Demography and family planning

1. Demography and Family planning
Dr Abdirahman Moallim Ibrahim, MBChB, PgCert GHHM, MPH(IS)

2. Demography
• The scientific study of human population
• Focuses on
1. Changes in population size ( growth or decline)
2. The composition of the population
3. The distribution of population in space
• Deals with the five demographic processes
a) Fertility b) mortality c) marriage d) migration, and
e) social mobility

3. Demographic
cycle
a) First stage (high stationary)
 High birth rate and high death rate
 The population remains stationary
b) Second stage ( Early expanding)
 The death rate begins to decline and the birth rate remains unchanged
 Many countries in the southeast asia are in this stage
c) Third stage (Late expanding)
 The death rate declines still further, and the birth rate tends to fall
 The population continuous to grow because birth exceeds deaths
d) Fourth stage ( Low stationary)
 Low birth and low death rate
Industrialized countries are in this stage
e) Fifth Stage (Declining)
 The population begins to decline due low birth rate and high death rate
 Germany and Austria are in this stage

4. Global population
size and annual
growth rate
estimates from 1950-
2050
https://youtu.be/fF5
naUeTIYg?si=GX6TACbQ
VIW2T9EZ

5. World population
trends

8. Demographic trends
Demographic indicators
• Population statistics: Indicators that
measure the population size, sex ratio,
density and dependency ratio
• Vital statistics: Include indicators such
as birth rate, death rate, natural growth
rate, life expectancy at birth, mortality
and fertility rate

9. Urbanization
• Urban population is the number of
persons residing in urban localities.
• The increase in population has been
attributed both to natural growth and
migration from villages because of
employment opportunities, attraction
of better living conditions, and
availability of social services such as
education, health, transportation,
entertainment etc.

10. Component
s of
populatio
n change
Fertility
• Fertility refers to a women as reproductive
performance in-terms of live births. It is
determined by a variety of biological, social,
economic, psychological and cultural factors.
Mortality
• Mortality refers to the ‘occurrence of deaths
in a population’. Changes are determined
primarily by changes in a population’s
standard of living and advances in medicine,
public health and science.
• Low-income countries typically have higher
mortality rates than high income countries.
Education also has a substantial impact on
mortality rates.
Migration
• Migration refers to the ‘change in one’s
place of residence from one political or
administrative area to another’.
• It refers solely to changes in place of usual
residence, thereby excluding all short-term
or temporary movements such as commuting to
work, visiting friends or relatives and going
away on vacation.

11. Fertility
• The ability to produce child is known as fertility. Some demographers prefer the word
Natality in place of fertility.
• The reproductive period in women is roughly from 15 45 years.
• To control population growth the fertility rate have to be checked by adopting some
suitable methods of family planning.

12. Fertility
depending
factors
1. Age at marriage
2. Duration of married life
3. Spacing of children
4. Education
5. Economic status
6. Caste and Religion
7. Nutrition
8. Family Planning

19. Fertility related statistics

20. Fertility rate
indicators
Fertility can be measured by a number of indicators:
• Birth Rate
• General Fertility Rate (GFR)
• Age specific fertility rate (ASFR)

25. Measures of mortality

26. Topics to be discussed
•Crude Death Rate
•Age Specific Death Rate
•Maternal Mortality Ratio
•Mortality in early life

27. 1. Crude Death Rate (CDR)
 Defined as the total number of deaths in a calendar year per 1,000 mid-year
estimated population (approximation to the average population “exposed to risk” of
death during the year)
CDR =
D
P
x K
D= total number of deaths registered during the calendar year
P = total mid-year estimated population or the total population of the middle of the year i.e. as on 1st July
K = a constant usually taken as 1,000

28. 1. Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Advantages
 Shows levels of mortality in entire population (usual index of mortality found in
year books and general statistical publications)
 Its meanings can be communicated to the general public
 Easily and quickly computed
 Even where a detailed analysis is contemplated, CDR often gives a preliminary
indication of the level or trend of mortality.

29. 1. Crude Death Rate (CDR)
Limitations
 Mixes together many population groups whose mortality varies widely whereas the
major results of mortality study have come from examinations of these components
separately by means of more detailed analysis.
 Mixes those elements indiscriminately, in the form of an average.
 Weakness for international comparisons is that it makes no allowance for differential age
and sex compositions

30. 2. Age Specific Death or Mortality rate (ASDR) or (ASMR)
 Defined as the number of deaths of population of the particular age or age group
during a year (Dx) per 1,000 of the mid-year estimated population at that age or age
group (Px).
 Advantageous to prepare these rates separately for males and females “age and
sex specific death rates”
 The only mean of calculation of age specific death rate that is unaffected by the age
composition of a population
ASDR =
Dx
Px
x 1,000

31. 3. Maternal
Mortality Ratio
(MMR)
• Maternal Deaths
• defined as “the death of a woman while
pregnant or within 42 days of termination
of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration
and site of pregnancy, from any cause
related to or aggravated by the pregnancy
or its management but not from
accidental or incidental causes”.
• Risk of dying from causes associated with
childbirths is measured by MMR

32. 3. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)
Maternal mortality ratio
 defined as the No: of deaths from puerperal causes per 1000 live births.
 MMR computed by this convention is only a rough measure of the puerperal risk,
death related to live births instead of pregnancies
MMR = No: of deaths from puerperal causes in a given year
No: of LBs registered in the same population in the
same area in the same year
x 1,000

33. 4. Mortality in Early
Life

34. Family planning

35. Family planning is defined as the way of thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily,
upon the basis of knowledge, attitude and responsible decisions by individuals and
couples in order to promote the health and welfare of the family group and thus
contribute effectively to the social development of a country
Family planning refers to practices that help individuals or couples to attain certain
objectives which include:
• To avoid unwanted births.
• To bring about wanted births.
• To regulate intervals between pregnancies.
• To determine the number of children in the family.
• To control the time at which births occur in relation to the age of the parents.

39. THANK YOU