This document provides an overview of key concepts in demography and health services statistics. It discusses the study of demography, including the static and dynamic aspects of populations. It also describes sources of demographic data like censuses, vital registration, and surveys. Other topics covered include demographic transition, population pyramids, vital rates like fertility and mortality rates, and population projections methods.
Mhahm d ip_ha_17-1-2017_mortality & standardization of death ratesMmedsc Hahm
This document discusses mortality measurements and standardization of crude death rates. It defines key mortality indicators such as crude death rate, age-specific death rate, infant mortality rate, and under-five mortality rate. It also explains how to directly standardize crude death rates to account for differences in population age structures and allow better comparison between locations. Direct standardization involves applying the age-specific death rates of each area to a standard population distribution to calculate expected deaths and a standardized crude death rate.
There are several ways to measure fertility rates. The crude birth rate measures live births per 1000 people in a population. More economically developed countries average 12 births per 1000 people while less economically developed countries average 31. The total fertility rate measures the average number of children born per woman, with more developed countries averaging 1.8 children and less developed countries averaging 6 children born per woman. Egypt has a higher population, population density, birth rate, and total fertility rate compared to the United States.
Population and demography are major areas of study for social scientists. A population is defined as a group of individuals occupying a particular place at a given time. Key factors in defining a population are group, place, and time. Population growth impacts issues like housing, food security, and the environment. Demography statistically analyzes population characteristics like size, composition by age and sex, birth and death rates, and immigration. Demographic data is important for policymaking and predicting future trends. Sources of demographic data include censuses, vital statistics like birth and death records, and surveys. Population change is influenced by fertility, mortality, and migration. Population pyramids display the age and sex structure of a population.
Here are the calculations of IMR using the four different methods described in the document:
1. Conventional method:
IMR = (9835 + 9769) / 197003 + 198016 x 1000 = 49.7
2. Numerator adjustment method (f=0.3):
IMR = 0.3x9835 + 0.7x9769 / 191998 + 0.3x197003 + 0.7x198016 x 1000 = 49.7
3. Denominator adjustment method (f=0.3):
IMR = 9835 + 9769 / 0.3x191998 + 0.7x197003 + 0.3x198016 x
1. A life table models mortality for a closed population cohort over time using various metrics and assumptions, including a starting population size and age-specific death rates.
2. It can be complete, with yearly intervals, or abridged, using larger age groups like 5 or 10 years.
3. Standard symbols are used to represent values like the number of survivors at each age, probability of death, and expectation of life.
Fertility is affected by biological, social, economic, and cultural factors. Biologically, fertility is highest between ages 15-49 and can be impacted by health and nutrition. Socially, marriage age, contraceptive use, and abortion access influence fertility rates. Economically, children's perceived economic role affects fertility - in traditional societies children contribute to family wealth so fertility is higher. Public health interventions aim to control high fertility through family planning services, safe motherhood programs, community health programs, and adolescent health education to promote smaller, healthier families.
This document discusses life expectancy and infant mortality rates in India. It provides definitions of life expectancy from the WHO and statistics on how life expectancy in India has risen from 42 years in 1960 to over 67 years for males and 69 years for females currently. The document also examines causes of high and low life expectancy across countries and Indian states. It notes that while India has made progress in improving health indicators like life expectancy and reducing infant mortality, it has been slower in raising income levels. Major causes of infant mortality in India are identified as birth asphyxia, pneumonia, birth complications, neonatal infections, diarrhea and malnutrition.
The document summarizes the construction and applications of life tables. It discusses how Edmond Halley first developed the methodology in 1693 to analyze vital statistics data from Breslau, Germany. The summary describes the key components and assumptions of life tables, including how they are used to estimate average life expectancy, mortality rates by age, and survival rates. Life tables are a statistical tool for quantifying population health and modeling demographic trends.
Mhahm d ip_ha_17-1-2017_mortality & standardization of death ratesMmedsc Hahm
This document discusses mortality measurements and standardization of crude death rates. It defines key mortality indicators such as crude death rate, age-specific death rate, infant mortality rate, and under-five mortality rate. It also explains how to directly standardize crude death rates to account for differences in population age structures and allow better comparison between locations. Direct standardization involves applying the age-specific death rates of each area to a standard population distribution to calculate expected deaths and a standardized crude death rate.
There are several ways to measure fertility rates. The crude birth rate measures live births per 1000 people in a population. More economically developed countries average 12 births per 1000 people while less economically developed countries average 31. The total fertility rate measures the average number of children born per woman, with more developed countries averaging 1.8 children and less developed countries averaging 6 children born per woman. Egypt has a higher population, population density, birth rate, and total fertility rate compared to the United States.
Population and demography are major areas of study for social scientists. A population is defined as a group of individuals occupying a particular place at a given time. Key factors in defining a population are group, place, and time. Population growth impacts issues like housing, food security, and the environment. Demography statistically analyzes population characteristics like size, composition by age and sex, birth and death rates, and immigration. Demographic data is important for policymaking and predicting future trends. Sources of demographic data include censuses, vital statistics like birth and death records, and surveys. Population change is influenced by fertility, mortality, and migration. Population pyramids display the age and sex structure of a population.
Here are the calculations of IMR using the four different methods described in the document:
1. Conventional method:
IMR = (9835 + 9769) / 197003 + 198016 x 1000 = 49.7
2. Numerator adjustment method (f=0.3):
IMR = 0.3x9835 + 0.7x9769 / 191998 + 0.3x197003 + 0.7x198016 x 1000 = 49.7
3. Denominator adjustment method (f=0.3):
IMR = 9835 + 9769 / 0.3x191998 + 0.7x197003 + 0.3x198016 x
1. A life table models mortality for a closed population cohort over time using various metrics and assumptions, including a starting population size and age-specific death rates.
2. It can be complete, with yearly intervals, or abridged, using larger age groups like 5 or 10 years.
3. Standard symbols are used to represent values like the number of survivors at each age, probability of death, and expectation of life.
Fertility is affected by biological, social, economic, and cultural factors. Biologically, fertility is highest between ages 15-49 and can be impacted by health and nutrition. Socially, marriage age, contraceptive use, and abortion access influence fertility rates. Economically, children's perceived economic role affects fertility - in traditional societies children contribute to family wealth so fertility is higher. Public health interventions aim to control high fertility through family planning services, safe motherhood programs, community health programs, and adolescent health education to promote smaller, healthier families.
