Earth Resources; Reserves and resources; Nonrenewable Mineral Resources ; What are industrial minerals?; Why are industrial minerals so important?; Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits; Classification of industrial minerals; Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit; Selected industrial rocks and minerals
What is mining?; Why do we need mines?; What is a mineral ?; What is an Ore Deposit? ; Concentrations of Metals; Metals enrichment factors ; Types of Ore Deposit ; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; Shape of ore deposits; Dip ore deposits ;Thickness ore deposits; Depth of ore deposits; Structure of ore deposits; Ore value and profitability of mining; Stability of ore rocks; Chemical and mineral characteristics of ores ; Lessening of ore deposit; Degree of breakability; Life Cycle of a Metal Resource; Mineral Supply and Demand; Conservation; Economic Impact on Mineral Supplies
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
MINE LIFE CYCLE; LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS; LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; Prospecting; Exploration ; 3D modeling software's for mining sectors; Mineral Resource; Mineral Reserve; Development; Exploitation ; MINE PLANNING CYCLE ; Reclamation; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES; SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION; Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining; Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ); Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Arsenic
What is mining?; Why do we need mines?; What is a mineral ?; What is an Ore Deposit? ; Concentrations of Metals; Metals enrichment factors ; Types of Ore Deposit ; GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS AND CHARACTERISTIC OF ORE DEPOSITS; Shape of ore deposits; Dip ore deposits ;Thickness ore deposits; Depth of ore deposits; Structure of ore deposits; Ore value and profitability of mining; Stability of ore rocks; Chemical and mineral characteristics of ores ; Lessening of ore deposit; Degree of breakability; Life Cycle of a Metal Resource; Mineral Supply and Demand; Conservation; Economic Impact on Mineral Supplies
A presentation on Hydrothermal wall rock alteration with case studies on geophysical applications.
References : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/16VSZMPMASMNVB47JdBUa_7udBk1qvK2U?usp=sharing
MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS, Sedimentary Manganese Deposits, Types of Sedimentary Manganese, Classification, Manganese Nodules, EGYPTIAN MANGANESE ORE DEPOSITS , IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Cycle of Iron , Ironstone (Sedimentary iron) Ore Deposits, Bog Iron Ore Deposits, Principal iron-bearing minerals, Geochemical stability of iron-rich minerals, World Resources Iron Deposit, EGYPTIAN IRON ORE DEPOSITS, Iron ore deposit of sedimentary nature, Sinai: Gabal Halal iron ore deposit, Aswan iron Ore Deposits, Bahariya iron Ore Deposits
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial minerals deposit
Selected industrial rocks and minerals
ABRASIVES MINERALS
OLIVINE
GYPSUM
CLAY MINERALS
FLUORITE
PERLITE
BUILDING STONES and Rip-rap
CALCIUM CARBONATE DEPOSITS
SULFUR ORE DEPOSITS
CHERT DEPOSITS
PHOSPHATE ORE DEPOSITS
EVAPORITE DEPOSITS
SELECTED SOME NON-METALLIC METAMORPHIC DEPOSITS
Asbestos Deposits
Graphite Deposits
Talc, Soapstone, and Pyrophyllite
Selected Some Ornamental Metamorphic Stones
Marble
Quartzite
Serpentinite
MINE LIFE CYCLE; LIFE CYCLE OF DEPOSITS; LIFE-CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; STAGES IN THE LIFE CYCLE OF A MINE PROJECT; Prospecting; Exploration ; 3D modeling software's for mining sectors; Mineral Resource; Mineral Reserve; Development; Exploitation ; MINE PLANNING CYCLE ; Reclamation; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF NONRENEWABLE MINERAL RESOURCES; SOURCES OF METAL POLLUTION; Harmful Environmental Effects of Mining; Persistent, Bio-accumulative and Toxi (PBT ); Lead; Mercury; Cadmium; Arsenic
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
The Mixture of ore minerals are gangue minerals form an Ore deposit. The ore
deposits are generally found enclosed within the country rocks. The ore deposits
are formed in many different ways. Depending upon the process that may
operate to produce them, the ore deposits may be classified as follow:
Magmatic ore deposits.
Sublimation ore deposits.
Pegmatitic ore deposits.
Contact metasomatic ore deposits.
Hydrothermal ore deposits
Cavity filling deposits.
Replacement deposits.
Sedimentation ore deposits.
Evaporation ore deposits.
Residual and mechanical concentration deposits
Metamorphic ore deposits.
MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS:
The magmatic ore deposits are the magmatic products which crystallize from
magmas. The magmatic ore deposits are classified as follows:
o Early magmatic deposits
o Late magmatic deposits
Early magmatic deposits:
Early magmatic deposits are formed during the
early stage of the magmatic period. In this case the
ore minerals crystallize earlier than the rock
silicates. The Minerals of Nickel, Chromium, and
Platinum are usually found as early magmatic
deposits. The early magmatic deposits can be sub
divided into two groups:
o Dissemination deposits
o Segregation deposits
Dissemination deposits:
When magma crystallizes
conditions, a granular igneous rock is formed. In
such a rock early formed crystals of
may occur in dissemination.
Segregation deposits:
Magmatic segregation deposits are
formed as a result of gravitative
crystallization differentiation. In
case, the ore mineral which crystallize
early, get ocean-trated on a particular
part of igneous part. The ore deposits
thus formed are known as “Segregation
deposits”.
rly under seated
ore minerals
such
Late Magmatic Deposits:
The ore deposits which are formed to
called late magmatic deposits. The late magmatic deposits contain those ore
minerals which have crystallized at rather low temperature from the residual
magma. The magma which is left after crystallization of early for
is called residual magma. This magma frequently contains many ore minerals. The
late magmatic deposits include most of the magmatic deposits of iron and
titanium ores, these deposits are almost always associated with mafic igneous
rocks.
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITS:
Sublimation is a very minor process of formation of ore deposits. Sublimation
deposits contain only those minerals which have been volatilized by hear and
subsequently redeposit in the same form at low temperature and pressure. The
sublimation deposits are found associated with Volcanoes and Fumaroles. Sulfur
of this origin has been mined in Japan, Italy, and Mexico.
