypsin
converts proteins into amino acids by hydrolysis.
7. Conversion of milk into curd is an brought
about by lacto bacilli enzyme present in curd.
Characteristics of enzyme catalysis:
(i) Most highly efficient:
(ii) Highly specific nature:
(iii) Highly active under optimum temperature: The
optimum temperature range for enzymatic activity is
298-310K. Human body temperature being
310 K is suited for enzyme-catalysed reactions.
(iv) Highly active under optimum pH (between pH 5-7)
(v) Increasing activity in presence of activators and co-
enzymes:
(vi) Influence of inhibitors and poisons.
Mechanism of enzyme catalysis
Thus, the enzyme-catalysed reactions proceed in two
steps.
Step 1: Binding of enzyme to substrate to form an
activated complex. E+ S  ES
Step 2: Decomposition of the activated complex to form
product. ES  E + P
Homework assignment:
1. Give four examples of heterogeneous catalysis.
2. What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalysts?
3. What is shape selective catalysis?
4.What do you mean by ZSM-5? What is its use?

Objectives: at the end of this class pupil should
be able to –
• enumerate the nature of colloidal state;
• describe different ways of classification of
colloids
I. Show the following video clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_Pj5_MWSSA
Teachers -Give more examples of colloids
Students response: students site many examples of
colloids
CONTENT DELIVERY:
A colloid is a heterogeneous system in which one
substance is dispersed (dispersed phase) as very fine
particles in another substance called dispersion medium.
Differences between true solution, suspension and
colloids
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LhFRsGq6KjY
Classification of Colloids
Classification Based on Physical State of Dispersed
Phase and Dispersion Medium
Dispersed
phase
Dispersion
medium
Type of
colloids
Example
Solid Solid Solid sol coloured
glasses, gem
stones
Solid Liquid Sol Paints, cell
fluids
Solid Gas Aerosol Smoke, dust
Liquid Solid Gel Cheese, butter,
jellies
Liquid Liquid Emulsion Milk, hair cream
Liquid Gas Aerosol Fog, mist,
cloud,
Gas Solid Solid sol Pumice stone,
foam rubber
Gas Liquid Foam Froth, whipped
cream, soap
lather
Classification Based on Nature of Interaction
between Dispersed Phase and Dispersion Medium-
(i) Lyophilic colloids (ii) Lyophobic colloids
Lyophilic colloids:
 The word ‘lyophilic’ means liquid-loving. Colloidal
 Can be formed directly formed by mixing substances
like gum, gelatine, starch, rubber, etc., with a
suitable liquid (the dispersion medium
 These are reversible sols.
 these sols are quite stable and cannot be easily
coagulated
Lyophobic colloids:
 The word ‘lyophobic’ means liquid-hating.
 These colloidal sols can be prepared only by
special methods
 Such sols are called lyophobic sols.
 These sols are readily precipitated (or
coagulated) on the addition of small amounts of
electrolytes, by heating or by shaking and hence,
are not stable.
 These are irreversible sols, once precipitated,
they do not give back the colloidal sol by simple
addition of the dispersion medium.
 Lyophobic sols need stabilizing agents for their
preservation.
Classification Based on Type of Particles of the
Dispersed Phase-
1. Multimolecular colloids: On dissolution, a large number
of atoms or smaller molecules of a substance
aggregate together to form species having size in the
colloidal range (1–1000 nm).
Example: gold sol, Sulphur sol
2.Macromolecular colloids: Macromolecules in suitable
solvents form solutions in which the size of the
macromolecules is in the colloidal range. These
colloids are quite stable.
Examples: starch, cellulose, proteins, enzymes;
polythene, nylon, polystyrene, synthetic rubber, etc. in
suitable dispersion medium.
3. Associated colloids (Micelles): There are some
substances which at low concentrations behave
as normal strong electrolytes, but at higher
concentrations exhibit colloidal behaviour due
to the formation of aggregates. The aggregated
particles thus formed are called micelles. These
are also known as associated colloids.
The formation of micelles takes place only above a
particular temperature called Kraft temperature (T)
and above a particular concentration called critical
micelle concentration (CMC).
On dilution, these colloids revert back to individual ions.
Example: Surface active agents such as soaps and
synthetic detergents belong to this class.

