Glycogen is the storage form of glucose found in the liver and muscles. It consists of glucose monomers linked together by glycosidic bonds to form a branched polymer. Glycogen serves as a readily available source of glucose through the processes of glycogenolysis and glycogenesis. Glycogenolysis involves the breakdown of glycogen into glucose-1-phosphate through the actions of phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, and glucose-6-phosphatase. Glycogenesis is the synthesis of glycogen from glucose-6-phosphate utilizing glycogen synthase and branching enzyme. The activities of these enzymes are regulated by hormonal signals and allosteric effectors to ensure coordinated anabolism and catabol
Glycogen is the storage from of glucose. The metabolism of glycogen both as glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen, and glycogenesis, formation of glycogen along with their regulation is briefed in the slides.
Glycogen is the storage from of glucose. The metabolism of glycogen both as glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen, and glycogenesis, formation of glycogen along with their regulation is briefed in the slides.
This powerpoint gives detailed description and clear view about Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis . these two metabolic actions are very important for regulating blood glucose levels. it also explains about the glycogen storage
Glycogenolysis pathway and its regulation a detailed study.AnjaliKR3
glycogenolysis detailed study. Glycogen breakdown pathway explained each step in detail. regulation of glycogenolysis pathway. allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation and calcium ion regulation.
This powerpoint gives detailed description and clear view about Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis . these two metabolic actions are very important for regulating blood glucose levels. it also explains about the glycogen storage
Glycogenolysis pathway and its regulation a detailed study.AnjaliKR3
glycogenolysis detailed study. Glycogen breakdown pathway explained each step in detail. regulation of glycogenolysis pathway. allosteric regulation, hormonal regulation and calcium ion regulation.
Glycogen is the storage form of Glucose which maintain the blood glucose level under various condition. Glycogen Metabolism is the important pathway of carbohydrate metabolism which gives the information about the glycogen synthesis (Glycogenesis), Glycogen breakdown (Glucogenolysis). Glycogen metabolism also gives the information how this pathway is regulated. Their are various diseases which are associated with this metabolism, commonly known as Glycogen storage diseases.
Metabolism of glycogen and its clinical significance final.pptxrohini sane
A comprehensive presentation on Metabolism of Glycogen and its clinical significance MBBS , BDS, B Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self- study.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
10. Step 1:Depolymerization
(Release of Glu-1-P)
Enzyme:Phosphorylase
Co Enzyme:Pyridoxal phosphate
Orthophosphate splits between C1 and C4 of adjacent
glucose
Stops 4 units before branching point
11.
12. Step 2: Remodelling &
Debranching
Bifunctional enzyme
Transferase
Alpha-1,6-glucosidase
Release of free glucose residue
Linear Glycogen
13. Step 3:Conversion of
Glu-1-P to Glu-6-P
Enzyme: Phosphoglucomutase
The active site of Mutase has phosphorylated
serine
Glu-1,6-bisP intermediate formed
17. Regulation of
Glycogenolysis
Regulation of enzyme Glycogen Phosphorylase
Hormonal action of Glucagon/Epinephrine
Mechanism is similar in Liver and Muscle
Epinephrine in Muscle
18. Glycogen
Phosphorylase
2 Isozyme Glycogen Phosphorylase a and b
Each exists in R and T state
Dimer with Serine residue
Phosphorylase kinase promotes Phosphorylase
b—>a
21. Regulation of glucose
breakdown in muscles
Low energy state-
1.Epinephrine through Phosphorylase kinase
Phosphorylase b—->a
2.AMP from degradation of ATP as allosteric
activator of Phosphorylase b from T—>R state
Resting state-
1.ATP shift Phophorylase b R—>T state
2.High Glu-6-P favour T state
22. Regulation of glycogen
breakdown in Liver
Liver Phosphorylase sensitive to free Glu
Free Glu binds to active site, causes covalent
modification R—>T state
Low Glu..activate Phosphorylase a
Insulin promotes uptake of Glu and
phosphorylation to Glu-6-P
23. Glucagon signal
pathway
Alpha cells of pancreas secrete Glucagon
Epinephrine by adrenal medulla
Epinephrine bind to alpha adrenergic receptor
Similar cascade of reactions
24.
25. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Role of Insulin in Glycogen
degradation
Both Phosphorylase and Phosphorylase kinase are
dephosphorylated and inactivated by protein
phosphatase.
Protein phosphatase is stimulated by Insulin,
Therefore Insulin by inhibiting the activation of
these enzymes inhibits the overall process of
glycogenolysis.
14-Jan-17
27. GLYCOGENESIS
Mainly in Liver and Muscles
Liver Glycogen functions as storage and export of
glucose for maintaining level
Muscle glycogen as readily available source of glucose
36. Initiation
Glycosidic bond between the C1 of the glucose moiety of UDP-
glucose and the hydroxyl oxygen of a tyrosine side-chain of
Glycogenin.
Glucosyl Transferase
UDP is released as a product.
Each subunit of glycogenin catalyzes the addition of eight glucose
units to its partner in the glycogenin dimer.
At this point, glycogen synthase takes over to extend the glycogen
molecule.
37.
38.