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Gold is a transitional metal. In its purest form have reddish yellow color, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Atomic number : 79
Atomic mass : 196.9 u
Density : 19.32 g/cm3
Melting point : 1,064 °C
Boiling point : 2,700 °C
Founded in different form associated with different rock type in different tectonic setting.
Discovered from earlier time and used for multi purposes.
Formation of gold
The saying among prospectors that "gold is where you find it" suggests its occurrence is unpredictable, but there is some certain geological environments for the formation.
Because gold is very stable over a range of conditions, it is very widespread in the earth’s crust.
Gold dissolved in warm to hot salty water, the fluids are generated in huge volumes deep in the Earth’s crust as water-bearing minerals dehydrate during metamorphism.
Any gold present in the rocks being heated and squeezed is sweated out and goes into solution as complex ions.
In this form, dissolved gold, along with other elements such as silicon, iron and sulphur, migrates wherever fractures in the rocks allow the fluids to pass.
The direction is generally upwards, to cooler regions at lower pressures nearer the Earth’s surface.
Gold eventually becomes insoluble and begins to crystallize, most often enveloped by quartz.
The association of gold and quartz vein forms one of the most common types of "primary gold deposits".
India
In India, gold mineralization of economic importance is mainly restricted to Archean greenstone terranes of the Dharwar Craton (DC).
The eastern block of the DC has a high favorability for hosting major gold deposits such as Kolar, Hutti, and Ramagiri, whereas the western block hosts only a few smaller deposits such as Gadag, Ajjahanahalli, and Kempinkote.
Gold also discoverrd by GSI in the Singbhum Craton, Aravalli Craton, Bastar Craton and Southern Granulite Terrain (SGT).
India is the second-largest consumer of gold after China.
India currently holds about 558 tones of gold, representing 6.6% of its reserves, (World Gold Council, October 2016).
Kolar Gold Field, Hutti Gold Field and Ramgiri Gold Field are the most important gold fields.
Gold Demand and Use
The largest source of demand is the jewelry industry Gold’s workability, unique beauty, and universal appeal make this rare precious metal the favorite of jewelers all over the world.
Besides jewelry, gold has many applications in a variety of industries including aerospace, medicine, dentistry, and electronics for the manufacture of computers, telephones, televisions...
The third source of gold demand is governments and central banks that buy gold to increase their official reserves.
Private investors there are private investors. Depending upon market circumstances, the investment component of demand can vary substantially from year to year.
Mineral deposits known to occur in Egypt; Classification of mineral deposit in Egypt, Possible Areas for Investment in Mineral Industry in Egypt, Mineral Commodities
CLASSIFICATION OF ORE DEPOSITS
The Mixture of ore minerals are gangue minerals form an Ore deposit. The ore
deposits are generally found enclosed within the country rocks. The ore deposits
are formed in many different ways. Depending upon the process that may
operate to produce them, the ore deposits may be classified as follow:
Magmatic ore deposits.
Sublimation ore deposits.
Pegmatitic ore deposits.
Contact metasomatic ore deposits.
Hydrothermal ore deposits
Cavity filling deposits.
Replacement deposits.
Sedimentation ore deposits.
Evaporation ore deposits.
Residual and mechanical concentration deposits
Metamorphic ore deposits.
MAGMATIC ORE DEPOSITS:
The magmatic ore deposits are the magmatic products which crystallize from
magmas. The magmatic ore deposits are classified as follows:
o Early magmatic deposits
o Late magmatic deposits
Early magmatic deposits:
Early magmatic deposits are formed during the
early stage of the magmatic period. In this case the
ore minerals crystallize earlier than the rock
silicates. The Minerals of Nickel, Chromium, and
Platinum are usually found as early magmatic
deposits. The early magmatic deposits can be sub
divided into two groups:
o Dissemination deposits
o Segregation deposits
Dissemination deposits:
When magma crystallizes
conditions, a granular igneous rock is formed. In
such a rock early formed crystals of
may occur in dissemination.
Segregation deposits:
Magmatic segregation deposits are
formed as a result of gravitative
crystallization differentiation. In
case, the ore mineral which crystallize
early, get ocean-trated on a particular
part of igneous part. The ore deposits
thus formed are known as “Segregation
deposits”.
rly under seated
ore minerals
such
Late Magmatic Deposits:
The ore deposits which are formed to
called late magmatic deposits. The late magmatic deposits contain those ore
minerals which have crystallized at rather low temperature from the residual
magma. The magma which is left after crystallization of early for
is called residual magma. This magma frequently contains many ore minerals. The
late magmatic deposits include most of the magmatic deposits of iron and
titanium ores, these deposits are almost always associated with mafic igneous
rocks.
SUBLIMATION DEPOSITS:
Sublimation is a very minor process of formation of ore deposits. Sublimation
deposits contain only those minerals which have been volatilized by hear and
subsequently redeposit in the same form at low temperature and pressure. The
sublimation deposits are found associated with Volcanoes and Fumaroles. Sulfur
of this origin has been mined in Japan, Italy, and Mexico.
zeolites, types, nature, synthetic, processes, Deposits and properties;Physical characteristics of some naturally occurring zeolites; molecular sieves;Adsorption and related molecular sieving; zeolite catalysts
Applied Mineralogy
Technical Mineralogy;
How much metal is available?
What is a mineral?
What is Applied Mineralogy?
What Applied Mineralogy is not…
History
Review of some mineralogical Concepts
Sulfide mineralization are the main resource for exploiting Pb, Zn, and Cu metals in Egypt.
Sulfide mineralization is represented by four sulfide types of the different setting, lithology and ages, namely:
i) Lead-Zinc sulphide Deposits
ii) Cu-NiCo sulphide Deposits
This type of mineralization is well represented in Abu Swayel in South Eastern Desert. The ore is closely related to mafic-ultramafic and gabbro of ophiolitic rocks.
iii) Cu-Ni sulphide deposits
This type of mineralization occurs in layered mafic-ultramafic intrusions like gabbro rocks at Akarm and El Geneina .
iv) Stratiform Massive Sulphide (Zn-Cu-Pb) Deposits
This type of mineralization is represented by a group of small lenses associated with talc deposits in South Eastern Desert at: Um Samuki, Helgit, Maakal, Atshan, Darhib, Abu Gurdi, and Egat.
