It is a secondary metabolite ,it can present in all trees and plant can sows astringent and antioxidant property is known as tannin.
A tannin (also known as vegetable tannin, natural organic tannins or sometimes tannoid, i.e. a type of biomolecule, as opposed to modern synthetic tannin)
is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term tannin (from tanna, an Old High German word for oak or fir tree, as in Tannenbaum) refers to the use of wood tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather;
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Describes in detail the complete biological source and synonyms of the plant Cinnamon. Gives important macroscopic characters and microscopic characters as seen in transverse and the lateral sections. Also gives important chemical constituents of the plant, its uses, difference between two species of Cinnamon: Cassia cinnamon and Ceylon cinnamon and some marketed pharmaceutical preparations of Ceylon cinnamon.
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Pharmacognosy B.Pharm final year 2021
A glycoside is a molecule within which a sugar is absolute to another functional group through a glycoside bond. Glycosides play various vital roles in living organisms. Several plants store chemicals within the kind of inactive glycosides.
Slide covers the introduction , classification of glycosides , moreover covers the anthracene glycosides with examples like aloes,senna,rhubarb,rubia,st.john;s wort furthermore slide covers isothiocyanate and cyanogenic glycosides with examples
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Hey,
I am a B.Pharma. student. This is my personal notes on the topic called Tannins, a topic from Unit 2 i.e. Secondary metabolites from the subject Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry II from Semester 5th. Syllabus of this subject is according to GTU. Hope this will be much helpful for your reading.
Thank you.
Tannins
Tannins are complex substances that usually occur as mixtures of polyphenols that are very difficult to separate since they do not crystallize.
OR
Tannins are polyhydroxy
phenolic compounds.
Tannins are found commonly
in the bark of trees, wood,
leaves, buds, stems, fruits,
seeds, roots and plant galls.
Tannins are complex chemical substances derived from phenolic acids (sometimes called tannic acid). They are classified as phenolic compounds, which are found in many species of plants.
Tannins are high molecular weight phenolic compounds commonly found in plants with molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3000 Dalton and up to 20,000 Dalton.
Examples of plant species used to obtain tannins for tanning purposes are wattle (Acacia sp.), oak (Quercus sp.), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), birch (Betula sp.), willow (Salix caprea), pine (Pinus sp.), quebracho (Scinopsis balansae) .
Pharmacognosy
Final year B.Pharm
University of Mumbai
Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of natural products composed of thousands of different compounds, synthesized from the primary metabolites, phenylalanine or tyrosine amino acids, through a series of enzymatic reactions. ... 4-Coumaryl Co-A serves as the common precursor to flavonoid and phenolic acids biosynthesis.
Pharmacognosy B.Pharm final year 2021
A glycoside is a molecule within which a sugar is absolute to another functional group through a glycoside bond. Glycosides play various vital roles in living organisms. Several plants store chemicals within the kind of inactive glycosides.
Slide covers the introduction , classification of glycosides , moreover covers the anthracene glycosides with examples like aloes,senna,rhubarb,rubia,st.john;s wort furthermore slide covers isothiocyanate and cyanogenic glycosides with examples
Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. These can be activated by enzyme hydrolysis, which causes the sugar part to be broken off, making the chemical available for use. Many such plant glycosides are used as medications. In animals and humans, poisons are often bound to sugar molecules as part of their elimination from the body.A glycoside is a molecule consisting of a sugar and a non-sugar group, called an aglycone. The sugar group is known as the glycone and can consist of a single sugar group or several sugar groups. The sugars is in its cyclic form and is covalently attached to the aglycon through the hydroxyl group of the hemiactal function.
There are many different kinds of aglycones. It can be a terpene, a flavonoid, a coumarin or practically any other natural occurring product (se figure 1)
The glycone can be attached to the aglycon in many different ways. The most common bridging atom is oxygen (O-glycoside), but it can also be sulphur (S-glycoside), nitrogen (N-glycoside) or carbon (C-glycoside). In general, one distinguishes between α-Glycosides and β-glycosides, depending on the configuration of the hemiactal hydroxyl group. The majority of the naturally occurring glycosides are β-glycosidesGenerally glycosides are more polar than the aglycones and as a result glycoside formation usually increases water solubility. This may allow the producing organism to transport and store the glycoside more efficiently
Many biologically active compounds are glycosides. The pharmacological effects are largely determined by the structure of the aglycone.