Mechanism of micelle formation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nxkjn-XhgE0
(a) Arrangement of stearate ions on the surface of water at
low concentrations of soap
(b) Arrangement of stearate ions inside the bulk of water
(ionic micelle) at critical micelle concentrations of soap
Cleansing action of soaps
(a) Grease on cloth (b) Stearate ions arranging around the
grease droplet and
(c) Grease droplet surrounded by stearate ions (micelle
formed)
Chemistry of soap & Emulsification
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMhyD-wUPjo
Quiz Questions for testing your understanding:
QUIZQuestions
1. One of following substances that belongs to colloid
system is....
A. Milk
B. Tap water
C. Vinegar
D. Blood
2. Dispersed phase and dispersing medium of smoke
are..
A. Solid in liquid
B. Liquid in solid
C. Solid in gas
D. Gas in solid
3. Margarine is a colloid system of...
A. Foam
B. Emulsion
C. Aerosol
D. Solid emulsion
4. Which of the following would be a colloid where both
phases are liquids?
A. whipped cream
B. milk
C. butter
D. cheese
5 Which of the following is a heterogeneous mixture?
A. Blood
B. Motor Oil
C. Air
D. Table sugar
Ans: 1(D) Blood, 2(D) Gas in solid ,3 (B) Emulsion, 4(B)
Milk, 5 (A) Blood.
HOME WORK ASSIGNMENT
I. How are the colloidal solutions classified on the basis
of physical states of the dispersed phase and
dispersion medium?
II.What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols? Give one
example of each type. Why are hydrophobic sols easily
coagulated?
III. What is the difference between multimolecular
and macromolecular colloids? Give one example of
each. How are associated colloids different from these
two types of colloids?
IV. How are colloids classified on the basis of-
(i) physical states of components
(ii) nature of dispersed phase and
(iii) interaction between dispersed phase and dispersion
medium?
V.What are enzymes? Write in brief the mechanism of
enzyme catalysis.

be able to –
 describe preparation, properties and
purification of colloids
I. Show the following video clip
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l_Pj5_MWSSA
CONTENT DELIVERY
having learnt the significance of colloids around us we
shall learn the methods of there preparation-
(a) Chemical methods
Colloidal dispersions can be prepared by chemical
reactions leading to formation of molecules by-
i. double decomposition,
ii. oxidation,
iii. reduction or
iv. hydrolysis.
OHsolSAsSHOAs mpositionDoubledeco
232232 3)(3  
OHsolSSHSO Oxidation
222 2)(32  
HClHCOOHsolAuOHHCHOAuCl duction
63)(2332 Re
23  
HClsolOHFeOHFeCl Hydrolysis
3)()(3 323  
The molecules produced then aggregate leading to
formation of sols
(b) Electrical disintegration or Bredig’s Arc
method:
Clip: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=getKcN4tfwk
(c) Peptization
Peptization may be defined as the process of
converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by
shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence
of a small amount of electrolyte. The electrolyte
used for this purpose is called peptizing agent.
This method is applied, generally, to convert a
freshly prepared precipitate into a colloidal sol.
Purification of Colloidal Solutions
The process used for reducing the amount of impurities
to a requisite minimum is known as purification of
colloidal solution. The purification of colloidal solution is
carried out by the following mehods:
(i) Dialysis: It is a process of removing a dissolved
substance from a colloidal solution by means
of diffusion through a suitable membrane.
(ii) Electro-dialysis: Ordinarily, the process of
dialysis is quite slow. It can be made faster
by applying an electric field if the dissolved
substance in the impure colloidal solution
is only an electrolyte. The process is then
named electrodialysis.
(iii) Ultrafiltration: Ultrafiltration is the process of
separating the colloidal particles from the solvent and
soluble solutes present in the colloidal solution by
specially prepared filters, which are permeable to all
substances except the colloidal particles. Colloidal
particles can pass through ordinary filter paper because
the pores are too large.
However, the pores of filter paper can be reduced in
size by impregnating with collodion solution to stop the
flow of colloidal particles. The usual collodion is a 4%
solution of nitrocellulose in a mixture of alcohol and
ether. An ultra-filter paper may be prepared by soaking
the filter paper in a collodion solution, hardening by
formaldehyde and then finally drying it. Thus, by using
ultra-filter paper, the colloidal particles are separated
from rest of the materials. Ultrafiltration is a slow
process. To speed up the process, pressure or suction is
applied. The colloidal particles left on the ultra-filter
paper are then stirred with fresh dispersion medium
(solvent) to get a pure colloidal solution.