This document discusses life expectancy and infant mortality rates in India. It provides definitions of life expectancy from the WHO and statistics on how life expectancy in India has risen from 42 years in 1960 to over 67 years for males and 69 years for females currently. The document also examines causes of high and low life expectancy across countries and Indian states. It notes that while India has made progress in improving health indicators like life expectancy and reducing infant mortality, it has been slower in raising income levels. Major causes of infant mortality in India are identified as birth asphyxia, pneumonia, birth complications, neonatal infections, diarrhea and malnutrition.
The document summarizes the construction and applications of life tables. It discusses how Edmond Halley first developed the methodology in 1693 to analyze vital statistics data from Breslau, Germany. The summary describes the key components and assumptions of life tables, including how they are used to estimate average life expectancy, mortality rates by age, and survival rates. Life tables are a statistical tool for quantifying population health and modeling demographic trends.
I do not have enough information to answer questions about fertility levels or determinants in a specific province. The document provided context about measuring and analyzing fertility, but did not include any data about a particular location.
This document discusses the main sources of demographic data, including population censuses, administrative records, vital registration systems, sample surveys, and universal population registers. Population censuses conducted every 10 years are the primary source of demographic data worldwide. They provide information on population size, composition, and fertility and mortality rates. Administrative records like health statistics are also widely used but depend on complete recording. Vital registration systems specifically track births, deaths, marriages and provide key fertility and mortality data, though many developing countries' systems remain limited. Sample surveys offer flexibility to investigate various demographic variables and update census data. Universal population registers maintained in some developed countries continuously collect lifetime statistics.
This document discusses several theories related to population growth and carrying capacity of the Earth:
- Cornucopians believe that continued technological progress will allow humanity to meet its material needs and support continued population growth, even drawing on outer space for resources.
- Malthusians argue that population growth will eventually outpace the Earth's ability to produce food and resources, leading to scarcity.
- William Catton's overshoot theory holds that humanity has already exceeded the planet's carrying capacity through environmental damage from overconsumption.
- Ester Boserup believed that population growth enables agricultural innovations to increase food production through more intensive farming methods.
- The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that based on
This document discusses different ways of measuring health, including natural measurements like healthy days and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). It describes how QALYs quantify both the quality and quantity of life by assigning weights between 0 and 1 to different health states. Methods for estimating these weights include rating scales, time trade-off, and standard gambling. The document also discusses instruments like the EQ-5D that are used to measure health-related quality of life and provide weights to calculate QALYs and QALY gains from interventions.
This document discusses various mortality indicators used to measure health status and the impact of health programs. It classifies indicators into categories like mortality, morbidity, disability, and quality of life. Specific mortality indicators discussed in detail include under-5 proportional mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, disease-specific mortality rate, and case fatality rate. Formulas and current statistics are provided for each indicator. Targets for reducing under-5 and neonatal mortality in India by 2025 and 2030 based on the National Health Policy are also mentioned.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
The document discusses Thomas Malthus' Malthusian theory of population growth. Malthus observed that while resources grew arithmetically, populations grew exponentially. He warned that unchecked population growth would eventually outpace food production, leading to a "Malthusian catastrophe" of famine, disease, and war. Malthus proposed two checks on population growth: preventative checks like abstinence and sterilization, and positive checks like famine that naturally limit population when it exceeds resources. While food production has since increased faster than population, overpopulation remains a threat combined with issues like global warming.
Social epidemiology in public health researchPoope รักในหลวง
This document discusses social epidemiology in public health research and the social determinants of health. It presents the Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework which shows how socioeconomic and political context, socioeconomic position, and structural determinants impact health inequities through intermediary determinants. The document also discusses how public health research integrates health and social epidemiology concepts to analyze risk factors related to public health problems. Finally, it presents the SOCIPID model for social epidemiology research and provides an example of how it was applied to research on coronary heart disease in women.
Measures of mortality provide important information for epidemiological studies. They include crude death rate, specific death rates, case fatality rate, proportional mortality rate, and survival rate. Standardized rates allow for comparisons between populations with different age compositions. Some challenges include incomplete reporting, inaccurate information, and non-uniformity across locations. However, mortality measures are useful for explaining trends, prioritizing health issues, designing interventions, and assessing public health programs.
This document discusses different types of rates used to compare disease occurrence between populations and over time. It introduces crude rates, specific rates, and standardized rates. Standardized rates allow for fair comparisons between populations by adjusting for characteristics like age that influence disease risk. The document outlines direct and indirect standardization methods. Direct standardization applies the actual age-specific rates from study populations to a standard population, while indirect standardization applies age-specific rates from a standard population to the age structure of the study populations. Both allow comparison of disease rates between populations after accounting for differences in age distribution.
This document provides an overview of measures of mortality. It defines mortality and discusses factors that influence mortality patterns. It describes various direct and indirect sources of mortality data. The document then explains several common measures of mortality in detail, including crude death rate, age-specific death rates, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, perinatal mortality rate, post-neonatal mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and maternal mortality rate. It also defines related terms and discusses limitations of mortality measures.
NEPAL; Demographic Analysis of Nepal; Comparative Study of Various Census and...Rohan Byanjankar
Nepal is a small nation situated in South Asia. The presentation slides covers the DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS of NEPAL and SOME COMPARISONS of various census data (1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011)...
The presentation covers:
Census Analysis
• Ethnic Society
• Gender Composition
• Regional Composition
• Ecological Composition
• Religious Composition
• Caste Composition
• Fertility/Migration/Mortality
The document discusses Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in India called the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). It notes that DHS are nationally representative household surveys that collect data on population, health, and nutrition trends in developing countries. In India, NFHS surveys collect data from hundreds of thousands of households, women, and men through standardized questionnaires on topics like marriage, fertility, family planning, and health. The data are used widely by policymakers and researchers to inform health policies and programs in India.
Fertility refers to the actual number of births that occur in a population. A woman's fertile period is typically between ages 15-45. In Pakistan currently, the average number of children born to a woman is 3.48.
Factors that affect fertility include age at marriage, duration of married life, education levels, economic status, religion, and use of family planning. The document then discusses various metrics used to measure fertility, including the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross reproductive rate.
