Adsorption is the accumulation of substances on surfaces or interfaces, while absorption involves the accumulation and distribution of substances throughout a phase. Adsorption occurs when drugs attach to membranes, enzymes, or cell walls on surfaces, whereas absorption occurs when drugs permeate tissues, organs, or blood. The document then discusses various applications of adsorption such as gas removal, chromatography, and decolorization. It also examines factors that affect adsorption like temperature, pH, solute concentration, and surface area of the adsorbent. Finally, it outlines different types of adsorption isotherms and models including the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms.
Type of adsorption- Pharmaeutical Physical ChemistrySanchit Dhankhar
Adsorption
Adsorption versus absorption, Desorption
Types of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption
Adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
Gibbs adsorption isotherm
Bet equation and its use in surface area determination
Applications
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process in which matter is extracted from one phase and concentrated at the surface of a second phase. (Interface accumulation). This is a surface phenomenon as opposed to absorption where matter changes solution phase, e.g. gas transfer. This is demonstrated in the following schematic.
Type of adsorption- Pharmaeutical Physical ChemistrySanchit Dhankhar
Adsorption
Adsorption versus absorption, Desorption
Types of adsorption: Physisorption and Chemisorption
Factors affecting adsorption
Adsorption isotherms: Freundlich and Langmuir
Gibbs adsorption isotherm
Bet equation and its use in surface area determination
Applications
ADSORPTION
Adsorption is the process in which matter is extracted from one phase and concentrated at the surface of a second phase. (Interface accumulation). This is a surface phenomenon as opposed to absorption where matter changes solution phase, e.g. gas transfer. This is demonstrated in the following schematic.
Adsorption, types of adsorption, physisorption, chemisorption, mechanism of adsorption, Difference between adsorption and absorption, Factors affecting adsorption, applications of adsorption-
Gas masks
Adsorption indicators
Chromatographic separation
Removal of coloring matter
Heterogeneous catalysis
Controlling humidity
Curing diseases
Froth flotation process
Production of high vacuum
Purification,
adsorption equilibrium, adsorption isotherms, Langmuir isotherm- assumptions, Langmuir equation, limitations of Langmuir isotherm, equation, Freundlich isotherm- Assumptions of Freundlich Isotherm,Limitations of Freundlich Isotherm,Differences between Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, BET isotherm-Drawbacks of BET adsorption theory, Types of BET adsorption isotherms, Differences between Langmuir and BET adsorption isotherm, Applications of BET isotherm, Why is Langmuir surface area always higher than BET surface area?
Temkin isotherm, D-R isotherms, Drawbacks of D-R Isotherm, Drawbacks of Temkin Isotherm, Uses of D-R isotherms, applications of adsorption isotherms -Spontaneity,
Exothermicity,
Percentage removal of adsorbate,
Langmuir parameters- maximum adsorbent uptake and affinity between adsorbent and adsorbate,Freundlich parameters- adsorption capacity of adsobents.
BET isotherms- specific surface area, pore size distribution curves
D-R parameters- adsorption mechanism
Temkin parameters- adsorbent-adsobate interactions
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate (the molecules or atoms being accumulated) on the surface of the adsorbent. It differs from absorption, in which a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Adsorption, types of adsorption, physisorption, chemisorption, mechanism of adsorption, Difference between adsorption and absorption, Factors affecting adsorption, applications of adsorption-
Gas masks
Adsorption indicators
Chromatographic separation
Removal of coloring matter
Heterogeneous catalysis
Controlling humidity
Curing diseases
Froth flotation process
Production of high vacuum
Purification,
adsorption equilibrium, adsorption isotherms, Langmuir isotherm- assumptions, Langmuir equation, limitations of Langmuir isotherm, equation, Freundlich isotherm- Assumptions of Freundlich Isotherm,Limitations of Freundlich Isotherm,Differences between Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms, BET isotherm-Drawbacks of BET adsorption theory, Types of BET adsorption isotherms, Differences between Langmuir and BET adsorption isotherm, Applications of BET isotherm, Why is Langmuir surface area always higher than BET surface area?
Temkin isotherm, D-R isotherms, Drawbacks of D-R Isotherm, Drawbacks of Temkin Isotherm, Uses of D-R isotherms, applications of adsorption isotherms -Spontaneity,
Exothermicity,
Percentage removal of adsorbate,
Langmuir parameters- maximum adsorbent uptake and affinity between adsorbent and adsorbate,Freundlich parameters- adsorption capacity of adsobents.
BET isotherms- specific surface area, pore size distribution curves
D-R parameters- adsorption mechanism
Temkin parameters- adsorbent-adsobate interactions
Surface Tension is defined as the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the particles in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
It is due to the phenomena of surface tension that the drops of water tend to assume a spherical shape to attain minimum surface area. the presentation gives a brief description of the methods to measue this important property of the interface of two fluid.
Adsorption is the adhesion of molecules of gas, liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate (the molecules or atoms being accumulated) on the surface of the adsorbent. It differs from absorption, in which a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid.
