- Definition
- Uses of culture media
- Basic composition of culture media
- Types of culture media
--Based on physical state
----solid medium
----semi solid medium
----liquid medium
--Based on ingredients
----Simple or basal medium.
----Complex medium.
----Synthetic or defined medium.
----Semisynthetic medium.
--Special medium
----Enriched media
----Enrichment media
----Selective media
----Differential media
----Indicator media
----Transport media
----Anaerobic media
-Media preparation
-Culture method
--Streak culture
--Lawn culture
-references
- Definition
- Uses of culture media
- Basic composition of culture media
- Types of culture media
--Based on physical state
----solid medium
----semi solid medium
----liquid medium
--Based on ingredients
----Simple or basal medium.
----Complex medium.
----Synthetic or defined medium.
----Semisynthetic medium.
--Special medium
----Enriched media
----Enrichment media
----Selective media
----Differential media
----Indicator media
----Transport media
----Anaerobic media
-Media preparation
-Culture method
--Streak culture
--Lawn culture
-references
The presentation summarises important methods and protocols of Clinical Microbiology. It may be useful to learners of Clinical microbiology at the undergraduate label. The presentation describes the procedures for collecting clinical samples, transport, and testing. It also describes the different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and standards.
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
The presentation summarises important methods and protocols of Clinical Microbiology. It may be useful to learners of Clinical microbiology at the undergraduate label. The presentation describes the procedures for collecting clinical samples, transport, and testing. It also describes the different methods of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and standards.
This is prepared for my project and im sharing this for useful to others.This slides contain the processing of urine specimens in microbiology.im prepared on basis of our medical college method.sometimes the methods will vary with other hospitals
It is a secondary metabolite ,it can present in all trees and plant can sows astringent and antioxidant property is known as tannin.
A tannin (also known as vegetable tannin, natural organic tannins or sometimes tannoid, i.e. a type of biomolecule, as opposed to modern synthetic tannin)
is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term tannin (from tanna, an Old High German word for oak or fir tree, as in Tannenbaum) refers to the use of wood tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather;
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that thrive in diverse environments. These organisms can live in soil, the ocean and inside the human gut. Humans' relationship with bacteria is complex. Sometimes bacteria lend us a helping hand, such as by curdling milk into yogurt or helping with our digestion
What is bacteria?(Structures Present in Bacteria And their Functions | Prokar...sehriqayyum
Explains what bacteria is and where it exists.
A key feature of nearly all prokaryotic cells is the cell wall, which maintains cell shape, protects the cell, and prevents it from bursting in a hypotonic environment.
The cell walls of prokaryotes differ in structure from those of eukaryotes. In eukaryotes that have cell walls, such as plants and fungi, the walls are usually made of cellulose or chitin. In contrast, most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a polymer composed of modified sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides.
Using a technique called the Gram stain, developed by the 19th-century Danish physician Hans Christian Gram, scientists can categorize many bacterial species according to differences in cell wall composition.
Gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls with a relatively large amount of peptidoglycan. Gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan
and are structurally more complex, with an outer membrane
that contains lipopolysaccharides (carbohydrates bonded
to lipids).
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
LEARN ABOUT:
- Bacteria
- The number of viruses on earth is staggering
- Pathogenic yeasts
- Helminths
- Harnessing bacteria
- Microbes on the tree of life
- Living and working together
- Archaea
- Protozoa
The bacterial flagellum has three main parts (the motor, hook, and filament) that are themselves composed of 42 different kinds of proteins.The cells of prokaryotes are simpler than those of eukaryotes
in both their internal structure and the physical arrangement
of their DNA. The genome of a prokaryote is structurally different from
a eukaryotic genome and in most cases has considerably less DNA. Prokaryotes generally have circular chromosomes, whereas eukaryotes have linear chromosomes.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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5. Definition
• Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, a large and diverse
group of microscopic organisms that exist as single cells or cell
clusters;
― Morphology
― Growth
― Reproduction
― Metabolism
― Classification
― Environment effects
― Relationship with other organism or Human being
6. WHAT IS MICROBIOLOGY?
The study of small organisms.
Prokaryotes:
Bacteria
Viruses, Viroids & Prions
(not really “organisms”)
EukaryoticMicrobes:
Algae Fungi “Protozoa”
7. • Microorganisms have a remarkable impact on all life and the
physical and chemical makeup of our planet.