This document discusses life tables and their importance. It provides a brief history of life tables, noting their development by John Graunt and Edmund Halley. Life tables are useful for estimating survival rates, mortality rates, and other vital statistics. They allow calculation of life expectancy and comparison of mortality between populations. The document then describes how to construct a life table and provides examples of their use in clinical medicine using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations, including size, composition, distribution, and changes over time. Key aspects studied include fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, population size and distribution, and how these influence and are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Population pyramids and dependency ratios are important demographic indicators used to analyze population age structures and support planning. Census data provides information on population numbers, characteristics, and trends over time that is vital for governments, businesses, and academics.
This document discusses various sources of vital statistics in India, including population censuses conducted every 10 years since 1881, the civil registration system for recording births and deaths, the sample registration system providing annual estimates of birth and death rates, national sample surveys conducted by NSSO on topics like household expenditure, and various health surveys like the National Family Health Survey and District Level Household Survey providing data on maternal and child health, reproductive health, and family planning. It provides details on the objectives, coverage and administration of these different systems and surveys.
mortality indicator, IMR, MMR, disease-specific mortality, uses of mortality data, morbidity indicator, disability rates, nutritional status indicators, health care delivery indicators, utilization rates, social health indicators, mental health indicators, environmental indicators, socio-economic indicators, health policy indicators, indicators of quality of life, other indicators
This document provides an overview of demography and its key concepts. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and changes due to births, deaths, and migration. Some important elements of demography discussed include population size, composition by age and sex, and distribution across territories. Demographic data is important for planning health services, economic and social development, and formulating policies. Common demographic indicators mentioned are crude birth rate, death rate, and life expectancy. Methods of collecting demographic data include censuses, surveys, interviews, and reviewing vital records.
This document summarizes key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines terms like demography, population dynamics, population doubling time, growth rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, and components of population growth like mortality, fertility, and migration. It also discusses population measures like total fertility rate, population pyramids, overpopulation, dependency ratio, and sex ratio. Finally, it outlines the stages of demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.
I do not have enough information to answer questions about fertility levels or determinants in a specific province. The document provided context about measuring and analyzing fertility, but did not include any data about a particular location.
This document discusses the main sources of demographic data, including population censuses, administrative records, vital registration systems, sample surveys, and universal population registers. Population censuses conducted every 10 years are the primary source of demographic data worldwide. They provide information on population size, composition, and fertility and mortality rates. Administrative records like health statistics are also widely used but depend on complete recording. Vital registration systems specifically track births, deaths, marriages and provide key fertility and mortality data, though many developing countries' systems remain limited. Sample surveys offer flexibility to investigate various demographic variables and update census data. Universal population registers maintained in some developed countries continuously collect lifetime statistics.
This document discusses several theories related to population growth and carrying capacity of the Earth:
- Cornucopians believe that continued technological progress will allow humanity to meet its material needs and support continued population growth, even drawing on outer space for resources.
- Malthusians argue that population growth will eventually outpace the Earth's ability to produce food and resources, leading to scarcity.
- William Catton's overshoot theory holds that humanity has already exceeded the planet's carrying capacity through environmental damage from overconsumption.
- Ester Boserup believed that population growth enables agricultural innovations to increase food production through more intensive farming methods.
- The Club of Rome warned in 1972 that based on
This document discusses different ways of measuring health, including natural measurements like healthy days and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). It describes how QALYs quantify both the quality and quantity of life by assigning weights between 0 and 1 to different health states. Methods for estimating these weights include rating scales, time trade-off, and standard gambling. The document also discusses instruments like the EQ-5D that are used to measure health-related quality of life and provide weights to calculate QALYs and QALY gains from interventions.
This document discusses various mortality indicators used to measure health status and the impact of health programs. It classifies indicators into categories like mortality, morbidity, disability, and quality of life. Specific mortality indicators discussed in detail include under-5 proportional mortality rate, maternal mortality rate, disease-specific mortality rate, and case fatality rate. Formulas and current statistics are provided for each indicator. Targets for reducing under-5 and neonatal mortality in India by 2025 and 2030 based on the National Health Policy are also mentioned.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
The document discusses Thomas Malthus' Malthusian theory of population growth. Malthus observed that while resources grew arithmetically, populations grew exponentially. He warned that unchecked population growth would eventually outpace food production, leading to a "Malthusian catastrophe" of famine, disease, and war. Malthus proposed two checks on population growth: preventative checks like abstinence and sterilization, and positive checks like famine that naturally limit population when it exceeds resources. While food production has since increased faster than population, overpopulation remains a threat combined with issues like global warming.
Social epidemiology in public health researchPoope รักในหลวง
This document discusses social epidemiology in public health research and the social determinants of health. It presents the Commission on Social Determinants of Health conceptual framework which shows how socioeconomic and political context, socioeconomic position, and structural determinants impact health inequities through intermediary determinants. The document also discusses how public health research integrates health and social epidemiology concepts to analyze risk factors related to public health problems. Finally, it presents the SOCIPID model for social epidemiology research and provides an example of how it was applied to research on coronary heart disease in women.
Measures of mortality provide important information for epidemiological studies. They include crude death rate, specific death rates, case fatality rate, proportional mortality rate, and survival rate. Standardized rates allow for comparisons between populations with different age compositions. Some challenges include incomplete reporting, inaccurate information, and non-uniformity across locations. However, mortality measures are useful for explaining trends, prioritizing health issues, designing interventions, and assessing public health programs.
This document discusses different types of rates used to compare disease occurrence between populations and over time. It introduces crude rates, specific rates, and standardized rates. Standardized rates allow for fair comparisons between populations by adjusting for characteristics like age that influence disease risk. The document outlines direct and indirect standardization methods. Direct standardization applies the actual age-specific rates from study populations to a standard population, while indirect standardization applies age-specific rates from a standard population to the age structure of the study populations. Both allow comparison of disease rates between populations after accounting for differences in age distribution.
This document provides an overview of measures of mortality. It defines mortality and discusses factors that influence mortality patterns. It describes various direct and indirect sources of mortality data. The document then explains several common measures of mortality in detail, including crude death rate, age-specific death rates, infant mortality rate, child mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, perinatal mortality rate, post-neonatal mortality rate, maternal mortality ratio, and maternal mortality rate. It also defines related terms and discusses limitations of mortality measures.
NEPAL; Demographic Analysis of Nepal; Comparative Study of Various Census and...Rohan Byanjankar
Nepal is a small nation situated in South Asia. The presentation slides covers the DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS of NEPAL and SOME COMPARISONS of various census data (1981, 1991, 2001, and 2011)...