Properties of Colloidal Solutions
(i) Colligative properties: Colloidal particles being
bigger aggregates, the number of particles in a
colloidal solution is comparatively small as compared
to a true solution.
(ii) Tyndall effect:
This effect was first observed by Faraday
and later studied in detail by Tyndall and is
termed as Tyndall effect. The bright cone of the
light is called Tyndall cone.
The Tyndall effect is due to the fact that colloidal
particles scatter light in all directions in space. This
scattering of light illuminates the path of beam in the
colloidal dispersion.
Tyndall effect is observed only when the following two
conditions are satisfied.
(i) The diameter of the dispersed particles is not much
smaller than the wavelength of the light used; and
(ii) The refractive indices of the dispersed phase and the
dispersion medium differ greatly in magnitude.
(iii) The colour of colloidal solution depends on the
wavelength of light scattered by the dispersed particles.
The wavelength of light further depends on the size and
nature of the particles. The colour of colloidal solution
also changes with the manner in which the observer
receives the light. For example, a mixture of milk and
water appears blue when viewed by the reflected light
and red when viewed by the transmitted light. Finest
gold sol is red in colour; as the size of particles increases,
it appears purple, then blue and finally golden.
1. Brownian movement: When colloidal
solutions are viewed under a powerful ultra-
microscope, the colloidal particles appear to
be in a state of continuous zig-zag motion all
over the field of view. This motion was first
observed by the British botanist, Robert
Brown, and is known as Brownian
movement. This motion is independent of
the nature of the colloid but depends on the
size of the particles and viscosity of the
solution. Smaller the size and lesser the
viscosity, faster is the moti
Reason: The Brownian movement has been explained to
be due to the unbalanced bombardment of the particles
by the molecules of the dispersion medium. The
Brownian movement has a stirring effect which does not
permit the particles to settle and thus, is responsible for
the stability of sols.
(v) Charge on colloidal particles: Colloidal particles
always carry an electric charge. The nature of this charge
is the same on all the particles in a given colloidal
solution and may be either positive or negative.
Reason: The charge on the sol particles is due to one or
more reasons, viz., due to electron capture by sol
particles during electro dispersion of metals, due to
preferential adsorption of ions from solution and/or due
to formulation of electrical double layer.
The potential difference between the fixed layer and the
diffused layer of opposite charges is called the electro
kinetic potential or zeta potential.
(vi) Electrophoresis: When electric potential is applied
across two platinum electrodes dipping in a colloidal
solution, the colloidal particles move towards one or the
other electrode. The movement of colloidal particles
under an applied electric potential is called
electrophoresis. Positively charged particles move
towards the cathode while negatively charged particles
move towards the anode.
When electrophoresis is prevented by some suitable
means, it is observed that the dispersion medium begins
to move in an electric field. This phenomenon is termed
electro osmosis.
(vii) Coagulation or precipitation: The process of settling
of colloidal particles is called coagulation or precipitation
of the sol.
It be carried out in the following ways:
(i) By electrophoresis:
(ii) By mixing two oppositely charged sols in almost equal
proportions. For example, mixing of hydrated ferric oxide
(+ve sol) and arsenious sulphide (–ve sol) bring them in
the precipitated forms. This type of coagulation is called
mutual coagulation.