Slides for the eLearning course Separation and purification processes in biorefineries (https://open-learn.xamk.fi) in IMPRESS project.
Section: Distillation
Subject: 1.1 Vapor Liquid Equilibrium
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or ...hrishikesh261005
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface. This process creates a film of the adsorbate on the surface of the adsorbent. This process differs from absorption, in which a fluid (the absorbate) is dissolved by or permeates a liquid or solid (the absorbent). While adsorption does often precede absorption, which involves the transfer of the absorbate into the volume of the absorbent material, alternatively, adsorption is distinctly a surface phenomenon, wherein the adsorbate does not penetrate through the material surface and into the bulk of the adsorbent. The term sorption encompasses both adsorption and absorption, and desorption is the reverse of sorption.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
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THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
2. Adsorption: is the accumulation of a substance at a
surface or interface
Absorption: is the accumulation and distribution of a
substance throughout a phase.
Drugs are adsorbed by a membrane, enzyme or cell wall
when they are attached to its surface.
They are absorbed by a tissue, organ or blood when
they permeate its entire bulk or volume.
4. APPLICATIONS OF ADSORPTION
Adsorption of material at solid interface may take
place from either liquid or gas phase.
The adsorption of gases at solid
interface can be applied in the removal
of odors, the operation of gas masks,
and the measurement of the dimensions
of particles as powders.
The adsorption of liquids at solid interface can be
applied in the decolorizing solutions, adsorption
chromatography, detergency and wetting.
6. Decolorization
When a chemical is tinted with colouring
matter, it is not removed in the usual
stages of purification involving partition
between immiscible solvents,
crystallization or precipitation.
A colourless solution may be obtained by shaking with
about 1 % of activated charcoal, allowing to stand for
some time and then filtering.
The process of decolorization should be used with
discrimination since charcoal will adsorb inorganic and
organic compounds.
Alkaloids are readily adsorbed by charcoal and
decolorization of Alkaloidal solutions would best be
done with a weaker adsorbent such as kieselguhr.
7. Desiccation is the adsorption of water vapour.
Alumina and silica gel are powerful adsorbents of
water vapour. These desiccants remain as dry
powders even on taking up as much as 40 % water.
Refrigerated silica gel has been used as a desiccant
in freeze drying where the low temperature increases
the efficiency of the adsorption process.
They possess definite advantages over calcium
chloride and phosphorous pentoxide which liquefy on
adsorbing water.
Desiccation
8. Water for injection can be pyrogen-free by using
activated charcoal for the removal of pyrogen.
Caution must be taken to prevent the lost of drugs from
the solution.
Adsorption of Pyrogens
9. Chromatography is a process which
permits the resolution of mixtures
depending on the degree to which the
various solutes are adsorbed,
partitioned or exchanged between the
original solution (the moving phase)
and a second solid or liquid phase
which is known as the stationary
phase.
Chromatography
The method may be used for the removal of calcium
and magnesium ions from hard water.
10. Medicinal Uses
The reactions take place only at the surface of the
kaolin and as a consequence depend on its particle size.
However, the of kaolin or charcoal have low value for
adsorbing gases, toxins and bacteria from the lower
gastrointestinal tract since passage through the upper
tract saturates and deactivates the them.
Kaolin has a sheet-like structure, one
surface formed of aluminium hydroxide
residues that are responsible for its capacity
to adsorb both basic and acidic intestinal
toxins by ion exchange.
11. Activated charcoal is a valuable emergency
antidote in poisoning due to alkaloids taken by mouth,
but its value is restricted to the first phase of therapy
when adsorption takes place from the stomach before
the alkaloids are absorbed.
12. Types of Adsorption
Physical or van der Waals' adsorption is:
Reversible, rapid, weak and non- specific.
The removal of the adsorbate from the adsorbent
being known as desorption.
A physically adsorbed gas may be desorbed from a solid
by increasing temperature and reducing the pressure.
Multilayer adsorption is possible.
Physical adsorption
In chemical adsorption or Chemisorption the adsorbate is
attached to the adsorbent by primary chemical bond. It is:
Irreversible, stronger, specific, and may require an
activation energy and therefore be slow.
Only monomolecular chemisorbed layers are possible.
Chemical adsorption
13. Factors Affecting Adsorption
Temperature
Temperature The amount adsorbed.
Adsorption is generally exothermic process
pH
The pH affects the ionization and solubility of adsorbate
drug molecule. The extent of adsorption reaching a
maximum when the drug is completely ionized.
Solute concentration
The concentration of the solute The amount adsorbed
ِAt equilibrium until a limiting value (saturation).