The presentation covers:
Census Analysis
• Ethnic Society
• Gender Composition
• Regional Composition
• Ecological Composition
• Religious Composition
• Caste Composition
• Fertility/Migration/Mortality
The document discusses Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in India called the National Family Health Survey (NFHS). It notes that DHS are nationally representative household surveys that collect data on population, health, and nutrition trends in developing countries. In India, NFHS surveys collect data from hundreds of thousands of households, women, and men through standardized questionnaires on topics like marriage, fertility, family planning, and health. The data are used widely by policymakers and researchers to inform health policies and programs in India.
Fertility refers to the actual number of births that occur in a population. A woman's fertile period is typically between ages 15-45. In Pakistan currently, the average number of children born to a woman is 3.48.
Factors that affect fertility include age at marriage, duration of married life, education levels, economic status, religion, and use of family planning. The document then discusses various metrics used to measure fertility, including the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross reproductive rate.
This document discusses life tables and their importance. It provides a brief history of life tables, noting their development by John Graunt and Edmund Halley. Life tables are useful for estimating survival rates, mortality rates, and other vital statistics. They allow calculation of life expectancy and comparison of mortality between populations. The document then describes how to construct a life table and provides examples of their use in clinical medicine using the Kaplan-Meier method.
Demography is the scientific study of human populations, including size, composition, distribution, and changes over time. Key aspects studied include fertility rates, mortality rates, migration patterns, population size and distribution, and how these influence and are influenced by socioeconomic factors. Population pyramids and dependency ratios are important demographic indicators used to analyze population age structures and support planning. Census data provides information on population numbers, characteristics, and trends over time that is vital for governments, businesses, and academics.
This document discusses various sources of vital statistics in India, including population censuses conducted every 10 years since 1881, the civil registration system for recording births and deaths, the sample registration system providing annual estimates of birth and death rates, national sample surveys conducted by NSSO on topics like household expenditure, and various health surveys like the National Family Health Survey and District Level Household Survey providing data on maternal and child health, reproductive health, and family planning. It provides details on the objectives, coverage and administration of these different systems and surveys.
mortality indicator, IMR, MMR, disease-specific mortality, uses of mortality data, morbidity indicator, disability rates, nutritional status indicators, health care delivery indicators, utilization rates, social health indicators, mental health indicators, environmental indicators, socio-economic indicators, health policy indicators, indicators of quality of life, other indicators
This document provides an overview of demography and its key concepts. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations with regards to size, structure, and changes due to births, deaths, and migration. Some important elements of demography discussed include population size, composition by age and sex, and distribution across territories. Demographic data is important for planning health services, economic and social development, and formulating policies. Common demographic indicators mentioned are crude birth rate, death rate, and life expectancy. Methods of collecting demographic data include censuses, surveys, interviews, and reviewing vital records.
This document summarizes key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines terms like demography, population dynamics, population doubling time, growth rate, crude birth rate, crude death rate, and components of population growth like mortality, fertility, and migration. It also discusses population measures like total fertility rate, population pyramids, overpopulation, dependency ratio, and sex ratio. Finally, it outlines the stages of demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates.
Demography is the statistical study of human populations. It covers the size, distribution, and vital statistics of populations over time. Demographers analyze factors that influence population change such as births, deaths, and migration. They focus on specific indicators like fertility rates, mortality rates, and migration trends. Demographic data comes from sources like censuses, vital registration systems, and sample surveys. Rates, ratios, proportions, and percentages are used to express demographic characteristics and compare subgroups to the total population.
Population dynamics is the study of changes in population size and composition over time. It considers factors influencing population growth and decline such as births, deaths, and migration. Population studies examine relationships between demographic changes and other social, economic, political, environmental, and health-related variables.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines demography as the study of human populations, their size, composition, and distribution, as well as changes over time. Some key points covered include:
- The three main components that determine population dynamics are births, deaths, and migration.
- Fertility is influenced by cultural, social, economic and health factors, which operate through four proximate determinants: sexual activity, contraception, infecundity, and abortion.
- Mortality is measured through death rates, infant mortality rates, and life expectancy.
- Population composition looks at characteristics like age and sex.
- Demographic data comes
These comprehensive slides on demography provide a deep understanding of the science of population dynamics. Covering essential concepts, methodologies, and key demographic indicators, these notes offer insights into the study of population growth, distribution, and composition. Explore topics such as fertility, mortality, migration, and population projections, as well as their implications for society and policy. With this resource, you'll gain a strong foundation in demography, making it an invaluable reference for students, researchers, and anyone interested in the dynamics of human populations.
This document defines key demographic terms and describes methods for studying population characteristics. It discusses population estimation using census data and inter-census methods. Different population growth patterns are classified based on birth and death rates. The population pyramid is described as a way to visualize population by age and sex, and examples from Egypt in 1950, 2000, and a projection for 2050 are provided. Finally, common health indicators used for evaluation like birth rate are defined.
Demography and family welfare, VI unit in community health nursingssuser82e099
Demography is the statistical study of human populations, specifically concerning size, structure, and distribution, as well as changes resulting from birth, death, migration, and aging. The key demographic processes that affect population change are fertility, mortality, marriage, migration, and social mobility. A population's size, composition, and distribution can be measured using tools like crude birth/death rates, life expectancy, sex ratio, and population density. Demographic changes over time occur in stages defined by the demographic transition theory.
Fertility and mortality are key measures used in demography to understand population changes. [1] Fertility refers to the actual birth rate in a population and is influenced by biological and socioeconomic factors. It is measured using metrics like the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, and total fertility rate. [2] Mortality refers to the risk of death in a population and is influenced by both biological and environmental factors. Key mortality measures include the crude death rate and infant and child mortality rates. [3] Data on fertility and mortality is obtained from sources like vital registration systems and national surveys and is used for population projections, identifying at-risk groups, and informing policy.
The document discusses population growth and structure. It begins by outlining factors that affect population distribution and density, such as physical, social, economic and political influences. It then describes population concepts like birth rate, death rate, natural increase/decrease, and density. Models of population change are presented, including the demographic transition model and population pyramids. Population pyramids illustrate age and sex structures and can indicate development levels. Overpopulation causes and problems are also summarized.