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; GROWTH FACTORS FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors, Oil Demand, Motorization in Asian Countries, Upstream Costs Increase, Principal CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET, US Shale Oil Production, US shale oil production potential for well drilling, Other constraints, Deepwater Production, Iraqi production growth prospects, GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
GROWTH FACTORS AND CHALLENGES FOR OIL MARKET; Demographic Factors; Oil Demand; Motorization in Asian Countries; Upstream Costs Increase; US Shale Oil Production; Deepwater Production; Iraqi production growth prospects; GTL – challenge for the oil market after 2020
Limestone;Industrial Uses of Limestone ; Lime; Lime Cycle; Production of Lime; Classification of Hydrated Lime IS 712-1973; Purposes for the Utilize of Lime; Soda Ash;Solvay process for the manufacture of Soda Ash; Purposes for the Utilize of Soda Ash; Gypsum; Calcination of Gypsum; Hardening of Plaster; Magnesium; Production Of Magnesium from seawater and dolomite; Process for production Magnesium hydroxide and Calcium chloride from Dolomite ; Process for production Magnesium and Calcium chloride
DURABLE CONCRETE WITH MINERAL ADMIXTURES: TRAINING COURSE IN MALAYSIA: BY Dr ...Dr J.D. Bapat
The objective of the training programme is to impart deeper knowledge about the contribution of mineral admixtures in improving strength and durability of concrete. It should equip the practicing engineer make better choice of the type and quality of mineral admixture in concrete mix to optimize the cost on one hand, and build structures with greater reliability, on the other. The engineers on site, with the knowledge on the impact of environmental factors that are responsible for distress and deterioration of structures, shall be in a position to take appropriate preventive measures.
WHO SHOULD ATTEND
Engineers working at construction site and interested in learning optimum utilisation of mineral admixtures for strength and durability.
Marketing engineers working with cement, concrete and admixture industry, which frequently face customer queries regarding benefits of blended cement or admixtures.
Engineers working on product development.
Students/researchers interested in pursuing studies in the area.
What is an ore?, Ore deposit environments, Formation of Mineral Deposits, Endogenous (Internal) processes, Exogenous (Surficial) processes, Types of Sedimentary Rocks, Mineral Deposits Associated with Sedimentary Process, physical processes of ore deposit formation in the surficial realm, Erosion, weathering , transportation, sorting, Precipitation, Depositional Environments, Deposits formed by Weathering, Deposits formed by Sediment, Resources from the Sedimentary Environments
Mining (ore minerals and lessening the impact of mining)Jason Alcano
This presentation includes topics such as how ore minerals are found, mined and processed, effects of massive mineral extraction and ways in minimizing the effects of mining industries. All information and images reflected in the presentation were based on internet sources that are cited and given credit in the presentation. Furthermore, the author disclaims to any inaccuracies within the presentation. Thank you and hope this can help you.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The objectives of this course in iron ore Resources and iron industry are:
i) acquainting students (majors and non-majors) with the basic tools necessary for studying iron ore deposits and processes,
ii) different processes for phosphorus removal from iron ore
iii) beneficiation processes of iron ore deposits.
iv) different processes and techniques that used to enrichment low-grade iron ore resources
v) understanding the different ironwork processes and technology,
vi) understanding the different types of iron ore products,
vii) prominent routes for steelmaking
viii) understanding the relationship between the distribution of iron ore and scrap, as well as steelmarkets,
ix) steel industry in Egypt , and
x) gaining some knowledge of the global iron ore as well as environmental problems associated with the extraction and utilization of iron ore resources.
There are plenty of hard-to-beneficiate iron ores and high-grade tailings in India and all over the world; As the volume of high-grade iron ores declines.
Minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) can efficiently revitalize hard-to-beneficiate iron ore resources and tailings, turning the waste into profitable products. It may also improve the concentrate quality comparing to that from the previous method. From the economic and environmental aspects, MPTH is the most effective method to recover iron oxides.
The clean minerals phase transformation by hydrogen reduction (MPTH) was proposed.
Industrial utilization of limonite/goethite, limonite-hematite, sulfur-bearing refractory iron ore was achieved, where Sulfur-bearing minerals decomposed or formed sulfate after oxidation roasting.
Sulfur content of iron ore concentrate was significantly reduced to 0.038 %.
Improving utilization efficiency of refractory iron ore resources is a common theme for the sustainable development of the world’s steel and iron industry.
Magnetization Roasting is considered as an effective and typical method for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
After magnetization roasting, the weakly magnetic iron minerals, including hematite, limonite and siderite, are selectively reduced or oxidized to ferromagnetic magnetite, which is relatively easier to enrich by Magnetic Separation after liberation pretreatments.
The Primary Magnetization Roasting Methods include: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave assisted roasting. The developments in magnetization roasting of difficult to treat iron ores, including: Shaft Furnace Roasting, Rotary Kiln Roasting, Fluidized Bed Roasting, and Microwave Assisted Roasting in the Past Decade.
Shaft Furnace Roasting is gradually eliminated due to its high energy consumption and low industrial processing capacity, and the primary problem for rotary kiln roasting is the kiln coating which affects the yield of iron resource and its industrial application.
Fluidized Bed Roasting and Microwave assisted roasting are considered as the most effective and promising methods.
Suspension (Fluidized) Magnetization Roasting is recognized as the most effective and promising technology due to its high reaction efficiency, low energy consumption and large processing capacity. Moreover, an industrial production line with a throughput of 1.65 million t/a for beneficiation of a specularite ore has been built.
Microwave Assisted Roasting is a potential alternative technology for magnetizing iron ores. However, it is currently limited to laboratory research and has no industrial application. Forwarding microwave assisted magnetization roasting methods into industrial applications needs long way and time to achieve.