• They are responsible for cycling the chemical elements essential for
life, including carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, and oxygen
• there are 100 million times as many bacteria in the oceans as there
are stars in the known universe.
• More than 90% of the cells in our bodies are microbes
• The bacteria present in the average human gut weigh about 1 kg,
and a human adult will excrete his or her own weight in fecal
bacteria each year
Introduction
8. • At the beginning the bacteriology were termed for microbiology,
• By discovery of microscope (Robert Hooke’s— Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek), A hug evolution occurred in the history of medical
science, specially in the microbiology science which by
understanding other infectious agents such as Prions, Virus ,
Rickettsia , Fungus & Protozoa, the Bacteriology named were
changed to Microbiology
Introduction…
9. • Generally Microbiology is classified as follow;
— Medical Microbiology
— Industrial Microbiology
— Food Microbiology
— Soil Microbiology
— Marine Microbiology
— Plant Microbiology
Introduction…
10. Medical Microbiology
• Medical microbiology is a branch of medical science concerned with the
prevention, diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, this
field of science studies various clinical applications of microbes for the
improvement of health, and classify as follow ;
– Bacteriology
– Virology
– Mycology
– Parasitology
– Immunology
– Genetics
12. • There are many methods to classify micro-organisms, which include;
— Binomial classification
— Classification according to Temperature
— Classification according to Gram staining
— Classification according to Presence of Oxygen
— Classification according to Morphology of bacteria
Classification of Microorganisms (Taxonomy)
13. Classification of Microorganisms (Taxonomy)
― Binomial classification
• KINDOM the highest level in classification
• PHYLUM related classes
• CLASS related orders
• ORDER related families
• FAMILY related genera
• GENUS closely related species
• SPECIES organisms sharing a set of biological traits and reproducing
only with their exact kind
– Further classifications especially with bacteria:
• Strain—organisms within a species varying in a given quality
• Type—organisms within a species varying immunologically
14. Classification of Microorganisms (Taxonomy)…
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Escherichia
Species: E. coli
• For example ;
Escherichia coli
15. • Classification according to Temperature
— Psychrophiles (Philic) ; Can survive under 15-25 C° . e.g; Bacillus psychrophilus
— Mesophiles ; Can survive under 25-45 C° . e.g; E.coli
— Thermophiles ; Can survive under 45-60 C° . e.g ; Bacillus stearothermophilus
• Classification according to Gram Staining
— Gram Positive Bacteria, e.g; Staphylococcus aureus
— Gram Negative Bacteria, e.g ; E. coli
• Classification according to Presence of Oxygen
— Obligate aerobic; Which Oxygen is the primary needs. e,g; Mycobacterium tuberculosis
— Factitive anaerobic; Can survive with or without oxygen. e,g; E.coli
— Anaerobic; Which can not survive in the presence of Oxygen. e,g: Clostridium tetani
— Microaerophilic; Which need less amount of Oxygen. e,g ; Neisseria gonorrhea
— Aerotolerant; Do not required oxygen , nether dies in the presence of oxygen.
e,g ; Lactobacillus
16. • Classification according to Morphology
— Cocci ; Round shape , Diplo cocci ( two cocci), staphylococci
( cluster of cocci), Streptococci (chain of cocci)
— Bacilli ; Rod shape
— Vibrios ; Comma shape
— Spirilla ; Flexible spiral shape
— Spirochetes ; Spring type shape
— Actinomycetes ; Branching filamentous bacteria
— Mycoplasma ; Cell wall less bacteria
22. Generally all organism are classified as follow
• Eukaryotes;-- Which has a true nucleus & all cellular organelles e,g: Fungi,
Protozoa, Algae..
• Prokaryotes;-- Which has no true nucleus and missing some of cellular
organelles e,g: Bacteria…
• Viruses; -- Which is composed of Capsid or some have outer protein coating
called envelop, and DNA or RNA not both. .e.g ; Polio virus, Hepatitis
viruses…
25. Structure of bacteria
— Bacteria are classified by shape into three basic groups: cocci,
bacilli, and spirochetes.
— The cocci are round, the bacilli are rods, and the spirochetes
are spiral-shaped.
— Some bacteria are variable in shape and are said to be
pleomorphic (many-shaped).
—The shape of a bacterium is determined by its rigid cell wall.
— The microscopic appearance of a bacterium is one of the most
important criteria used in its identification.
