Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in the body, mainly found in the liver and muscle. The liver stores glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting, while muscle glycogen acts as a fuel reserve for contraction. Glycogen metabolism involves both glycogenolysis, the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, and glycogenesis, the synthesis of glycogen from glucose. Key enzymes regulate these processes to maintain appropriate blood glucose levels. Genetic defects in glycogen metabolism can cause diseases like Von Gierke's disease.

1. Dental Biochemistry 1- (7)
Carbohydrate metabolism
Part II
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2. Glycogen metabolism
Function of glycogen
Glycogen is the storage form of carbohydrates in
the human body.
 The major sites of storage are liver and muscle.
1. The major function of liver glycogen is to provide
glucose during starvation.
 When blood glucose level lowers, liver glycogen is
broken down and helps to maintain blood glucose
level.
2. The function of muscle glycogen is to act as reserve
fuel for muscle contraction.
 Muscle glycogen is depleted after prolonged exercise.
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3.  After taking food, blood sugar tends to
rise, which causes glycogen deposition in
liver. About 5 hours after taking food, the
blood sugar tends to fall. But, liver glycogen
is lyzed to glucose so that the energy needs
are met.
 After about 18 hours fasting, most of the
liver glycogen is depleted, when depot fats
are hydrolyzed and energy requirement is
met by fatty acid oxidation.
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4. Glycogen metabolism includes:
Glycogenolysis.
Glycogenesis.
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5. Glycogenolysis
It is intracellular breakdown of glycogen to glucose.
Site and steps:
Its main site is the cytosol of liver and muscles.
It is catalyzed by: glycogen phosphorylase and two
other enzymes.
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6. 1- Glycogen phosphorylase:
 The enzyme glycogen phosphorylase
removes glucose units one at a time from the
non-reducing end of the glycogen molecule.
 The product is glucose-1-phosphate.
 Phosphorylase sequentially attacks alpha-1,4
glycosidic linkages, till it reaches a branch
point.
 It cannot attack the 1,6 linkage at branch
point. 6

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9. 2- Debranching needs two enzymes
 With the help of glucan transferase and
debranching enzyme (alpha-1,6-
glucosidase), the branching point is also
hydrolyzed.
 This glucose residue is released as free
glucose.
 With the removal of branch,
phosphorylase enzyme can now proceed
with its action. 9

10. 3- Phosphoglucomutase:
 Phosphorylation reaction produces glucose-
1-phosphate while debranching enzyme
releases glucose.
 The glucose-1-phosphate is converted to
glucose-6-phosphate by
phosphglucomutase.
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11. 4- Glucose-6-phosphatase in liver
 Next, hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase
hydrolyzed glucose-6-phosphate to
glucose.
 The product of hepatic glycogenolysis
is free glucose, which is released to the
blood stream.
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12. 5- Muscle lacks Glucose-6-phosphatase:
 But muscle will not release glucose to the blood
stream, because muscle tissue doesnot contain the
Glucose-6-phosphatase.
 The energy yield from one glucose residue derived
from glycogen is 3 ATP molecules, because no ATP
is required for initial phosphorylation of glucose
(step 1 of glycolysis).
 If glycolysis starts from free glucose only 2 ATPs are
produced.
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13. Glycogenesis
 The glycogen synthesis occurs by a pathway distinctly
different from the reversal of glycogen breakdown.
 It is the intracellular synthesis of glycogen from glucose.
Site and steps:
 The main site is the cytosol of liver and muscle cells. In the
liver it forms 8-10% of its wet weight and in muscle it forms
1-2% of its wet weight. Most other cells may store minute
amounts. 13

14. 1- Activation of Glucose:
 UDP glucose is formed from glucose-1-phosphate
and UTP (uridine triphosphate) by the catalytic
activity of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.
UDP-glucose-
pyrophosphorylase
 Glucose-1- -------------------------------→ UDP-glucose
Phosphate
+ +
UTP PPi
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15. 2- Glycogen synthase:
 In the next step, activated glucose units are
sequentially added by the enzyme glycogen
synthase.
 The glucose unit from UDP-glucose is transferred to
a glycogen primer molecule.
 Glycogen primer (n)----------→ Glycogen (n+1)
+ +
UDP-glucose UDP
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16.  The glucose unit is added to the non reducing
(outer) end of the glycogen to form an alpha-1,4-
glycosidic linkage and UDP is liberated.
 The primer is essential as the acceptor of the
glycosyl unit. The glycogen primer is formed by
glycosylation of glycogenin (a dimeric protein).
 This molecule acts as the glycogen primer to which
glucose units are added by glycogen synthase.
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17. 3- Brancher enzyme
 A branching enzyme is needed to create
the alpha-1,6 linkages.
 To this newly created branch, further
glucose units can be added in alpha-1,4
linkage by glycogen synthase.
 Branching makes the molecule more
globular.
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19. Regulation of glycogen
metabolism
 The key enzyme for glycogenolysis is
phosphorylase, which is activated by
glucagon and adrenaline, under the stimulus of
hypoglycemia.
 The key enzyme for glycogenesis is glycogen
synthase, the activity of which is decreased by
adrenaline but is enhanced by insulin, under
the stimulus of hyperglycemia.
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20. Glycogen storage diseases
 These are inborn-errors of metabolism; the
word is coined by Garrod in 1908.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type-I:
 It is also called Von Gierke’s disease. Most
common type of glycogen storage disease is
type I.
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21.  Incidence is 1 in 100,000 live births.
 Glucose-6-phosphatase is deficient.
 Fasting hypoglycemia that does not respond to
stimulation by adrenaline. The glucose cannot be
released from the liver during over night fasting.
 Hyperlipidemia, lactic acidosis and ketosis.
 Glycogen gets deposited in liver. Massive liver
enlargement may lead to cirrhosis.
 Children usually die in early childhood.
 Treatment is to give small quantity of food at
frequent intervals.
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22. Hexose Monophosphate pathway
(HMP)
or pentose phosphate pathway
(PPP)
or pentose pathway (shunt )
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