Glycosides comprise several important classes of compounds such as hormones, sweeteners, alkaloids, flavonoids and antibiotics
Phenolic compounds
Precipitate animal proteins in hides and converting them into leather. “Tanning Industry”
Present in plants, ex. grapes, cranberry, hamamelis and tea leaves.
Tannins are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids. The term tannin refers to the use of oak and other bark in tanning animal hides into leather.
This ppt contains a suitable contents. This notes is effective for B.Pharm & D.Pharm students. In this notes we all the related topic of secondary metabolites. In this notes we all sub topics of secondary metabolites such as Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Taninns, Resins, Flavonoids, etc.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
1. Presented by
Mr. Sagar Kishor Savale
(M.pharm First Year Student)
(Department of Pharmaceutics, North Maharashtra University, college of
R.C.Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, 425405,
Dist.Dhule, Maharashtra.)
2015-016
avengersagar16@gmail.com
Tannin
1
2. 2
Contents
1.Tannin- Introduction
2. Structure and classes of tannins
3. Function of tannins in plants
4. Classification of tannins
5. Properties and tests of tannins
6. Medicinal and biological properties
7. Uses
8. Medical uses and potential
9.Tannin contain in crude drug
10. Reference
3. 3
1.Tannin- Introduction
It is a secondary metabolite ,it can present in all trees and plant can sows astringent and antioxidant property is known
as tannin.
A tannin (also known as vegetable tannin, natural organic tannins or sometimes tannoid, i.e. a type of biomolecule, as
opposed to modern synthetic tannin)
is an astringent, bitter plant polyphenolic compound that binds to and precipitates proteins and various other organic
compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term tannin (from tanna, an Old High German word for oak or fir tree, as in Tannenbaum) refers to the use of wood
tannins from oak in tanning animal hides into leather;
The words "tan" and "tanning" for the treatment of leather. However, the term "tannin" by extension is widely applied
to any large polyphenolic compound containing sufficient hydroxyls and other suitable groups (such as carboxyls) to
form strong complexes with various macromolecules.
The tannin compounds are widely distributed in many species of plants, where they play a role in protection from
predation, and perhaps also as pesticides, and in plant growth regulation.
The astringency from the tannins is what causes the dry and puckery feeling in the mouth following the consumption
of unripened fruit or red wine Likewise, the destruction or modification of tannins with time plays an important role in
the ripening of fruit and the aging of wine.
Tannins have molecular weights ranging from 500 to over 3,000 (gallic acid esters) and up to 20,000
(proanthocyanidins).
4. 4
2. Structure and classes of tannins
There are three major classes of tannins] Shown below are the base unit or monomer of the tannin. Particularly in the flavone-derived
tannins, the base shown must be (additionally) heavily hydroxylated and polymerized in order to give the high molecular weight
polyphenol motif that characterizes tannins. Typically, tannin molecules require at least 12 hydroxyl groups and at least five phenyl
groups to function as protein binders.
6. 6
3. Function of tannins in plants
Tannins are considered the source of energy through their oxygen content.
They serve as a protective to the plant (plant antiseptics).
They may have function in respiratory activity, i.e. in the mechanisms of hydrogen transfer in plant cells.
Tannins play an important part in the acceptance of many foods and beverages by consumers e.g. tea,
cocoa.
7. 7
4. Classification of tannins
Hydrolysable tannins are esters of a sugar (or related polyol) and of a variable number of phenolic acid moleculThe sugar is most
generally glucose.
The phenolic acid is either gallic acid, in the case of gallitannins, or Ellagic acid, in the case of the tannins conventionally referred
to as ellagitannins.
Ellagic acid can arise by lactonization of hexahydroxydiphenic acid (= HHDP) during chemical hydrolysis of the tannin.
Hydrolysable tannins were formerly known as pyrogallol tannins, because on dry distillation gallic acid and similar components
are converted into pyrogallol.
4.1 Hydrolysable tannins
8. 8
Biosynthetically, gallic acid (= 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) arises from the metabolism of shikimic acid.