This document discusses key concepts in demography and population studies. It defines demography as the scientific study of human populations, including their size, structure, and distribution. It notes that population growth is influenced by birth rates, death rates, and migration patterns. The document also summarizes several important demographic indicators used to measure and analyze populations, such as fertility rates, mortality rates, sex ratios, and age distribution. It outlines the stages of demographic transition that populations typically progress through as mortality declines and birth rates adjust.
This document defines key demographic terms and concepts. It explains that demography involves measuring a population's size, composition, distribution, and changes over time due to birth, death, and migration rates. Population pyramids are used to graphically display age and sex composition. Census data provides critical information for government planning by counting all people in a geographic area. Crude birth and death rates, as well as infant, child, and maternal mortality rates, are key indicators for assessing population health status and socioeconomic conditions.
This document discusses global demography, population, urbanization, and ecology. It defines key demographic concepts like population, demography, fertility, mortality, and migration. It explains how demographers study and analyze population size, composition, distribution and changes. Tools of demography discussed include count, rate, ratio, proportion, and cohort/period measures. Population composition and density are addressed. The document details factors influencing global fertility rates, improvements reducing mortality, and impacts of migration on population structure. World population statistics from 2019 are also provided. The document concludes with an announcement about an upcoming quiz on global cities.
Com 201 - Intro to Demography and biostatisticspetshelter54
This document provides an overview of demography and population pyramids. It discusses that demography is the study of human populations in terms of size, structure, growth, and distribution. Population pyramids are used to visualize the age and sex structure of a population, and can reveal insights into fertility rates, life expectancy, and population change over time. The document outlines different types of population pyramids and the factors that influence population structure, such as fertility, mortality, and migration. It also discusses uses of census data and vital statistics in demographic analysis and population planning.
this presentation will give a basic knowledge about age and sex structure, population pyramid with different countries age-sex structure along with Bangladesh perspective.
Similar to Lecture-8 (Demographic Studies and Health Services Statistics).ppt (20)
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Paracoccidioides species. It primarily involves the lungs and can disseminate to other organs. The disease ranges from asymptomatic to acute or chronic forms. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of clinical samples to identify the characteristic yeast forms and culture growth at 37°C. Treatment requires long-term antifungal therapy for 6-12 months.
This document introduces permutation methods for statistical testing. It begins with background on permutation principles and explains that most biostatistics texts only cover rank-based permutation methods but this text will cover both rank-based and non-rank-based methods. It then reviews key mathematical concepts of permutations and combinations that are important for understanding permutation methods. It provides examples of calculating permutations and combinations. Finally, it states that several permutation-based tests will be presented, with the first using original observations and the second using ranks to test different statistical concepts like correlation in a distribution-free manner.
The chi-square test is a non-parametric method used to analyze categorical data to evaluate hypotheses about populations. It can be used for goodness of fit, independence, and homogeneity. The chi-square test involves calculating expected frequencies, verifying assumptions, selecting a significance level, computing the chi-square statistic and comparing it to a critical value to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis.
The document discusses t-tests and one-way ANOVA statistical tests. It provides details on how to conduct one-sample t-tests, paired t-tests, two independent sample t-tests, and one-way ANOVA. It includes the assumptions, test statistics, and procedures for each test. An example is also provided to demonstrate a one-way ANOVA comparing red blood cell folate levels between three patient groups receiving different nitrous oxide treatments.
The document provides an overview of survival analysis. It defines survival analysis as a branch of statistics that focuses on time-to-event data and their analysis. It discusses censored and truncated data, the life table method, the Kaplan-Meier estimator for estimating survival functions when there is censoring, and the Cox regression model for assessing relationships between covariates and survival times. The key aspects of survival analysis are estimating the probability of surviving past a certain time point and comparing survival distributions between groups while accounting for censored observations.
This document provides an overview of logistic regression. It begins by explaining that linear regression is not appropriate when the dependent variable is dichotomous. Logistic regression uses an S-shaped logistic function to model the probabilities of different outcomes. The logistic function transforms the non-linear probabilities into linear-looking data that can be modeled using linear regression. Examples are provided to demonstrate how logistic regression can be used to predict the probability of coronary heart disease based on age and to analyze the relationship between patient satisfaction and residence.
Linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between daily food intake (independent variable) and weight gain (dependent variable) in a sample of 20 children. The regression equation obtained was: Weight gained = 0.16 + 0.643(food weight). This indicates that for each additional 1kg of daily food intake, a child's weight increases by 0.643kg on average. The coefficient of determination (R2) was 0.81, meaning 81% of the variation in children's weight gain was explained by differences in daily food intake.
Lecture-3 Probability and probability distribution.ppthabtamu biazin
This document provides an overview of key concepts in probability and probability distributions that will be covered in the chapter. The objectives are to understand probability, the difference between probability and probability distributions, conditional probability, and different types of distributions for categorical and continuous variables. Specific distributions discussed include the normal, student t, and chi-square distributions. Examples are provided on probability, conditional probability, counting rules for permutations and combinations, sampling with and without replacement, and the binomial distribution.
1) The document discusses descriptive statistics and methods for summarizing categorical and numerical data through tables, graphs, and numerical measures.
2) Descriptive statistics are used to describe and characterize data through methods like frequency tables, measures of central tendency, and measures of variability.
3) Various graphs like bar charts, pie charts, histograms and frequency polygons are demonstrated to visually depict distributions of categorical and numerical variables.
Fungi constitute an important group of eukaryotic organisms including yeasts and molds. Anti-fungal drugs target differences between fungal and human cells, such as fungal cell walls and sterol composition. Major classes of anti-fungals include polyenes such as amphotericin B, azoles, and allylamines. Amphotericin B binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming pores that disrupt membrane function. It has broad antifungal activity but can cause renal toxicity. Newer lipid formulations reduce this toxicity. Nystatin is a polyene used topically due to toxicity concerns. Griseofulvin and flucytosine inhibit fung
The document discusses opportunistic fungal infections, focusing on Aspergillosis, Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis, and other mycoses. It provides details on:
- The causative fungi and their incidence in opportunistic infections
- Clinical manifestations of various fungal infections in different organ systems like the lungs and central nervous system
- Laboratory methods for diagnosing fungal infections through microscopy, culture, serology and molecular identification
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The document discusses immunology and immunopathology of human parasitic infections. It covers:
1) Microparasites multiply within host cells and pose an immediate threat, while macroparasites (helminths) do not multiply within the host and do not present an immediate threat.