27. • The major components of bacterial cells are;
— Cell wall
— Cytoplasmic membrane
— Cytoplasm
— Nucleoid
— Genome
Structure of bacteria…
28. • Cell wall
— All bacteria have a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan except Mycoplasma,
which are surrounded only by a cell membrane.
— The concept of gram positive & gram negative bacteria is based on bacterial
cell wall which gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan covered by
an outer lipid-containing membrane, whereas gram-positive bacteria have a
thick peptidoglycan and no outer membrane.
— These differences explain why gram-negative bacteria lose the stain when
exposed to a lipid solvent in the Gram stain process, whereas gram-positive
bacteria retain the stain and remain purple.
— For better understanding we must to know about Gram staining method
Structure of bacteria…
29. Staining
― Micro-organism can not be seen by naked eyes, that why we
must magnify the size of micro-organism— For that reason we
need a magnifier which is microscope which enlarges the
organisms almost 1000 more than its actual size.
― The size of bacteria is measures by micron meter (µm)
― The size of most bacteria rages from 1 to 3 µm.
― The smallest bacteria is Mycoplasma 0.2 µm, where as the
largest is Borrelia 10 µm
30. • Most of the micro-organism are enable to seen even by microscope, we
need to stain the organism
• According to PH all stains are acidic, alkali or neutral.
• Generally acidic materials are stains with alkali or in contrast alkali materials
are stains with acidic .
• In general we classify the staining methods as follow.
― Simple staining
― Differential staining ( Gram staining)
― Acid fast staining
― Negative staining
― Flagella staining
― Capsule staining
― Spore staining
Staining…
31. ― Simple staining
– in simple staining we use a single dye (methylene blue, carbol
fuchsin, Safranin …) here just observe the shape of organism or
bacteria either its cocci, rods or spirochetes
• Procedure;
1. Make a thin smear on a glass slide of a given sample
2. Air dry it and cover with Methylene blue (CF, S…)
3. Wash with tap water and again air dry it
4. Observe under the microscope , if the given sample is bacteria then
we will see Bacilli or Cocci shapes of bacteria
Staining…
33. ― Differential staining (Gram Staining)
– Gram stain is the most important staining procedure which differentiate all
the bacteria in two main categories either gram negative or gram positive
bacteria. This method was discovered by Hans Christian Gram in Germany in
1884
– In this staining method we use more then one type of dye which include
– Crystal violet
– Safranin
–The mechanism of gram positive & gram negative bacteria is based on
bacterial cell wall which gram negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan
covered by an outer lipid-containing membrane, whereas gram-positive
bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan and no outer membrane.
Staining…
37. • Gram stain…
• Procedure;
1. Make a smear of bacterial specimen on a glass slide
2. Air dry it an cover with crystal violet for 2-3 minutes
3. Wash with tap water and cover with gram’s iodine for 2 minutes
4. Wash with tap water and cover with gram’s alcohol (95%) for 30 seconds to
1 minute
5. Wash with tap water and cover with Safranin for 2 minutes
6. Wash with tap water and observed under the microscope which will results
either purple or pink, red colored bacteria
7. The Purple colored bacteria is named gram positive bacteria & the Pink or
red colored bacteria named gram negative bacteria
Staining…
40. Acid fast staining (Ziehl–Neelsen stain)
― Ziehl-Neelsen stain was discovered by the bacteriologist Franz
Ziehl (1859–1926) and the pathologist Friedrich Neelsen (1854–
1898).
― It is a special bacteriological stain used to identify acid-
fast organisms,
― The mycobacterium tuberculosis is deferent from other bacteria in
the composition of cell wall which in addition to peptidoglycan, the
outer membrane or envelope of the acid-fast cell wall of contains
large amounts of glycolipids, especially mycolic acids that in the
genus Mycobacterium, make up approximately 60% of the acid-fast
cell wall.
42. • Procedure
1. Make a smear of sputum on glass slide and fixe with ethanol & air dry it
2. Cover slide with Carbol fuchsin and heated for 5 minutes
3. Wash with tap water & cover with acid alcohol for 1-2 minutes
4. Wash with tap water & cover the slide with Methylene blue for 2 minutes
5. Wash the slide and observed the red rods under microscope which will be
mycobacterium tuberculosis
Acid fast staining…
43.
44. TB slide after AFB stain
• The arrow shows
red rods bacilli
45. Negative staining (India Ink )
— Negative staining is a recognized method, often used in diagnostic microscopy,
for contrasting a thin specimen with an optically opaque fluid.