Furthermore, using biomass, H2 or siderite as a reducing agent in the magnetic reduction roasting of iron ores is a beneficial way to reduce carbon emissions, which can be called clean and green magnetization roasting technology.
In the future, technical research on clean and green magnetization roasting should be strengthened. Maybe microwave magnetization roasting using biomass/H2/siderite as reductant can be further studied for a more effective and greener magnetization of iron ores.
WORLD RESOURCES IRON DEPOSITS
Iron Ore Pellets Market Industry Trends
Scope and Market Size
Market Analysis and Insights
DRI Production in Plants Using Merchant Iron Ore
Outlook for DR grade pellet supply‐demand out to 2030
DRI and the pathway to carbon‐neutral steelmaking
Supply‐side challenges for the steel & iron ore industries
scrap is the main raw material, is growing in the structure of global steelmaking capacities; SCARP/ RECYCLING IRON ; EAF steel production method in the world; Scrap for Stock; A Global Scrap Shortage;Availability of Ferrous Scrap Resources; EGYPT IRON SCRAP IMPORTS.
The iron ore production has significantly expanded in recent years, owing to increasing steel demands in developing countries.
However, the content of iron in ore deposits has deteriorated and low-grade iron ore has been processed.
The fine ores resulting from the concentration process must be agglomerated for use in iron and steelmaking.
Bentonite is the most used binder due to favorable mechanical and metallurgical pellet properties, but it contains impurities especially silica and alumina.
Better quality wet, dry, preheated, and fired pellets can be produced with combined binders, such as organic and inorganic salts, when compared with bentonite-bonded pellets.
While organic binders provide sufficient wet and dry pellet strengths, inorganic salts provide the required preheated and fired pellet strengths.
The industrial development program of any country, by and large, is based on its natural resources.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
Depleting resources of coking coal, the world over, is posing a threat to the conventional (Blast Furnace [Bf]–Basic Oxygen Furnace [BOF]) route of iron and steelmaking.
During the last four decades, a new route of ironmaking has rapidly developed for Direct Reduction (DR) of iron ore to metallic iron by using noncoking coal/natural gas.
This product is known as Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) or Sponge Iron.
Processes that produce iron by reduction of iron ore (in solid state) below the melting point are generally classified as DR processes.
Based on the types of reductant used, DR processes can be broadly classified into two groups: (1) coal-based DR process and (2) gas-based DR process.
Details of DR processes, reoxidation, storage, transportation, and application of DRI are discussed in this presentation.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Currently the majority of the world’s steel is produced through either one of the two main routes: i) the integrated Blast Furnace – Basic Oxygen Furnace (BF – BOF) route or ii) the Direct Reduced Iron - Electric Arc Furnace (DRI - EAF) route.
In the former, the blast furnace uses iron ore, scrap metal, coke and pulverized coal as raw materials to produce hot metal for conversion in the BOF. Although it is still the prevalent process, blast furnace hot metal production has declined over the years due to diminishing quality of metallurgical coke, low supply of scrap metal and environmental problems associated with the process. These factors have contributed to the development of alternative technologies of ironmaking, of which Direct Reduction (DR) processes are expected to emerge as preferred alternatives in the future.
This presentation reviews the different DR processes used to produce Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), providing an analysis on the quality requirements of iron-bearing ores for use in these processes. The presentation also discusses the environmental sustainability of such processes. DR processes reduce iron ore in its solid state by the use of either natural gas or coal as reducing agents, and they have a comparative advantage of low capital costs, low emissions and production flexibility over the BF process.
Ironmaking represents the first step in steelmaking.
The iron and steel industry is the most energy-intensive and capital-intensive manufacturing sector in the world (Strezov, 2006).
Steelmaking processes depend on different forms of iron as primary feed material. Traditionally, the main sources of iron for making steel were Blast Furnace hot metal and recycled steel in the form of scrap.
The Blast Furnace (BF) has remained the workhorse of worldwide virgin iron production (i.e., hot metal) for more than 200 years. Over the years, BFs have evolved into highly efficient chemical reactors, capable of providing stable operation with a wide range of feed materials.
However, operation of modern efficient BFs normally involves sintering and coke making and their associated environmental problems.
More than 90% of iron is currently produced via the BF process, while the rest is coming from Direct Reduction (DR) processes, Mini Blast Furnaces (MBFs), Corex, Finex, Ausmelt, etc. Additionally, the severe shortage of good-quality metallurgical coal has remained an additional constraint all over the world. In view of this, there is an increasing awareness that the BF route needs to be supplemented with alternative ironmaking processes that are more environment friendly and less dependent on metallurgical coal.
Because of the rapid depletion of easily processed iron ores, the utilization of refractory ores has attracted increasing attention .
There several billion tonnes iron deposits, and most are refractory ores, which are difficult to process by conventional methods because of the low iron grade, fine grain size and complex mineralogy.
The beneficiation of low-grade iron ores to meet the growing demand for iron and steel is an important research topic.
At present, magnetization roasting followed by magnetic separation is one of the most effective technologies for the beneficiation of refractory iron ores.
However, certain ores do not qualify to be treated in physical separation processes, and hence, alternative strategies are being looked into for upgrading their iron content.
Reduction roasting has many advantages over the physical beneficiation process, such as enhanced iron recovery and processing of complex and poorly liberated iron ores.
The objective of this presentation is to compile and amalgamate the crucial information regarding the beneficiation of low-grade iron ores using carbothermic reduction followed by magnetic separation, which is a promising technique to treat iron ores with complex mineralogy and liberation issues.
Reduction roasting studies done for different types low-grade iron ores including oolitic iron ores, banded iron ores, iron ore slimes and tailings, and industrial wastes have been discussed.
Reduction roasting followed by magnetic separation is a promising method to recover the iron values from low-grade iron ores.
The process involves the reduction of the goethite and hematite phases to magnetite, which can subsequently be recovered using a low-intensity magnetic separation unit.
The large-scale technological advancements in reduction roasting and the possibilities of the application of alternative reductants as substitutes for coal have also been highlighted.
