The document discusses total station instruments, including their functions such as averaging measurements, correcting distances, and calculating elevations and coordinates. It also outlines the handling, setup, and adjustment processes for these instruments, as well as sources of potential error during their operation. The content is part of a surveying lecture presented by Dr. Mahmood Arshad at the University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore.

1. Total Station Instruments, Angle
Observations
Dr. Mahmood Arshad
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Mining Engineering,
Faculty of Earth Sciences and
Engineering,
University of Engineering & Technology,
Lahore.
smarshad@uet.edu.pk
Min-E-240 Surveying
Lecture 9 – Week 5

2. INTRODUCTION

3. CHARACTERISTICS OF TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS

4. FUNCTIONS PERFORMED BY TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS
 Averaging of multiple angle and distance observations,
 Correcting electronically observed distances for prism
constants, atmospheric pressure, and temperature,
 Making curvature and refraction corrections to elevations
determined by trigonometric leveling,
 Reducing slope distances to their horizontal and vertical
components,
 Calculating point elevations from the vertical distance
components (supplemented with keyboard input of
instrument and reflector heights), and
 Computing coordinates of surveyed points from horizontal
angle and horizontal distance components (supplemented
with keyboard input of coordinates for the occupied station,
and a reference azimuth.

5. PARTS OF A TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENT

6. HANDLING AND SETTING UP A TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENT

9. SERVO-DRIVEN AND REMOTELY OPERATED TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS

10. RELATIONSHIP OF ANGLES AND DISTANCES

11. OBSERVING HORIZONTAL ANGLES WITH TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS

12. OBSERVING HORIZONTAL ANGLES BY THE DIRECTION METHOD

13. CLOSING THE HORIZON

14. OBSERVING DEFLECTION ANGLES

15. OBSERVING AZIMUTHS

16. SIGHTS AND MARKS

17. PROLONGING A STRAIGHT LINE

18. BALANCING-IN

19. RANDOM TRAVERSE

20. DETERMINING ELEVATION DIFFERENCES
 Place the instrument between two prisms so that sight
distances are appropriate for the angular accuracy of the
instrument;
 Use target panels with the prisms;
 Keep rod heights equal so that their measurement is
unnecessary;
 Observe the vertical distances between the prisms using
two complete sets4 of observations at a minimum;
 Keep sight distances approximately equal; and
 Apply all necessary atmospheric corrections and reflector
constants

21. ADJUSTMENT OF TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ACCESSORIES
 Adjustment of Plate-Level Vials
 Adjustment of Tripods
 Adjustment of Tribrachs
 Adjustment of Plummets
 Adjustment of Circular Level Bubbles

22. TOTAL STATIONS FOR DETERMINING ELEVATION DIFFERENCES

23. ADJUSTMENT OF TOTAL STATION INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR ACCESSORIES
 Adjustment of Plate-Level Vials
 Adjustment of Tripods
 Adjustment of Tribrachs
 Adjustment of Plummets
 Adjustment of Circular Level Bubbles

24. SOURCES OF ERROR IN TOTAL STATION WORK
 Here comes the homework. 8.20 SOURCES OF ERROR IN
TOTAL STATION WORK

25. Today’s Quote
 Either find a way, or make one.