Examples of drugs containing Hydrolysable tannins: Gallitannins: rhubarb, cloves, Chinese galls, Turkish galls, hamamelis, chestnut
and maple. Ellagitannins: pomegranate rind, pomegranate bark, eucalyptus leaves, and oak bark
4.2 Condensed tannins (proanthocyanidins)
Condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins are polymeric flavans. They consist of flavan-3-ol units linked
together by carbon-carbon bonds, most often 48 or 46, which result from coupling between the
electrophilic C4 of a flavanyl unit from a flavan-4-ol or flavan-3,4-diol and a nucleophilic position (C-8, less
commonly C-6) of another unit, generally a flavan-3-ol.
9. 9
Unlike hydrolysable tannins, these are not readily hydrolyzed to simpler molecules and they do not contain a sugar moiety.
Biosynthetically, flavonoids are derived from acetate and shikimate pathways.
Condensed tannins occur due to polymerization (condensation) reactions between flavonoids.
The polymers may include up to 50 monomer units.
On treatment with acids or enzymes condensed tannins are converted into red insoluble compounds known as phlobaphenes.
Phlobaphenes give the characteristic red colour to many drugs such as red cinnamon bark.
Examples of drugs containing Condensed tannins:
Some drugs (e.g. tea, hamamelis leaves and hamamelis bark) contain both hydrolysable and condensed tannins. The following are rich
in condensed tannins.
(1) Barks: cinnamon, wild cherry, cinchona, willow, acacia, oak and hamamelis
(2) Roots and rhizomes: krameria (rhatany) and male fern
(3) Flowers: lime and hawthorn
(4) Seeds: cocoa, guarana, and kola
(5) Leaves: hamamelis, hawthorn and tea, especially green tea
(6) Extracts and dried juices: catechu, acacia and mangrove cutches
11. 11
4.3 Pseudotannins
They are compounds of lower molecular weight than true tannins and they do not respond to the goldbeater's skin test.
Examples of drugs containing Pseudotannins are:
Gallic acid: Rhubarb
Catechins: Guarana, Cocoa
Chlorogenic acid: Mate, Coffee
Ipecacuanhic acid: ipecacuanha
12. 12
5. Properties and tests of tannins
Tannins are soluble in water, dilute alkalis, alcohol, glycerol and acetone, but generally only sparingly soluble in other organic
solvents.
Solutions precipitate heavy metals, alkaloids, glycosides and gelatin.
With ferric salts, gallitannins and ellagitannins give blue-black precipitates and condensed tannins brownish-green ones. If a very
dilute ferric chloride solution is gradually added to an aqueous extract of hamamelis leaves (which contains both types of tannin),
a blue colour is produced which changes to olive-green as more ferric chloride is added. Other useful tests are the following:
1. Goldbeater's skin test
Soak a small piece of goldbeater's skin in 2% hydrochloric acid; rinse with distilled water and place in the solution to be tested for 5
min. Wash with distilled water and transfer to a 1% solution of ferrous sulphate. A brown or black colour on the skin denotes the
presence of tannins. Goldbeater's skin is a membrane prepared from the intestine of the ox and behaves similarly to an untanned hide.
2. Gelatin test
Solutions of tannins (about 0.5-1 %) precipitate a 1% solution of gelatin containing 10% sodium chloride. Gallic acid and other
pseudotannins also precipitate gelatin if the solutions are sufficiently concentrated.
3. Phenazone test 4. Test for catechin 5. Test for chlorogenic acid
13. 13
6. Medicinal and biological properties
The applications of tannin-containing drugs are limited, and result from their affinity for proteins.
Tannin-containing drugs will precipitate protein and have been used traditionally as styptics and internally for
the protection of inflamed surfaces of mouth and throat.
They act as antidiarrhoeals and have been employed as antidotes in poisoning by heavy metals, alkaloids and
glycosides.
14. 14
7. Uses
1. This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources.
Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2. Tannins are an important ingredient in the process of tanning leather. Oak bark, mimosa, chestnut and quebracho tree have
traditionally been the primary source of tannery tannin, though inorganic tanning agents are also in use today and account for
90% of the world's leather production.