2) Infections by protozoa and helminths are long-lasting and can induce immunopathological changes over years that are more dangerous than the initial infection.
3) During any infection, dying or killed parasites can deposit molecules on host cells and elicit autoimmune responses, contributing to pathology.
5,6,7. Protein detection Western_blotting DNA sequencing.ppthabtamu biazin
1. The document describes the process of isolating and detecting proteins from various samples through cell lysis, SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis, and western blotting. Key steps include lysing cells with detergents and inhibitors, boiling samples with loading buffer, running proteins on a gel, transferring proteins to a membrane, and detecting proteins with antibodies and chemiluminescent reagents.
2. Common components of lysis buffers and SDS loading buffers are described, as well as tips for pouring gels and troubleshooting western blots. The process allows estimation of protein molecular weights and analysis of post-translational modifications.
3. Proper controls and testing antibody specificity are emphasized for accurate analysis of western blot results.
6. aa sequencing site directed application of biotechnology.ppthabtamu biazin
Protein sequencing involves an eight step strategy to determine the amino acid sequence of a protein. The steps include separating polypeptide chains, reducing disulfide bonds, determining amino acid composition, identifying terminal residues, cleaving chains into fragments, sequencing the fragments, reconstructing the sequence from overlapping fragments, and determining disulfide bond positions. Frederick Sanger developed the first method for protein sequencing by determining the structure of insulin in 1953. Advances now allow sequencing entire proteins or genomes using techniques like mass spectrometry and determining gene sequences.
Genetic engineering involves purposefully manipulating genetic material to alter organism characteristics. There are five techniques: genetic fusion, protoplast fusion, gene amplification, recombinant DNA technology, and hybridoma creation. Genetic engineering tools include specialized enzymes, gel electrophoresis, DNA sequencing machines, RNA primers, and gene probes. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, mapped the human genome consisting of 20,000 to 25,000 protein-coding genes. 'Omics' fields like genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics emerged from studying entire genomes and cellular components.
The document provides an overview of real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction). It discusses extracting RNA from tissue, converting the RNA to cDNA using reverse transcriptase, performing real-time PCR, and analyzing the results. Several key steps are described, including the importance of RNA quality, using appropriate reverse transcriptase primers and PCR primers, including necessary controls, and selecting appropriate reference standards for normalization.
2. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell structure.pptxhabtamu biazin
Prokaryotic cells, which include bacteria, lack membrane-bound organelles and have no nucleus. They contain a single, circular chromosome. Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and organelles. Prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission, while eukaryotes use mitosis or meiosis. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane and contain DNA.
This document outlines the fundamentals of microbiology, including the historical development and significance of studying microbes. It discusses key topics like the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, bacterial taxonomy, and bacterial genetics. The objectives are to understand the historical background of microbiology, classify medically significant bacteria, describe bacterial metabolism and growth, and explain methods of disinfection.
Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria that includes the species that cause tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy. It contains obligate parasites like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. leprae, which cause diseases, as well as opportunistic pathogens like non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Mycobacterium species are acid-fast bacilli with a cell wall rich in lipids, making them resistant to disinfectants and host immune responses. They can survive outside of hosts for weeks. M. tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 and is the main cause of TB, appearing as thin rods in tissue.
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of skin and soft tissue infections that produces several virulence factors like coagulase and toxins. It is carried in the nasopharynx and skin of healthy individuals. Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of infections from minor skin infections to severe invasive diseases like necrotizing fasciitis. It produces extracellular enzymes and toxins that damage tissues. Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, while Neisseria meningitidis can cause a severe blood infection and meningitis. Both Neisseria species possess pili and capsules important for virulence.
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
Lecture-8 (Demographic Studies and Health Services Statistics).ppt
1. Demographic and Health
Services Statistics
University of Gondar
College of medicine and health science
Institute of public health
Department of Epidemiology and
Biostatistics
Lemma Derseh (BSc., MPH)
2. Demographic and Health Services
Statistics
Demography is the study of human population in its static and
dynamic aspects
The static aspects of population to be studied could include
characteristics at a point in time such as composition by: age,
sex, race, marital status, economic characteristics
Whereas the dynamic aspects are: Fertility, mortality, nuptiality
(marriage), migration and growth.
3. DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH CONT…
The three elements of demography are the:
Size,
Composition and,
Distribution
of human population
These elements are affected by three main
demographic processes namely,
fertility,
mortality and
migration
4. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Demographic data can be produced mainly through:
Census
Continuous vital events registration
Sample survey
The choice to carry out among the above sources is
influenced by several factors including: resource (time, man
power, finance), accuracy needed, etc
5. SOURCES OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA CONT…
A census is the enumeration at specific time of
individuals comprising the population within an
area
There are two methods of making a census:
1- De fact
2- De jure
6. CENSUS CONT…
De facto census
Counting individuals wherever they actually are on the
day the census is conducted.
Advantage
The de facto census is much easy, less expensive and
more economic to apply than de-jure type.
The disadvantages include
Persons in transit may not be included
Provision of incorrect picture of the population
Vital rates may be distorted
7. Census cont…
The de jure census
Counting individuals at their legal permanent residence
regardless to whether or not they are physically present
at the time of the census.
Advantage
It gives a true figure.
The disadvantages include
Expensive in time and money
Some individuals may be counted twice
Information may be incomplete
8. CENSUS CONT….
o
oCharacteristics and essential features of census
o Individual enumeration-implies that each individual is enumerated
and his/her characteristics recorded separately
o Universality within a defined territory- census should cover the entire
country or well defined territory and include every person living
therein
o Simultaneity-data collected should refer to the same well defined
reference period – generally the census day with specific time
o Defined periodicity-census should be taken at regular intervals so
that comparable information is made available in a fixed sequence
o Accuracy and reliability of information
9. CONTINUOUS VITAL REGISTRATION
Continuous vital registration consists of the following
component parts:
Live birth
o Extraction or expulsion
o Product of conception
o Breathes or shows evidence of life
o Duration of pregnancy irrelevant
Fetal death
o Death prior to the complete expulsion
o “early fetal deaths” – less than 20 weeks
o “intermediate fetal deaths” – 20 – 28 weeks
o “late fetal deaths” – 28 weeks or more
10. CONTINUOUS VITAL REGISTRATION CONT…
Death
Permanent disappearance of life
Marriage
Act, ceremony, process
Legal relationship
Civil, religious or other
Divorce
Final dissolution of a marriage
11. SAMPLE SURVEYS
Though the above sources (census, and vital registration) can be
the major sources of demographic data, it may be difficult to conduct
them in a stuffiest degree in developing countries like Ethiopia
Census can be done only once in ten years
Continuous vital registration hasn’t started till now in
Ethiopia
Sample surveys are thus the feasible alternatives to fill this gap
This is because sample surveys are based on only some
representative members of the population which may request a
huge resource
Can be made also in a reasonably short time intervals or
sporadically
A few survey examples which can give demographic data are DHS,
household consumption and expenditure surveys, etc
12. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
It is occurrence of major demographic changes/trends of
the past two centuries.
