Fertility refers to the actual number of births that occur in a population. A woman's fertile period is typically between ages 15-45. In Pakistan currently, the average number of children born to a woman is 3.48. Factors that affect fertility include age at marriage, duration of married life, education levels, economic status, religion, and use of family planning. The document then discusses various metrics used to measure fertility, including the crude birth rate, general fertility rate, age-specific fertility rate, total fertility rate, and gross reproductive rate.

1. FERTILTY
NIMRA ZAMAN
MPH- II (2017-19)
LIAQUAT UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL AND
HEALTH SCIENCES JAMSHORO

2. NATALITY/FERTILITY
 actual bearing of children / actual level of
performance in a population based on no: of births
that occur
 latin root word fertilis means
“bearing in abundance or fruitful “
from ferre means to “bear”
 15 to 45 years – a period of 30 years ( women’s rep
period )
 fertility can be ascertain from statistics of birth

4. At current fertility levels,
a woman in Pakistan will have
an average of 3.48 children in
her lifetime.
.

6. FACTORS AFFECTING
FERTITLITY
 AGE AT MARRIAGE ( 16 to 21 decrease by 20 -30%)
 DURATION OF MARRIED LIFE (50 -55% births in 5 -15yrs )
 SPACING OF CHILDREN
 EDUCATION ( inverse relation ) inc exposure , skills
for employment , female participation in decision
making
 ECONOMIC STATUS ( economic development is best
contraceptive )
 CASTE AND RELIGION ( muslims have high fertility
rates
 FAMILY PLANNING ( PLAY KEY ROLE IN DECLINING
 OTHERS

7.  Average age of a woman at birth of first
child
 Availability of legal abortions
 Availability of reliable birth control methods
 industrialization , urbanization , Employment
opportunities
 housing , better health condition Level of
available health care
 Religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural
norms
 place of women in society , value of children
in society , Perceived cost of having children

9. Psychological: To have urge for many children and feeling
pleasure for having many children.
Social: Early marriage, family customs, lack of education and
pressure from older family members.
Economic and Security Benefits: More children will earn more
and provide security.
Demographic : as IMR is high here so parent wants to replace
children and due to early stoppage of breast
feeding fertility is more.
Causes of high fertility:

10. DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY
 DIRECT /DIRECT/
INTERMEDIATE
/proximate
 proportion of married among
females
 %age of women using
contraceptives and
effectiveness
 prevalence of induced abortion
 Proportion of women who are
currently not fecund
 INDIRECT/BAC
KGROUND
VARIABLES
 socioeconomic and
contextual
characterstics that
affects fertility
through change in
proximate
determinants

11. FERTILITY RELATED STATISTICS
FERTILITY RATE
The fertility rate is the average
number of children borne by one
woman while being of child-bearing
age
 CRUDE BIRTH RATE
 GENERAL FERTIITY RATE
 AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE
 TOTAL FERTILITY RATE
 GROSS REPRODUCTIVE RATE

12. unsatisfactory
measure because
total population
is not exposed to
the child bearing
( DOESN’T GIVE
TRUE IDEAOF
FERTILITY )
crude birth rate: = No of live births in a year
Population in mid year
multiplied by 1000
Here we take mid year population as in the
beginning or end of the year the no of population
is different and it is crude as in denominator all
male and female are included among them some
are not fit to produce child so it is crude rate.

13.  Better than CBR
because the
denominator is
restricted to the
women in child bearing
age
but major weakness is
that not all women in
denominator are
exposed to risk of child
birth

14. 7 age
groups
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-45
46-49

15. Widely used measure in demography
Comparing fertility patterns between two populations
Sensitive indicator of family planning achievements
Computed by
summing all
the ASFR
For all ages
ASFR is not the
summary
measure as it
includes 7 age
groups so we
take TFR and
after
calculating all
ASFR we
multiply by 5 as
it is class
interval

16. This
indicator
gives idea
about
replaceme
nt level
fertility
But a
rough
indicator

17. Women Having Fewer Babies but Not Few
Enough to Stabilize the World’s Population
 Fertility rate
 number of children born to a woman during her
lifetime
 Replacement-level fertility rate
 Average number of children a couple must have to
replace themselves
 2.1 in developed countries
 Up to 2.5 in developing countries
 Total fertility rate (TFR)
 Average number of children born to women in a
population

18. Total fertility rate, 1955-2010
Fig. 6-5, p. 130

19. Fertility rates are higher in poor resourced countries
but due to high mortality and perinatal deaths there
s reduction in birth rate
Developing countries
 Children are needed as
labour force
 To provide care in old
ages
 FR are higher due to lack
of contraceptives use
 Religious beliefs
 Economic status
 Early marriages
 Poor level of living
Developed countries
 Tend to have lower FR due to
lifestyle choices associated with
the economic influences where
 mortality rate is low
 Birth control is easy and
accesible
 Children often can
become an economic
drain caused by housing
and education
 Higher education and
professional career of

21. Five Most Populous Countries, 2010 and 2050

22. THANK
YOU