3. Tannins produce different colors with ferric chloride (either blue, blue black, or green to greenish-black) according to the type of
tannin. Iron gall ink is produced by treating a solution of tannins with iron(II) sulfate.
4. Tannin is a component in a type of industrial particleboard adhesive developed jointly by the Tanzania Industrial Research and
Development Organization and Forintek Labs Canada. Pinus radiata tannins has been investigated for the production of wood
adhesives.
5. Condensed tannins, i.e. quebracho tannin, and Hydrolyzable tannins, i.e., chestnut tannin, appear to be able to substitute a high
proportion of synthetic phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resins for wood particleboard.
6. Tannins can be used for production of anti-corrosive primer, sold under brand name-Nox Primer for treatment of rusted steel
surfaces prior to painting, rust converter to transform oxidized steel into a smooth sealed surface and rust inhibitor.
7. The use of resins made of tannins has been investigated to remove mercury and methylmercury from solution. Immobilized
tannins have been tested to recover uranium from seawater.
15. 15
8. Medical uses and potential
1. This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help
improve this section if you can.
2. When incubated with red grape juice and red wines with a high content of condensed tannins, the poliovirus, herpes simplex
virus, and various enteric viruses are inactivated.
3. In tissue-cultured cell assays tannins have shown antiviral, antibacterial and antiparasitic effects.
4. Tannins isolated from the stem bark of Myracrodruon urundeuva may offer protection against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced
toxicity. Souza et al. discovered that the tannins isolated from the stem bark also have anti-inflammatory and antiulcer activity in
rodents, showing a strong antioxidant property with possible therapeutic applications.
5. Foods rich in tannins can be used in the treatment of HFE hereditary hemochromatosis, a hereditary disease characterized by
excessive absorption of dietary iron, resulting in a pathological increase in total body iron stores.
16. 16
9.Tannin contain in crude drug
Hydrolysable tannin
1. Myrobalan
2. Bahera
3. Amla
4. Arjuna
Non- hydrolysable tannine
1. Ashoka
2. Black catechu
3. Pale catechu
4. Pterocarpus
17. 17
9.1.1 Myrobalan
9.1 Hydrolysable tannin
Synonyms-harde , haritaki.
Biologicale source- it consist dried frute of plant terminalia chebula belonging to family combretaceae
Geographcale source-india , asam , mharashtra
Morphologicale character-
Colour-yellowish colur
Odour-odourless
Taste-astringent
Size-20 to 25 mm long
Shape-ovate
Chemical constituents-it can consist gallic acid and ellagic acid ,main chemical constituent is chebulegic acid and chebulinic acid.
Chemical test-in presence of tannin protein get ppt , in presence of metal tannin get ppt.[lead acetate – white ppt]
Use-astrigent , laxative, antihelmintic, ayurvedic prepration triphla
18. 18
9.1.2 Bahera
Synonyms -Baheda
Biologicale source- it consist dried frute of plant terminalia belirica belonging to family combretaceae
Geographicale source-India, sri-lanka, Malaya
Morphology-
Colour-brownish colur
Odour-odourless
Taste-astringent
Size-1.5 to 2 mm long
Shape-ovate
Chemical constituents-it can consist pyrogallole gallic acid and ellagic acid.
Chemical test-in presence of tannin protein get ppt , in presence of metal tannin get ppt.[lead acetate – white ppt]
Use-astingent , laxative , dyspepsia , diarrhea , purgative.
19. 19
9.1.3 Amla
Synonyms – Emblica, Indian goose berry
Biologicale source – it consist of fresh as well as dried fruits of plant emblica officinallis belonging to family Euphorbiaceae.
Geographicale source - India, Pakistan, U.S.A. Sri Lanka , myanmar
Chemical constituets – chemically it can contain vitamins C & vitamins E it also contain hydroliasable tannin, gallic acid, ellagic acid.
Morphology-
Colour - green
Odour - characteristics
Taste – astringent
Size-1.5 to 2.5 mm diameter
Shape-ovale
chemicale test -
Test of potassium permagnet - Decolourization
2,4,dichloroendophenol - Decolourization Amla
Ferric chlorides - Bluish black colour
Use - amla is fruite largerly used in indian medicine ,it is used as common cold to canser , astingent , laxative , dyspepsia , diarrhea , purgative, ,
ayurvedic prepration triphla and chyawanprash.