This presentation aims at insight light on the occurrence of phosphorus in iron ores from the mines around the world.
The presentation extends to the phosphorus removal processes of this mineral to meet the specifications of the steel industry.
Phosphorus is a contaminant that can be hard to remove, especially when one does not know its mode of occurrence in the ores.
Phosphorus can be removed from iron ore by very different routes of treatment. The genesis of the reserve, the mineralogy, the cost and sustainability define the technology to be applied.
The presentations surveyed cite removal by physical processes (flotation and selective agglomeration), chemical (leaching), thermal and bioleaching processes.
Removal results of above 90% and less than 0.05% residual phosphorus are noticed, which is the maximum value required in most of the products generated in the processing of iron ore.
Chinese studies show that the direct reduction roasting of high phosphorus oolitic hematite followed by magnetic separation is reality technical solutions to improve the recovery of metallic iron and dephosphorization rate.
For ores with widespread phosphorus in the iron matrix and low release, thermal or mixed processes are closer to reality technical solutions. Due to their higher operating costs, it will be necessary to rethink the processes of sintering and pelletizing, such that these operations also become phosphorus removal steps.
With the exhaustive processing of the known reserves of hematite from Iron Ore Quadrangle (Minas Gerais-Brazil), there will be no shortage of granules in the not too distant future. THEREFORE, THERE IS AN EXPECTATION THAT THE ORE MINED WILL HAVE HIGHER LEVELS OF PHOSPHORUS.
Overview of IRON TYPES: Pig Iron, Direct Reduced Iron (DRI), Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI), Cold Briquetted Iron (CBI) and Cold Briquetted Iron and Carbon (CBIC) Specifications .
Comparison of Pig Iron and DRI
Properties; Manufacturing Process; Uses; Largest producers and markets
Iron ore mining plays a critical role in supplying the raw material necessary for steel production, supporting various industries and economic development worldwide.
From the extraction of iron ore to its processing and eventual export, each stage of the mining process requires careful planning, technological advancements, and environmental considerations.
By adopting sustainable mining practices and mitigating environmental impacts, the future of iron ore mining can be aligned with the principles of responsible resource utilization and environmental stewardship
The Egyptian steel sector is the second largest steel market in the Middle East and North Africa region in terms of production and third largest in terms of consumption.
Egypt was the third-ranked producer of Direct-Reduced Iron (DRI) in the Middle east and North Africa region after Iran and Saudi Arabia and accounted for 5.4% of the world’s total output
The Egyptian steel industry represents one of the cornerstones of Egypt’s economic growth and development, due to its linkages to almost all other industries that stimulate economic expansion, such as construction, housing, infrastructure, consumer goods and automotive. All these industries rely heavily on steel industry and so, the importance and development of the steel sector is significant for the progress of the Egyptian economy in general.
The Egyptian market has many companies that produce different steel products.
Geological consultant, working in a range of roles from project development/feasibility study programs and advanced exploration roles. Contracts in a variety of global locations including Egypt, Saudi Arab, and the Middle East. Commodities including Gold, base metal sulfide, Gossan/Supergene, heavy mineral sands, clay/kaolin, Silica Sand, and iron ore.
Exploration in Deep Weathering Profiles, Supergene, R-mode factor analysis; Multi-element association geochemistry; Assessment of Au-Zn potentiality in Gossan; Rodruin-Egypt
Mineral Processing: Crusher and Crushing; Secondary and Tertiary Crushing Circuits; Types of Crusher; Types of Crushing; Types of Jaw Crushers; Impact Crusher; Types of Cone Crushers; Ball Mill; BEST STONE MANUFACTURERS; Local Quality and High quality ; International and Country/Hand made
Classification Equipment
Introduction; Chemical composition of garnet; Structure; Classification; Physical properties; Optical properties; Occurrences; Gem variety; and Uses
Garnet group of minerals is one of the important group of minerals.
Since they are found in wide variety of colours, they are also used as gemstones.
Garnet group of minerals are also abrasives and thus have various industrial applications.
Texture of Ore Minerals; Importance of Studying Textures; Individual Grains Properties; Filling of voids; Texture Types; Genetically differentiated between Texture types; Secondary textures from replacement; Hypogene Texture; Supergene Texture; Primary texture formed from Melts; Primary texture of open-space deposition; Secondary textures from cooling; Secondary textures from deformation; TEXTURES OF ECONOMIC ORE DEPOSITS; Textures of Magmatic ores; Cumulus textures; Intergranular or intercumulus textures; Exsolution textures; Textures of hydrothermal ore deposits and skarns; Replacement textures; Open space filling textures; Textures characteristic of surfacial or near surface environments and processes; Criteria for identifying replacement textures; Vein and Veining have different Nature Features
More from Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University (20)
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Phenomics assisted breeding in crop improvementIshaGoswami9
As the population is increasing and will reach about 9 billion upto 2050. Also due to climate change, it is difficult to meet the food requirement of such a large population. Facing the challenges presented by resource shortages, climate
change, and increasing global population, crop yield and quality need to be improved in a sustainable way over the coming decades. Genetic improvement by breeding is the best way to increase crop productivity. With the rapid progression of functional
genomics, an increasing number of crop genomes have been sequenced and dozens of genes influencing key agronomic traits have been identified. However, current genome sequence information has not been adequately exploited for understanding
the complex characteristics of multiple gene, owing to a lack of crop phenotypic data. Efficient, automatic, and accurate technologies and platforms that can capture phenotypic data that can
be linked to genomics information for crop improvement at all growth stages have become as important as genotyping. Thus,
high-throughput phenotyping has become the major bottleneck restricting crop breeding. Plant phenomics has been defined as the high-throughput, accurate acquisition and analysis of multi-dimensional phenotypes
during crop growing stages at the organism level, including the cell, tissue, organ, individual plant, plot, and field levels. With the rapid development of novel sensors, imaging technology,
and analysis methods, numerous infrastructure platforms have been developed for phenotyping.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...