Ionization The amount adsorbed
14. Define the following terms:
[solid, liquid, gas, adhesive force, cohesive force, interface, adsorption, Absorption, catalyst, dipole, physisorption,
Chemisorption, hydrophilic, hydrophobic, detergent, surfactant, surface tension, adsorbate, adsorbent, etc]
Respond to the following questions:
Illustrate the knowledge of adsorption process applications in pharmaceutical process
State and describe the types of adsorption in pharmaceutical procedures
What are surface and Inter-facial tension forces and respective association with adsorption process on the
surface material substance
Describe some key factors that have primary effect on the process of adsorption.
Illustrate the meaning of adsorption isotherm
changes of materials substance when exposed to some environmental conditions .
How is a chemical change different from a physical change at the surface of a material
What is contact angle of a substance and its significant role when two materials surface are adsorbed to each
other
Describe the role of contact angle during the adsorption process of a material substance
Group work discussional questions:
Give a detailed descriptive account of functional classification of adsorbate agents
Give a detailed descriptive account of structural classification of adsorbent agents
Explain the process of micelle formation in a given favourable environment
15. Surface Area of Adsorbent
Solubility of the Adsorbate
Surface area can be increased by a reduction in particle
size or the use of porous material.
The amount adsorbedSurface Area of Adsorbent
The greater the solubility, the stronger are the
adsorbate bonds with the solvent and hence the
smaller the extent of adsorption.
The amount adsorbedThe solubility in the solvent
16. Adsorption Isotherm
The relationship between the amount of gas physically
adsorbed on a solid and the equilibrium pressure or
concentration at constant temperature yields an adsorption
isotherm. The term isotherm refers to a plot at constant
temperature.
The number of moles, grams, or
milliliters (x) of a gas adsorbed on
(m) grams of adsorbent at STP
(standard temperature and pressure)
is plotted on the vertical axis against
the equilibrium pressure of the gas
on the horizontal axis.
17. The extent of adsorption increases as its equilibrium
Pressure (concentration) P or C increases
Isotherms representing chemisorption have a steep initial
rise, indicating that adsorbent removes the solute almost
completely from solution, i.e., that increases much faster
than P or C
x
m
x
m
The number of moles, grams, or
milliliters (x) of a gas adsorbed
on (m) grams of adsorbent at STP
(standard temperature and
pressure) is plotted on the
vertical axis against the
equilibrium pressure of the gas
on the horizontal axis.
19. The Type I isotherm: Called Langmuir isotherm.
It exhibit a rapid rise in adsorption up to a limiting value.
This type is restricted to a monolayer, hence chemisorption
give this type of isotherm.
The Type II isotherm :It represents multilayer physical adsorption
on non porous materials.
The Type III and type V isotherms: are typical of vapor adsorption
(i.e. water vapor on hydrophobic materials).
This type of isotherm occurs when the adsorption in the
first layer is weak and rare.
The Type IV and type V isotherms: This type of isotherm occurs
due to condensation of vapour in fine capillary of the solid.
Isotherm
The Type
I, II, III, IV, V
20. There are basically two well established types of
adsorption isotherm:
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm
The Freundlich adsorption isotherm
The Langmuir adsorption isotherm describes quantitatively
the build up of a layer of molecules on an adsorbent surface as a
function of the concentration of the adsorbed material in the
liquid in which it is in contact. In a modified form it can also
describe a bi-layer deposition.
The shape of the isotherm (assuming the (x) axis
represents the concentration of adsorbing
material in the contacting liquid) is a gradual
positive curve that flattens to a constant value.
21. Langmuir developed an equation based on the theory
that the molecules or atoms of gas are adsorbed on
active sites of the solid to form a layer one molecule
thick (monolayer).
Langmuir Isotherm
P = P +m
x
1
b
1
ab
Where: P = the equilibrium pressure of the gas at constant
temperature (the pressure attained after adsorption)
m = mass of adsorbent
x = the amount of gas adsorbed
22. Freundlich Isotherm
In chromatography the Freundlich isotherm is not
common, most adsorption processes are best described by
the Langmuir isotherm.
An adsorption isotherm is a curve relating the
concentration of a solute on the surface of an adsorbent,
to the concentration of the solute in the liquid with which
it is in contact .
25. Define the following terms:
[solid, liquid, gas, adhesive force, cohesive force, interface, adsorption, catalyst, dipole, physisorption, Chemisorption,
hydrophilic, hydrophobic, detergent, surfactant, surface tension, adsorbate, adsorbent, etc]
Respond to the following questions:
Give a descriptive account of the phases of matter with logical relevance to state of medicines as they are
taken for their respective therapeutical values
What is viscosity and its relation with fluids
What are surface and Inter-facial tension forces and respective association with activities of a substance
material with surface area
Describe some key phase changes of materials substance when exposed to some environmental conditions .
How is a chemical change different from a physical change at the surface of a material
What is contact angle of a substance and its significant role when two materials surface are in contact
Describe the role of contact angle during the wetting process of a material substance
What is a detergent and justified reasons for its variable composition
Group work discussional questions:
Give a detailed descriptive account of functional classification of surface active agents
Give a detailed descriptive account of structural classification of surface active agents
Explain the process of desiccation and decolourization during the process of asorption