20. 20
9.1.4 Arjuna
Synonyms-Arjun bark
Biological source-It can consist of dried stem bark of plant terminalia arjuna belonging to family combrataceae
Geogrraphicale source -India , chotta-nagpur region.
Morphology-
Colour – greyish brown
Odour – characteristics
Taste – astringent
Size-1.5 to 2.5 mm diameter
Shape-flats
Chemical constituents- Main chemical constituents is Arjunine, arjunc acid,arjunetine, other is gallic acid , ellagic acid.
Chemical test-in presence of tannin protein get ppt , in presence of metal tannin get ppt.[lead acetate – white ppt]
Use-It is used in cardiotonic , vasodialatores and dceases heart rate. astingent , laxative , dyspepsia , diarrhea , purgative.
21. 21
9.2 Non- hydrolysable tannin
9.2.1 Ashoka
Synonyms-ashoka bark
Biological source-It can consist of dried stem bark of plant saraca indica belonging to family leguminosae.
Geographicale source - India, Pakistan, U.S.A. Sri Lanka , myanma
Morphology-
Colour – raddish brown
Odour – characteristics
Taste – astringent
Size-1.5 to 2.5 mm diameter
Shape-channele.
Chemical constituents-it can cntain ketosterol , phenolic glycocides p2 , basic moety is catechu
Use- uterine tonic , . astingent , laxative , dyspepsia , diarrhea , purgative.
22. 22
9.2.2 Black catechu
Synonyms - catechu, Kattha, cutch,
Biologicale source – it consis of dried aq.extract of heart wood plant acacia catechu belonging to family leguminosae.
Geographical source – India, Pakistan, U.S.A. Sri Lanka
Chemical constituents – it can contain 10% of acacatechin it is diastreomer of 5, 7, 3’, 4’ tetrahydroxy flavan 3-ol, catechu tannic acid, tannic acid
Morphology- Colour – light brown black
Odour – none
Taste – astringrnt
Solibility in water – completely. ; Solibility in alcohol –soluble.
Chemical test -
1]Catechu + alcoholic vanilline +hydrochloric acid - Pink colour
2]Aq.extract of drug + lime water - Brown colour tun to red
3]Dil.solution catechu + ferric ammonium sulphate solution - Green colour
4]Dip matchstick in Hcl & heate near theflame - Purple colour
5]Potassium permagnet - Decolourisation
Use – astringent, for boiling, ulcers, it is used in cough and diarrhea, cooling & digestive properties.
23. 23
9.2.3 Pale catechu
Synonyms – gambier ,gambir,catechu
Biologicale source – it is drird aq.extract of the leaves & young shoots of uncaria gambier belonging to family of rubiaceae.
Geographicale source - plant native to south east Asian region like arachipelago in Malaysia , sigapore and Indonesia.
Chemical constituents – drug containing catechu, catechu tannic acid , catechu red
Morphology-
Colour – raddiish brown
Odour – none
Taste – astringrnt
Chemical test-
1]Lead acetate White Buff ppt (tests 1 to 5 same as above black catechu)
2]Gambiur florecin test [alcohol+sodium hydroxide solution+few drops of light petroleum+shake] Green fluorescense
observed in petroleum layer
3]Chloroform extract evaporate to dryness Greenish yellow colour
Use – it is used as astringent of diarrhoea and local astringent in the form of lozenges.
24. 24
9.2.4 Pterocarpus
Synonyms-bijasal
Biological source- it can consist dried juce of plant pterocarpus marsupium belonging to family leguminosace.
Geographical source-Gujrat, Madhya predesh, uter predesh, bihar.
Morphology-
Colour – ruby red
Odour – characteristics
Taste – astringent
Size-3 to 5 mm diameter
Shape-angular grains
Chemical constituents-70% to 80% kiotannic acid , kino red , k-pyrocatechin.
Chemical test-drug treated with ferrous sulphate shows green colour.
Drug + alkali shows violet colour.
Mineral acid shows ppt.
Use-– it is used as astringent of diarrhoea and local astringent in the form of lozenges. dyspepsia , purgative.
25. 25
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