(iii) By boiling: This reduces the charge on the particles
and ultimately leads to settling down in the form of a
precipitate.
(iv) By persistent dialysis:
(v) By addition of electrolytes: When excess of an
electrolyte is added, the colloidal particles are
precipitated. The reason is that colloids interact with
ions carrying charge opposite to that present on
themselves. This causes neutralisation leading to their
coagulation. The ion responsible for neutralisation of
charge on the particles is called the coagulating ion. A
negative ion causes the precipitation of positively
charged sol and vice versa.
Hardy Schulze Rule: the greater the valence of the
flocculating ion added, the greater is its power to cause
precipitation.
In the coagulation of a negative sol, the flocculating
power is in the order:
Al3+
>Ba2+
>Na+
Similarly, in the coagulation of a positive sol, the
flocculating power is in the order:
[Fe(CN)6]4–
> PO4
3–
> SO4
2–
> Cl–
Coagulation of lyophilic sols
When solvents such as alcohol and acetone are added to
hydrophilic sols, the dehydration of dispersed phase.
Under this condition, a small quantity of electrolyte can
bring about coagulation.
Protection of colloids
Lyophilic colloids have a unique property of protecting
lyophobic colloids. When a lyophilic sol is added to the
lyophobic sol, the lyophilic particles form a layer around
lyophobic particles and thus protect the latter from
electrolytes. Lyophilic colloids used for this purpose are
called protective colloids.
1. Explain what is observed
(i) when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal
sol.
(ii) an electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide
sol.
(iii) electric current is passed through a colloidal sol?
2. Explain the following terms:
(i) Electrophoresis
(ii) Coagulation
(iii) Dialysis
(iv) Tyndall effect.
LIST OF SOME VIDEOCLIPS:
S.No
.
Topic & link
1 Preparation of Colloids by Chemical Methods
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODrJ3Az9
0YM
2 Preparation of Colloids by Peptization
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luQxTHY4
eLE
3 Preparation of Colloids by Electrical
Disintegration
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grtGzyY9
gWo
4 Purification of Colloidal Solutions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSDE1m
VErVg
5 Brownian Motion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hy-
clLi8gHg

be able to –
 classify emulsions and describe their
preparation and properties;
 describe the phenomenon of gel formation;
 list the uses of colloids.
What are Emulsions?
Show the following video clip:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bC_czAL
24zY
What is an emulsion?
Emulsion is a liquid-liquid colloidal system, i.e., the
dispersion of finely divided droplets in another liquid. If a
mixture of two immiscible or partially miscible liquids is
shaken, a coarse dispersion of one liquid in the other is
obtained which is called emulsion.
Types of emulsions-
(i) Oil dispersed in water (O/W type) e.g.; milk, in which
liquid fat is dispersed in water
(ii) Water dispersed in oil (W/O type) e.g.; vanishing
cream in which oil acts as dispersion medium.
Emulsifying agent: For stabilization of an
emulsion, a third component called emulsifying agent is
usually added. The emulsifying agent forms an interfacial
film between suspended particles and the medium. The
principal emulsifying agents for O/W emulsions are
proteins, gums, natural and synthetic soaps, etc., and for
W/O, heavy metal salts of fatty acids, long chain
alcohols, lampblack, etc.
Characteristics of emulsion:
 Emulsions can be diluted with any amount of the
dispersion medium.
 The dispersed liquid when mixed, forms a
separate layer.
 The droplets in emulsions are often negatively
charged and can be precipitated by electrolytes.
 They also show Brownian movement and Tyndall
effect.
 Emulsions can be broken into constituent liquids
by heating, freezing, centrifuging, etc.
Colloids Around Us Following are the interesting
and noteworthy examples of colloids around us:
(i) Blue colour of the sky:
(ii) Fog, mist and rain:
(iii) Food articles: Milk, butter, halwa, ice creams,
fruit juices, etc.,
(iv) Blood: It is a colloidal solution of an albuminoid
substance. The styptic action of alum and ferric chloride
solution is due to coagulation of blood forming a clot
which stops further bleeding.
(v) Soils: Fertile soils are colloidal in nature in which
humus acts as a protective colloid.
(vi) Formation of delta: River water is a
colloidal solution of clay. Sea water contains a number of
electrolytes. When river water meets the
sea water, the electrolytes present in sea water
coagulate the colloidal solution of clay resulting in its
deposition with the formation of delta