Stages of demographic transition
Pre-transitional:- high mortality and high fertility, with low
population growth (young population).
Triangular, broad based pattern of population pyramid.
Seen in primitive societies and is sometimes known as
expansive (type I).
Transitional:- high birth rate and reduced death rate, with
high (rapid) growth rate (“young population”).
triangular pyramid characterizing a developing society
(sometimes known as expansive (type II).
13. STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Post –transitional:- low birth and death rates with stable,
moderate growth rate.
Narrow based pyramid and steeper sides.
Typical of advanced or developed countries and is
sometimes known as stationary (Type III).
Life expectancy is higher and a high proportion of the
population survives in to the old age (“old population”).
Stage – IV: low mortality but very low birth rates giving
negative growth rate
14. POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Population Pyramids are a useful tool for understanding the
structure, composition and size of populations because they
graphically portray many aspects of a population, such as
sex ratios and age structure.
The following points are facts about population pyramids:
Normally males are on the left and females are on the
right;
Age categories are in 5 year increasing intervals
labeled up the center axis;
The horizontal axis is measured in millions.
15. CALCIFICATION OF POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Expansive or expanding
Characterized by wide base indicating a high-
birth rate & the narrow top indicates a high death rate.
It is a characteristic of a lower standard of living:
High birth rate due to poor access to birth control, lack of education
etc.;
High death rate due to poor medical care & nutrition.
16. CALCIFICATION OF POPULATION PYRAMIDS CONT…
Stationary or Stable Population
It has a half ellipse shape.
The base of the pyramid is similar in width to the population of the
reproductive ages which indicates a stable population.
It is the characteristic of a high standard of living due to:
Low birth rate due to good family planning, access to birth control,
financial planning, education, etc.;
Low death rate due to good medical care, nutrition, education etc.
17. CALCIFICATION OF POPULATION PYRAMIDS
Contractive or contracting
Contractive or contracting population pyramids have a
narrower base than the reproductive age population.
This indicates a decreasing population trend.
The low birth rate is indicative of a well developed country.
18. POPULATION PYRAMID
Exercise
How do you categorize the urban and the country level
population pyramids of Ethiopia into one of the above three
types of pyramids?
19. VITAL STATISTICS
Ratio
It is the occurrence of one event in relation to the other (x/y)
where x and y are completely independent
Sex Ratio is measured as the ratio of males relative to females in
a population
General formula: Sex Ratio = (Number of males/Number of
females) x100%
Beyond the simple ratio of sexes (males to females), we can add
other variables to it for further analysis like sex ratio by: age, birth,
death, migration, etc.
W can have other types of ratios like: dependency ratio,
child to women ratio, maternal mortality ratio, etc.
20. VITAL STATISTICS CONT...
Proportions
A specific type of ratio in which the numerator is
included in the denominator, usually presented as a
percentage. (x is included in y in the ratio x/y).
Example: Female/Both sexes, or
(proportion of female in a community)
21. RATES
Rate measures the occurrence of an event in a population
over time.
The time component is important in the definition.
Generally rates can be broadly categorized as:
Crude rates
Category specific rates
Adjusted rates
24. RATES CONT…
Adjusted/standardized rates
A standardized death rate is a crude death rate that has
been adjusted for differences in age composition between
the region under study and a standard population.
Standardization allows for comparisons when the
population structures differ and is key in assessing the
potential influence of environmental or cultural factors on
death rates in a region.
Two methods of standardization
Direct standardization
Indirect standardization
25. FERTILITY RATES
Crude Birth rate (CBR)
It indicates the number of live births per 1000 population
in a given year.
= Number of births per year
Total Mid-year population
The information required to calculate CBR usually obtained
from a complete and accurate vital registration system or
census
However, CBR has limitations like:
It gives only a crude estimate of fertility.
All the population included in the denominator is not
exposed to the risk of pregnancy
It is not good for comparing fertility across populations,
as variations in age distribution of the populations being
compared will affect the birth rate
26. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
General Fertility rate
Number of live births per 1000 women ages 15-49
in a given year or is the same as:
It relates births to the age-sex group at risk of giving
births (usually defined as women ages 15-49 years)
It is more refined measure than crude birth rate to
compare fertility across populations
27. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
Age Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
ASFR is the ratio of the number of births per year per 1000
women of a specific age (group)
Example
28. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
It estimates the number of children a hypothetical cohort of
1,000 females in the specified population would bear if they
all went through their childbearing years experiencing the
same age-specific birth rates for a specified time period.
Or it can be defined as the average number of children that
would be born to a woman by the time she ended
childbearing if she were to pass through all her childbearing
years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates of a given
year
29. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
TFR = (ΣASBR) x 5, where ASBR is each five-year age-specific
birth rate defined as
Where Bx is the number of live births to mothers age x and Px is
the number of resident women age x.
The sum of these ASBRs is multiplied by 5 because each ASBR
represents a five-year cohort of women
Sometimes TFR is expressed per woman instead of per 1,000
women.
For example, the theoretical replacement rate would be
expressed as 2.1 live births per woman.
30. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
Example:
TFR = 419.7 X 5 = 2,098.5 live births per 1,000 female who
live through their reproductive years
Note that sometimes the age group 10-15 may be ignored from the calculation of
TFR.
31. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
The average number of daughters that would be born to a
woman during her lifetime if she passed through her child-
bearing years conforming to the age specific fertility rates of a
given year
GRR is exactly like TFR, except that it counts only daughters,
and literally measures “reproduction”–a woman reproducing
herself in the next generation by having a daughter.