39. Elongation
Catalyzed by Glycogen Synthase
New glucosyl units added to nonreducing terminal
residues of glycogen.
Formation of α-1,4-glycosidic linkage.
.
44. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Role of Insulin in Glycogenesis
Promotes Glycogenesis
Causes activation of Phosphoprotein Phosphatase
resulting dephosphorylation of Glycogen Synthase
In liver insulin increases the activity of
phosphodiesterase, promoting hydrolysis of cAMP
Insulin thus antagonizes effects of the cAMP
cascade induced by glucagon & epinephrine.
14-Jan-17
46. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
General mechanisms involved in the
regulation of enzyme activities
Regulation of
enzyme activity
Induction/Repres
sion
Covalent
modification
Allosteric
modification
Substrate/produ
ct concentration
14-Jan-17
47. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Key enzymes involved in the regulation
of glycogen metabolism
Glycogen synthase-
For Glycogenesis
Glycogen
Phosphorylase
Both these
enzymes are
reciprocally
regulated.
48. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Reciprocal regulation of Enzymes
Glycogen Synthase & Phosphorylase activity are
reciprocally regulated
At the same time as phosphorylase is activated by a rise in
concentration of cAMP (via phosphorylase kinase), glycogen
synthase is converted to the inactive form.
Thus, inhibition of glycogenolysis enhances net glycogenesis,
and inhibition of glycogenesis enhances net glycogenolysis
Both processes do not occur at the same time.14-Jan-17
49.
50. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Substrate concentration and allosteric
modification
Substrate Glucose-6-P
Glycogen Synthase is allosterically activated by
glucose-6-P.
High blood glucose concentration leads to
elevated intracellular glucose-6-P.
When glycolytic pathway is saturated, excess
glucose-6-P activates Glycogen synthase
14-Jan-17
51. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Covalent modification- General
concepts
Reversible phosphorylation and dephosphorylation
Hormone mediated cAMP mediated cascade
Phosphorylation is mediated by Protein kinase A
Dephosphorylation is carried out by Phosphatase
Insulin causes dephosphorylation by stimulating Phosphatase and
Phosphodiesterase (enzyme that breaks down cAMP)
Glucagon causes phosphorylation by stimulating Protein kinase A14-Jan-17
52. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Regulation of glycogen synthase by
covalent modification
Glycogen synthase exists in both phosphorylated or
dephosphorylated states
Active glycogen synthase a is dephosphorylated
and inactive glycogen synthase b is phosphorylated
14-Jan-17
53. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Covalent modification of glycogen
synthase
Glycogen synthase
a
Glycogen synthase
b
Phosphatase Protein
kinase A
ATPPi
H2O ADP
Active
Inactive14-Jan-17
p
54. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Regulation of Glycogenolysis by
Covalent Modification
The cAMP cascade results in phosphorylation of a serine
hydroxyl of Glycogen Phosphorylase, which promotes
transition to the active state.
The phosphorylated enzyme is less sensitive to allosteric
inhibitors.
Thus, even if cellular ATP and glucose-6-phosphate are
high, Phosphorylase will be active.
14-Jan-17
55. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Role of cAMP In Glycogen degradation
cAMP activates cAMP dependent Protein Kinase
Phosphorylation of inactive phosphorylase kinase b to a
Phosphorylation of inactive Glycogen Phosphorylase b to a
In the liver, cAMP is formed in response to glucagon, muscle is
insensitive to glucagon.
In muscle, increased cAMP formation is the action of
norepinephrine
14-Jan-17
56. NAMRATA CHHABRA, M.D.
Role of calcium in muscle degradation
Phosphorylase Kinase is partly
activated by binding of Ca++
Further activation is brought by
phosphorylation.
Phosphorylase Kinase
Dephosphorylated (inactive)
Phosphorylase kinase- Ca++
Partly active
Phosphorylase kinase- Ca++
Phosphorylated- active
Ca++
ATP
14-Jan-17
Glycogen granules range in diameter of 20-40nm
Glycogenin, a primer molecule for Glycogen synthesis
Branching provides high no. of sites both for synthesis and degradation of glycogen
It also increases solubility in cytoplasm
Significance of glycogenolysis
Advantages of phosphorylatic cleavage..1.Released sugar is already phosphorylated so it need not be phosphorylated at expense of ATP 2.GluP cant cross Plasma membrane
Phosphory group of serine is transferred to Glu-1-P to form intermediate of Glu-1,6-BisP
C-1 Phosphoryl group of the intermediate is shuttled to same serine residue thus enzyme is regenerated
As fuel for aerobic and anaerobic metabolism as in Muscles
As free Glu to blood maintaining blood sugar level
Into PPP to generate NADPH, Ribose sugar..
Phosphorylase a is phosphorylated form.
R state…active site is available
b isoform predominantly exist in T state
phosphoryl attaches to serine residue
gamma subunit…catalytic site, others are regulatory
delta subunit are calmodulin protein
During muscle contraction, release of Ca ions
Glucagon has no effect
for maintaining glucose level in blood
Glu-6-P inhibit Phosphorylase a
Fate of Glucose 6 P…1.Glycolysis 2.HMP 3.Glycogen synthesis