Applications of colloids: Colloids are widely
used in the industry. Following are some examples:
(i) Electrical precipitation of smoke:
(ii) Purification of drinking water:
The water obtained from natural sources often contains
suspended impurities.
Alum is added to such water to coagulate the
suspended impurities and make water fit for drinking
purposes.
(iii) Medicines: Example-
 Argyrol is a silver sol used as an eye lotion.
 Colloidal antimony is used in curing kalaazar.
 Colloidal gold is used for intramuscular injection.
 Milk of magnesia, an emulsion, is used for
stomach disorders.
Colloidal medicines are more effective because they have
large surface area and are therefore easily assimilated.
(iv) Tanning: Animal hides are colloidal in nature.
When a hide, which has positively charged particles, is
soaked in tannin, which contains negatively charged
colloidal particles, mutual coagulation takes place. This
results in the hardening of leather. This process is termed
as tanning. Chromium salts are also used in place of
tannin.
(v) Cleansing action of soaps and
detergents:
(vi) Photographic plates and films are
prepared by coating an emulsion of the light sensitive
AgBr in gelatin over glass plates or celluloid films.
(vii) Latex is a colloidal solution of rubber particles which
are negatively charged. Rubber is obtained by
coagulation of latex.
(viii) Industrial products: Paints, inks,
synthetic plastics, rubber, graphite lubricants, cement,
etc., are all colloidal solutions.
HOME WORK ASSIGNMENTS
Q.1 What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give
example of each type.
Q.2 How do emulsifiers stabilise emulsion? Name two
emulsifiers.
Q.3 Action of soap is due to emulsification and micelle
formation. Comment.
Q.4 Give four uses of emulsions.

MOCK TEST
CLASS XII
UNIT 5
SURFACE CHEMISTRY
MM: 25 TIME: 40 MIN
Q.No QUESTION M
1 What is ZSM-5? What is its use? 1
2 What is shape selective catalysis? Give one example. 1
3 Define “Electrophoresis”. 1
4 Write four differences between physisorption and chemisorption? 2
5 Define the following terms-
i. adsorption isotherm
ii. Adsorption isobar.
2
6 Distinguish between the meaning of the terms adsorption and absorption. Give one example of each.
Why is adsorption always exothermic?
2
7 What are emulsions? What are their different types? Give example of each type. 2
8 What do you mean by activity and selectivity of catalysts? 2
9 What are lyophilic and lyophobic sols? Give one example of each type.
Why are hydrophobic sols easily coagulated?
3
10 What is the difference between multimolecular and macromolecular colloids? Give one example of
each. How are associated colloids different from these two types of colloids?
3
11 Explain what is observed
(i) when a beam of light is passed through a colloidal sol.
(ii) an electrolyte, NaCl is added to hydrated ferric oxide sol.
(iii) electric current is passed through a colloidal sol?
3
12 Explain the following terms:
(i) Coagulation
(ii) Dialysis
(iii) Tyndall effect.
3

Lesson Plan Surface Chemistry Class XII , CBSE

More Related Content

What's hot

Viewers also liked

Similar to Lesson Plan Surface Chemistry Class XII , CBSE

More from Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan

Recently uploaded

Lesson Plan Surface Chemistry Class XII , CBSE