GRR = ∑ASFRx(Bf/Bf+m) = TFRx(Proportion of female births)
Where, Bf= Number of female births and Bm+f= Number of male
and female births i.e. all births
32. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
Example: Let the TFR and Sex Ratio at birth for a certain
country were 6.7 and 1.03 respectively. Then the GRR can
be calculated as:
33. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
Net Reproduction Rate (NRR):
Average number of daughters that would be born to a woman
if she passed through her life-time from birth to the end of her
reproductive years conforming to the age-specific fertility
and mortality rates of a given year
NRR is always lower than GRR, because it takes into
account the fact that some women will die before entering
and completing their child-bearing years.
Correspondingly NRR will be less than half the magnitude of
the TFR
35. FERTILITY RATES CONT…
Replacement Fertility
Replacement Level of Fertility is said to have been reached
when NRR=1.0.
This will occur when surviving women in the hypothetical
cohort have exactly enough daughters (on average) to
replace themselves in the population.
It is the same as when GRR>1 and TFR>2. Roughly, this is
when couple has an average of two children.
However, when NRR=1.00 it does not imply that CBR= CDR
or Population growth rate = 0
36. MEASURES OF MORTALITY
Crude Death Rate:
Age-Specific Death Rate (ASDR):
1000
year
given
in the
area
same
in the
population
year
Mid
year
given
a
in
area
an
a
in
occurring
causes
all
to
due
deaths
of
number
Total
CDR
1000
a
group
age
or
age
at
population
year
Mid
a
group
age
or
age
at
deaths
Total
ASDRa
37. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
1000
births
live
Total
age
of
year
one
under
children
of
Deaths
IMR
MEASURES OF MORTALITY CONT…
38. POPULATION PROJECTIONS
There are different types of population projection
methods. The most important once are:
The exponential method
The logistic method
The cohort component method
39. The exponential growth model
It is the simplest type of population growth model.
Exponential growth occurs when a population is not limited by
other competitors, resources are not limited, and the environment
is constant.
These conditions called an ‘ecological vacuum’, and this does not
often occur (for long) in nature
40. THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL CONT…
P(t) = P0(1 + r)t , where:
Where, P(t) is the population at time t,
r = CBR-CDR, which is the rate of natural increase or intrinsic rate
of increase. Therefore, r is the theoretical maximum rate of
increase of a population per individual
P0 is the initial population
t is the time on which projection is to be made
Equivalently we can use the formula (mathematically same):
P(t) = P0ekt
Where, k = ln(1 + r)
41. THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODEL CONT…
Example: Consider the population of a certain minority group
of size 5000 in an island. If this population is increasing by
5% each year, by how many individuals will the population
increase after 30 months?
Let P(t) be the population after t years. Then
P0 = P(0) = 5000 is the initial population size in the island.
Let r = 0.05 be the percentage increase each year.
Therefore, the population size after 30 months = 5/2 years is
given by:
P(5/2) = 5000(1.05)5/2 = 5649
Therefore, the population in the island will increase by 5649 -
5000= 649 individuals after 30 months.
42. THE LOGISTIC GROWTH MODELS
Exponential models have a flaw since they assume
population can grow without bound.
In many situations, growth begins exponentially but then
slows and approaches zero. The population approaches a
maximum sustainable population.
Logistic models incorporate an upper bound on the
population. It is one of the most important population growth
models.
P(t) = 1/(1+ae-kt ), where a and k are positive constants in the
model and t is the time.
43. LOGISTIC GROWTH MODEL CONT…
Example: The number of students infected with flu at a high
school after t days is modeled by the function:
P(t) = 800/(1 + 49e−0.2t) .
(a) What is the initial number of infected students?
(b) When will the number of infected students be 200?
(c) The school be will closed when 300 students are
infected. When does the school be closed?
(a) At t = 0, we have P(0) = 800/(1 + 49e−0.2t) = 800/(1 + 49) =
800/50 =16. There are initially 16 students infected.
(b) The number of infected students is equal to 200 when P(t)
= 200 = 800/(1 + 49e−0.2t), implying that t ≈14 days
44. THE COHORT-COMPONENT METHOD
The cohort component technique uses the components of
demographic change including births, deaths, and migration to
project population .
It projects the population by age groups, in addition to other
demographic attributes such as sex and ethnicity.
Formula:
P t+n = Survived population + births + net migrant
Assumption: the components of demographic change, mortality,
fertility, and migration, will remain constant throughout the
projection period.
Use the cohort component method when population projections by
age and sex are needed for 5 years, 10 years or longer periods of
time
45.
46. HEALTH SERVICE STATISTICS
Major limitations of morbidity and mortality data
from health institutions in Ethiopia
Lack of completeness:
Lack of representativeness:
Lack of denominator: The underlying population
served by a health institution is difficult to define
Lack of uniformity in quality:
Lack of compliance with reporting:
47. HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION RATES
1. Admission rate (AR): The number of (hospital)
admissions per 1000 of the population per year
1000
area
Catchment
the
of
n
Populatio
Total
year
the
in
Admissions
of
Number
AR
2. Average length of stay (ALS): the average period in hospital (in
days) per patient admitted.
Deaths
and
s
Discharge
of
Number
ays
Patient D
zed
Hospitali
of
Number
Annual
The
ALS
48. Bed-occupancy rate (BOR): the average
percentage occupancy of hospital beds.
Turnover interval (TI): the average period, in
days, that a bed remains empty( the average time
elapsing between the discharge of one patient
and the admission of the next).
365
1
Beds
of
Number
Total
ays
Patient D
zed
Hospitali
of
Number
Annual
The
BOR
Deaths
and
s
Discharge
of
Number
ays
Patient D
zed
Hospitali
of
Number
-
Beds)
of
Number
(365
TI
HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION RATES…
49. HOSPITAL DEATH RATE (HDR)
1000
Period
Given
the
in
s
Discharge
of
Number
Period
Given
a
in
Deaths
Hospital
of
Number
Total
HDR
50. EXERCISE
a) Calculate the population doubling time of a given country with annual
rate of
growth ( r) = 1% .
b) The following summary table was taken from the annual (1988) health
profile of
district Z.
Year Total population of the
district
No of health institutions in the district Total number of
hospital beds
Health Station Health Center Hospital
1988 400,000 14 2 1 80
1. The health service coverage of the district
2. The average length of stay
3. Bed occupancy rate
4. Turnover interval