The document is a lecture on surveying focusing on angles, azimuths, and bearings presented by Dr. Mahmood Arshad from the University of Engineering & Technology. It covers definitions and comparisons of various types of angles and azimuths, methods of computing them, and discusses the impact of magnetic declination on readings. Additionally, it highlights the influence of local attraction on compass readings and encourages students to solve relevant problems as homework.

1. Angles, Azimuths, and Bearings
Dr. Mahmood Arshad
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Mining Engineering,
Faculty of Earth Sciences and
Engineering,
University of Engineering & Technology,
Lahore.
smarshad@uet.edu.pk
Min-E-240 Surveying
Lecture 8 – Week 5

2. Introduction

3.  Interior angles,
 Exterior angles,
 Angles to the right, and
 Deflection angles.

4. Direction of A Line
 Meridian.
 Geodetic meridian
 Magnetic meridian
 Assumed meridian
 Central meridian
 Record meridian
 Deed meridian,

5. Azimuths
 Geodetic azimuths,
 Astronomic azimuths,
 Magnetic azimuths,
 Grid azimuths,
 Record azimuths, or
 Assumed azimuths.

6. Bearings
 Geodetic bearings,
 Astronomic bearings,
 Magnetic bearings
 Grid bearings, and
 Assumed bearings

7. COMPARISON OF AZIMUTHS AND BEARINGS

8. COMPARISON OF AZIMUTHS AND BEARINGS – Cont’d

9. Computing Azimuths

10. Computing Bearings

11. THE COMPASS AND THE EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD

12. MAGNETIC DECLINATION
 geodetic azimuth = magnetic azimuth + magnetic
declination
 East declination
 West declination
 Isogonic chart
 Isogonic lines
 Agonic line

13. VARIATIONS IN MAGNETIC DECLINATION
 Secular Variation
 Daily Variation

14. LOCAL ATTRACTION
 A local variance caused from such things as power lines,
railroad tracks, metallic belt buckles, and so on that affect
the direction a compass needle points at any location.
 Local attraction is present if the forward and back bearings
of a line differ by more than the normal observation errors.
Consider the following compass bearings read on a series
of lines:

15. TYPICAL MAGNETIC DECLINATION PROBLEMS
 Consider it your homework. Solve, understand and
handwrite all example problem in Chapter 7.

16. MISTAKES
 Consider it your homework. Read, understand and
handwrite article 7.16

17. Today’s Quote
 Never stop learning, because life never stops teaching.