Lecture 1:Concepts of an Nonrenewable Nonmetallic Mineral Resources
1. Nonmetallic Mineral Deposits
Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation - Nonmetallic Deposits
To Final Product
From raw material
Hassan Z. Harraz
hharraz2006@yahoo.com
2015- 2016
2. Outline of Topic :
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 2
We will explore all of the above in Topic.
Earth Resources
Reserves and resources
Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
What are industrial minerals?
Why are industrial minerals so important?
Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
Classification of industrial minerals
General characteristics of Non-metallic
Deposits
Factors important in evaluating an industrial
minerals deposit
3. What is a mineral?
Mineral: inorganic compound that occurs naturally in the earth’s crust
Solid
Regular internal crystalline structure
Definite chemical composition.
Rock is solid combination of one or more minerals.
What are orebody?
are aggregates of different minerals
have high concentrations of metal bearing minerals and
are hosted in barren “country” rock {Mined country rock is referred to as gangue (or
waste)}.
What is an Ore Deposit?
Ore deposit is an occurrence of minerals or metals in sufficiently high concentration to
be profitable to mine and process using current technology and under current
economic conditions.
Ore deposits may be considered as:
Commercial mineral deposits (i.e., Ore: suitable for mining in the present
times) or
Non-commercial ore deposits (i.e., Protore: problems in mining, transportation,
prices....etc).
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 3
4. What is an Ore?
Ore: Rock materials that exist in quantities that can be extracted and profitably mined
for a mineral (often a metal) or for minerals (metals).
An ore is a mass of mineralization within the Earth's surface which can be mined:
at a particular place;
at a particular time;
at a profit
Marketed for a profit.
Ore: refers to useful metallic minerals that can be mined at a profit and, in
common usage, to some non-metallic minerals such as fluorite and sulfur.
To be considered of value, an element must be concentrated above the level of
its average crustal abundance:
High Grade Ore; has high concentration of the mineral
Low Grade Ore: smaller concentration
Most non-metallic minerals are generally not called ores, but
rather they are called Industrial Minerals
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 4
5. What is gangue (or waste)?
Gangue (or Waste): Minerals other than ore present in a rock.
Gangue (or Waste) is mineralized rock that is removed from a mine to provide
access to an underlying or nearby orebody containing at least one mineral of
value.
Types of Gangue (or Waste):
Typically pure barren materials;
Gangue material contained within the ore
Gangue (or Waste) rock can become ore at some later point in time.
Non-Metallic / commodity prices can change
Other values are discovered within the waste
New technology is developed
Cost of environmental protection becomes too high
Non-metallic minerals has been exhausted; too costly to close the mine.
Political factors
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 5
6. Finding a Deposit
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 6
The old fashioned way
of finding a mine was
your prospector with a
pick and shovel, a gold
pan, and a lot of luck.
Today, technologies used
include, but are not limited to,
exploration geology,
geophysics, geochemistry,
and satellite imagery.
7. Finding a Deposit
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 7
Geophysics
Geophysical exploration involves searching for favorable
mineral deposits using the physical properties of rocks.
Geophysical investigations ground-penetrating radar
studies or the use of seismic waves to show contrasting
rock types.
The selected rock units of interest might then be
mapped and sampled.
Geochemistry
Geochemists can determine the composition of what
lies below the Earth's surface by sampling soil. Soil at
the surface can carry a chemical signature of what lies
below, because of the movement of chemicals through
the rise and fall of the water table.
Positive geochemical results from surface sampling are
followed by a drilling program. Because of the great
expense, drilling is only carried out when the area is very
likely to contain substantial mineral deposits.
Drilling produces either rock fragments, or 'cores' of rock
for sampling to determine whether the mineral deposit
contains worthwhile concentrations of ore mineral
Geology
Geology is the study of the planet
Earth—the materials of which our planet
is made, the processes that act on these
materials, and the products formed.
Geologists use ground-mapping
techniques to identify features seen on
satellite images and aerial maps of large
tracts of the continent.
Remote sensing: Landsat and Satellite
Imagery
Ground-based surveys are expensive,
and one can often experience difficulty
in mapping large-scale structures.
However, large geological structures are
often readily visible on satellite imagery.
8. Reserves vs. Resources
Reserves
Natural resources that
have been discovered &
can be exploited profitably
with existing technology.
Resources
The term “resource” refers to the
total amounts of a commodity of
particular economic use that is
present in an area. These
estimates include both extractable
and non-extractable amounts of
this commodity.
Deposits that we know or believe to
exist, but that are not exploitable
today because of technological,
economical, or political reasons
Earth Resources may be
Renewable and/or Non-renewable
resources
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 8
9. Compared between Renewable and Non-renewable Mineral Resources
Renewable resources Non-renewable resources
Resource can be replenished over
relatively short time spans
Significant deposits take
millions of years to form; from
a human perspective there
are fixed quantities
Renewable can be:- It’s a one-time only deal.
i) Perpetual Renewable
Resources
ii) Potentially Exhaustible/
Renewable Resources
Once exploited and used the
resource is gone forever.
Direct solar energy.
Energy from flowing water, sun,
wind
Indirect effects related to
hydrological cycle (e.g., wind,
oceans, tides, running water
…etc).
Alternate/futuristic energy
resources:
Geothermal energy
Solar energy
• Fresh Air
• Fresh Water
• Fertile Soil
• Biodiversity: Examples include :
Plants
Animals for food
Trees for lumber
Examples:
Fuels (coal, oil, natural
gas)
Metals (iron, copper,
uranium, gold)
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 9
10. Mineral Resources
Non-metallic mineral deposits (NM)
Industrial Minerals (IM)): Sulfur, Gypsum, Coal, Barite, Salt, Clay,
Feldspar, Borax, Lime, Magnesite, Potash, Phosphates, Silica, Fluorite,
Asbestos, Abrasives, Mica.
Precious stones: Gem Minerals,
Construction minerals : Stone, Sand, Gravel, Limestone
Metallic mineral deposits or (Ore mineral deposits):
Ferrous metals: Iron and Steel, Cobalt, Nickel
Non-ferrous (or base metals): Copper, Zinc, Tin, Lead, Aluminum,
Titanium, Manganese, Magnesium, Mercury, Vanadium, Molybdenum,
Tungsten.