— In this technique, the background is stained, leaving the actual specimen
untouched, and thus visible
• Procedure;
1. Make a smear from a given sample & mix with Negrosin or Congred dye
2. Air dry it and observed under Bright field microscope
• Result;
– The background will take the color but the bacteria will not , which the bacteria
will appear bright
– Note: Mostly used for Spirilla or for electron microscopy
46.
47. Negative staining…
• A & B are the colorless bright
bacteria
• C shows the staining method
C
48. Flagella stain
• The flagella stain allows observation of bacterial flagella under the light
microscope. Bacterial flagella are normally too thin to be seen
• Therefore the flagellated bacteria are stained with special dye is commercially
available.
49. Capsule staining
• A capsule is a gelatinous outer layer secreted by bacterial cell and that
surrounds and adheres to the cell wall
• The main purpose of capsule stain is to distinguish capsular material from
the bacterial cell.
• Most capsules are composed of polysaccharides, but some are composed of
polypeptides.
• The capsule stain employs an acidic stain and a basic stain to detect capsule
production
50. • Procedure;
1. Place a small drop of a negative stain (India Ink, Congo Red, Nigrosin, or Eosin) on
the slide
2. Add a loopful of bacterial culture to slide, smearing it in the dye
3. Use the other slide to drag the ink-cell mixture into a thin film along the first slide
and let stand for 5-7 minutes
4. Allow to air dry (do not heat fix)
5. Flood the smear with crystal violet stain (this will stain the cells but not the
capsules) for about 1 minutes.
6. Cover the slide with copper sulfate (20%)
7. Drain the crystal violet by tilting the slide at a 45 degree angle and let stain run off
until it air dries .
8. Examine the smear microscopically (100X) for the presence of encapsulated cells
as indicated by clear zones surrounding the cells.
Capsule staining
53. Spore staining
• The endospore stain is a differential stain used to visualize bacterial
endospores.
• Endospores are formed by a few genera of bacteria, such as Bacillus
. By forming spores, bacteria can survive in hostile conditions.
• Spores are resistant to heat, dryness, chemicals, and radiation
54. • Procedure;
1. Prepare smears of organisms to be tested for presence of endospores on a clean microscope slide and air
dry it.
2. Heat fix the smear.
3. Place a small piece of blotting paper (absorbent paper) over the smear and place the slide (smear side up)
on a wire gauze on a ring stand.
4. Heat the slide gently till it starts to evaporate (either by putting the slide on a staining rack that has been
placed over a boiling water bath or via bunsen burner).
5. Remove the heat and reheat the slide as needed to keep the slide steaming for about 3-5 minutes. As the
paper begins to dry add a drop or two of malachite green to keep it moist, but don’t add so much at one
time that the temperature is appreciably reduced.
6. Remove the blotting paper and allow the slide to cool to room temperature for 2 minutes.
7. Wash the slide with tap water (to wash the malachite green from both sides of the microscope slide).
8. Stain the smear with safranin for 2 minutes.
9. Wash both side of the slide to remove the secondary stain and blot the slide/ air dry.
Spore staining…
56. The vegetative forms are pink
color
The spores forms are greenish
blue color
Spore staining…
57.
58. Protoplasts
• A plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially
removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means. A further differentiation
can be made for bacteria: protoplasts: is that a gram positive bacteria have
their cell wall entirely removed by enzymatic means (which form L-shaped
which will survive & return in suitable condition) or other external factors or the
bacteria place in such a place which the osmotic pressure is higher then the
bacterial inner osmotic pressure, in this case the bacteria will lysis.
• If the outer and inter osmatic pressure is same then the bacteria will not lysis,
this process is called protoplasts
61. Spheroplasts
• If a gram negative bacteria have their cell wall entirely removed by enzymatic
means or other external factors or the bacteria place in such a place which the
osmotic pressure is higher then the bacterial inner osmotic pressure, in this case
the bacteria will lyse.
• If the outer and inter osmatic pressure is same then the bacteria will not lyse,
this process is called Spheroplasts
― Note; From the 1960s into the 1990s Merck and Co used a spheroplast screen
as a primary method for discovery of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall
biosynthesis. In this screen developed by Eugene Dulaney, growing bacteria were
exposed to test substances under hypertonic conditions.
―Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis caused growing bacteria to form Spheroplasts.
This screen enabled the discovery of fosfomycin, cephamycin C, thienamycin and
several carbapenems.