Precious metals: Silver, Gold, Platinum
Energy Resources(or Energy minerals):
Fossil Fuels: Coal, Oil, Natural Gas
Radioactive Minerals: Uranium
Geothermal Energy
Groundwater
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 10
12. 21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 12
Fig.2: Selected raw materials consumed in the U.S., 1900-95. For this graph, construction
materials (crushed stone, sand and gravel) have been separated from the remainder of the
industrial minerals to illustrate the upsurge in construction following the end of World War II
13. 21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 13http://eps.berkeley.edu/courses/eps50/documents/lecture31.mineralresources.pdf
13
14. Fig.1: The most famous 30 ore minerals in the world according to quantity.
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 14
15. Fig.2: The most famous 30 ore minerals in the world according to economic value.
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 15
16. WHAT ARE NON-METALLIC MINERALS?
Non-metallic minerals are minerals that have no metallic luster and break easily. These are
also called industrial materials and are typically some form of sediment. Non-metallic
minerals are not malleable.
Nonmetallic minerals/ rocks like limestone, magnesite, dolomite, phosphorite, talc, quartz,
mica, clay, silica sand, gemstones, decorative and dimension stones, construction materials
etc. are the common nonmetallic minerals.
Sand, limestone, marble, clay and salt are all examples of non-metallic minerals. They are not
recyclable because they can not be reshaped significantly and repurposed, unlike metals that
can be melted down and easily reshaped into a new product. An exemption is concrete
because concrete is often used from a mixture of non-metallic minerals that have been
crushed or ground into small, fine pieces.
These are called INDUSTRIAL MINERALS because they are used in the creation of many
different products.
For example, glass is made from sand, silica and limestone. Each type of mineral has a
use for industrial means, such as abrasion, fire resistance and absorbency, that makes
it necessary in industry.
Nonmetallic minerals do not have a high profit margin, despite how essential they are
to modern industry. The end consumer has little desire or need to pay high prices, but
transporting and mining these materials both have relatively high costs. Because these
materials are so necessary, though, companies continue gathering the materials for
use in factories and product creation.
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 16
17. Coal, Gas,
Oil, Uranium
Iron ore,
Niobium,
Tantalum
Gold,
Silver,
Platinum
Diamond,
Gems
Brick, building
stone, cement,
clay, crushed
rock aggregate,
gypsum, sand,
slate, gravel
Bentonite,
industrial
carbonates,
kaolin, magnesia,
potash, salt, sand,
silica, sulphur
Bauxite/aluminium
, cobalt, copper,
lead, zinc, nickel,
molybdenum
Jewellery,
Monetary,
industrial
Construction Jewellery,
industrial
Ceramics, chemical,
foundry casting,
fillers/pigments,
fuel, gas, iron, steel,
metallurgy, water
treatment
Construction,
electrical/electronic
, engineering,
manufacturing
Aerospace,
contruction,
electronic,
engineering,
manufacturing
, steel making
Electricity, organic
chemical/plastics,
process fuel,
transportation
Energy minerals Non-metallic mineralsMetallic minerals
Mineral Resources
Precious
metals
Ferrous
metals
Base
metals
Construction
minerals
Industrial
minerals
Precious
stones
End Use
Groundwater
18. 21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 18
Non-metallic (NM) Mineral Resources: not mined to extract a metal or an energy source.
Noncombustible solid rocks or minerals used in industry and construction in natural form or after
mechanical, thermal, or chemical processing or for the extraction of nonmetallic elements or their
compounds.
The variety of the composition and properties of nonmetallic minerals determines the complex nature
of their use.
Nonmetallic minerals are ordinarily divided into four groups on the basis of the field in which they are
used:
(1) Chemical raw materials (apatite, halite, sylvinite, carnallite, bischofite, polyhalite, native sulfur, celestite, barite,
borosilicates, nitrates, natural salt, and so on), most of which are used to produce mineral fertilizers;
(2) Metallurgical raw materials, including nonmetallic minerals used to produce refractories (refractory clays, dolomite,
magnesite, quartzite, and so on), as fluxes (limestones, dolomites, quartzites, and fluorite) and molding materials
(molding clays and sands), and agglomerations of fine ore (bentonite clays);
(3) Construction materials, including nonmetallic construction materials (granite, labradorite, diorite, limestone, dolomite,
marble, quartzite, tuff, sandstone, and so on), ceramic and glass raw materials (high-melting clays, sands, kaolins,
feldspar, wollastoite, and rhyolites), raw material for the production of binders (low-melting clays, limestone,and marl),
mineral dies (ochers and colcothar), and thermal and acoustic insulation materials (perlite and vermiculite);
(4) Nonmetallic non ore raw materials, represented by the (a) industrial crystals (diamond, piezo quartz, Iceland spar,
muscovite, phlogopite, and agate) and precious and (b) semiprecious stones (jewelry diamond, emerald, topaz,
ruby, agate, malachite, turquoise, jasper, and amber). (c ) Asbestos, talc, graphite, and abrasive materials
(corundum and emery) are also ordinarily classed with this group.
As technology develops, the group of nonmetallic minerals is growing steadily through industrial use of rocks and
minerals not formerly used in industry (perlite and wollastonite).
WHAT ARE NON-METALLIC MINERALS?
19. Non-metallic Resources
• Non-metallic resources - not mined to
extract a metal or an energy source.
Construction Materials
• sand, gravel, limestone, and gypsum
Agriculture
• phosphate, nitrate and potassium
compounds.
Industrial uses
• rock salt, sulfur
Gemstones
• diamonds, rubies, etc.
Household and Business Products
• glass sand, diatomite
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 19
21. 21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 21
Typical examples of natural Industrial Mineral Deposits :
Clays
Silica sand
Talc
Limestone/chalk
Gypsum
Pumice
Potash
Carbonate Minerals
Evaporite Salts
Phosphate
Sulphur
made from:
Mullite bauxite, kaolin
Aluminas bauxite
Silicon carbide quartz + coke
ppt calcium
carbonate
lime & CO2
Spinel magnesite + alumina
Soda salt + limestone + coal +
ammonia
Fused minerals alumina, magnesia, spinel
Typical examples of synthetic IM:
What are Non-metallic Deposits?
22. Steps in Obtaining Mineral Commodities
1) Prospecting: finding places where non-metallic minerals occur.
2) Mine exploration and development: learn whether non-metallic
minerals can be extracted economically.
3) Mining: extract non-metallic minerals from ground.
4) Beneficiation: separate non-metallic minerals from other mined
rock. (Mill)
5) Refining: extract pure mineral commodity from the ore mineral
(get the good stuff out of waste rock) (Refinery)
6) Transportation: carry commodity to market.
7) Marketing and Sales: Find buyers and sell the commodity.
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 22
23. Geology of Industrial Minerals Deposits
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 23
Geology provides
the framework in
which mineral
exploration and
the integrated
procedures of
remote sensing,
geophysics, and
geochemistry are
planned and
interpreted.
24. Non-metallic mineral deposits life cycle
Supply Sector
exploration
mineral finance
plant engineering
mining
processing
Logistics Sector
trading
port handling
mineral inspection
freight
warehousing/distribution
Consuming Market
Sector
direct market mineral consumer
intermediate market mineral consumer
end market mineral consumer
SUPPLY
DEMAND
25. 21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 25
Mine to market supply chain
Supply sector
Logistics sector
Consuming market sector
• centres of high population
• their economy - the driver
• directly influence demand for NM
26. Why are Non-Metallic Deposits so important?
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 26
26
27. Nonmetallic Deposits in your kitchen
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 27
IM in
your
kitchen
Glass/glasses/ light bulbs silica sand, limestone, soda ash, borates,
feldspar, lithium
Ceramic tiles/mugs/ plates
….etc.
kaolin, feldspar, talc, wollastonite, borates,
alumina, zirconia
Paint TiO2, kaolin, mica, talc, wollastonite, GCC, silica
Plastic white goods
eg. fridge, washer
talc, GCC, kaolin, mica, wollastonite, flame
retardants (ATH, Mg(OH)2)
Wooden flooring treatment materials- borates, chromite
Drinking water treatment materials- lime, zeolites
Wine/beer diatomite, perlite filters
Salt salt
Sugar lime in processing
Detergents/soap borates, soda ash, phosphates
Surfaces marble, granite
Books kaolin, talc, GCC, lime, TiO2 in paper
Oven glass petalite, borates
Heating elements fused magnesia insulators
Wallboard/plaster gypsum, flame retardants
Metal pots/cutlery mineral fluxes & refractories in smelting
28. Why are NM so important?
21 November Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 28
Main consuming market mineral sectors
Abrasives Foundry
Absorbents Glass
Agricultural Metallurgy
Cement Paint
Ceramics Pigments
Chemicals Paper
Construction Plastics
Oil well drilling Refractories
Electronics Flame retardants
Filtration Welding
29. General characteristics of Non-metallic Deposits
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 29
Highest volume and tonnage
low value, but vital commodities
High total value
Prices are more stable
NM are prerequisite raw materials for a wide range of industrial and domestic
products
Recycling is not much of an issue
Price of the unit value is so low that transportation becomes a major
issue
Rarely exported.
Feasibility study: Often need to find a market before looking for a nearby
deposit
Depending on their uses, product purity and grain size may become very
important factors in deciding the suitability and price of the commodity
NM support and add value to industrial sectors
Market demand drives NM supply
30. Classification of Non-metallic Deposits
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 30
End-use and genesis (Bates, 1960)
By unit price and bulk (Burnett, 1962)
Unit value, place value, representative value (Fisher,
1969)
Chemical and physical properties (Kline, 1970)
Geologic occurrence and end-use (Dunn, 1973)
Geology of origin (Harben and Bates, 1984)
Alphabetical (Harben and Bates, 1990; Carr, 1994)
31. Classification of Non-metallic deposits (Cont.)
Rock classification Mineral classification
A) Igneous Rocks
Granite
Basalt and diabase
Pumice and pumicite
Perlite
B) Metamorphic Rocks
Slate
Marble
Serpentinite
Schist
Gneiss
C) Sedimentary Rocks
Sand and gravel
Sandstone
Clay
Limestone and dolomite
Phosphate rock
Gypsum
Salt
A) Igneous Minerals
Nepheline syenite
Feldspar
Mica
Lithium minerals
Beryl
B) Vein and Replacement Minerals
Quartz crystal
Fluorspar
Barite
Magnesite
C) Metamorphic Minerals
Graphite
Asbestos
Talc
Vermiculite
Emerald
D) Sedimentary Minerals and sulfur
Diatomite
Potash minerals
Sodium minerals
Borate
Nitrates
Sulfur
32. Factors important in evaluating a Non-metallic deposits
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 32
Customer specifications
Distance to customer (transportation)
Ore grade--concentration of the commodity in the deposit
By-products
Commodity prices
Mineralogical form
Grain size and shape
Undesirable substances
Size and shape of deposit
Ore character
Cost of capital
Location
Environmental consequences/ reclamation/bonding
Land status
Taxation
Political factors
33. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN METALLIC AND NON-METALLIC MINERALS DEPOSITS
21 November 2015 Prof. Dr. H.Z. Harraz Presentation Nonmetallic Deposits 33
Metallic Minerals Non-Metallic Minerals
Metallic mineral are those minerals which
can be melted to obtain new products.
Non-metallic minerals are those which do
not yield new products on melting.
Iron, copper, bauxite, gold, tin,
manganese are some examples.
Coal, salt, clay, salt, sulfur, marble are
some examples.
These are generally associated with
igneous/metamorphic rocks.
These are generally associated with
sedimentary rocks.
They are usually hard and have shines or
luster of their own.
They are not so hard and have no shine
or luster of their own.
They are ductile and malleable They are not ductile and malleable.
When hit, they do not get broken. When hit, they may got broken into
pieces.