Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, which are classified as physical, chemical, and biological. Physically, sewage varies in color, odor, temperature, turbidity, and solids content. Chemically, important parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Biologically, sewage contains various microorganisms including bacteria that facilitate decomposition, and which can be pathogenic. Understanding sewage characteristics is essential for efficiently designing sewage treatment systems.
The document discusses self-purification of streams, where wastewater discharged into rivers and streams is naturally purified over distance as organic matter is broken down and dissolved oxygen levels increase. It explains that biochemical oxygen demand initially increases and dissolved oxygen decreases near discharge points, but that over distance bacterial action reduces organic matter and increases oxygen saturation. Various natural processes involved in self-purification are dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, reduction, temperature, and sunlight.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
This document discusses land disposal of sewage and the standards for wastewater effluents that are discharged onto land for irrigation. It outlines the Bureau of Indian Standards quality standards that set limits on pollutants in wastewater used for irrigation. Land disposal is appropriate when natural waterways are not nearby, irrigation water is scarce, or rainfall is low. The document describes different techniques for irrigating crops with sewage and measures to prevent "sewage sickness" of the land from overuse.
This document discusses coagulation, which is the process of using chemical agents to remove suspended solids from water. It classifies coagulants as primary coagulants or coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize particle charges to cause clumping, while coagulant aids add density and toughness to flocs. Common primary coagulants include alum, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate. Coagulant aids improve coagulation by producing denser, faster-settling flocs. The document then provides details on alum and ferrous sulfate as primary coagulants, lists common coagulant aids, and reviews the coagulation/flocculation process.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, which are classified as physical, chemical, and biological. Physically, sewage varies in color, odor, temperature, turbidity, and solids content. Chemically, important parameters include pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Biologically, sewage contains various microorganisms including bacteria that facilitate decomposition, and which can be pathogenic. Understanding sewage characteristics is essential for efficiently designing sewage treatment systems.
The document discusses self-purification of streams, where wastewater discharged into rivers and streams is naturally purified over distance as organic matter is broken down and dissolved oxygen levels increase. It explains that biochemical oxygen demand initially increases and dissolved oxygen decreases near discharge points, but that over distance bacterial action reduces organic matter and increases oxygen saturation. Various natural processes involved in self-purification are dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, reduction, temperature, and sunlight.
This document discusses methods for disposing of treated sewage effluents. It describes natural methods like dilution disposal into water bodies, and disposal on land. It also describes artificial treatment methods before disposal. Key points covered include standards for dilution disposal, factors favoring dilution disposal, types of receiving waters, and the processes involved in the self-purification of natural streams.
This document discusses land disposal of sewage and the standards for wastewater effluents that are discharged onto land for irrigation. It outlines the Bureau of Indian Standards quality standards that set limits on pollutants in wastewater used for irrigation. Land disposal is appropriate when natural waterways are not nearby, irrigation water is scarce, or rainfall is low. The document describes different techniques for irrigating crops with sewage and measures to prevent "sewage sickness" of the land from overuse.
This document discusses coagulation, which is the process of using chemical agents to remove suspended solids from water. It classifies coagulants as primary coagulants or coagulant aids. Primary coagulants neutralize particle charges to cause clumping, while coagulant aids add density and toughness to flocs. Common primary coagulants include alum, ferrous sulfate, and ferric sulfate. Coagulant aids improve coagulation by producing denser, faster-settling flocs. The document then provides details on alum and ferrous sulfate as primary coagulants, lists common coagulant aids, and reviews the coagulation/flocculation process.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
This presentation envisages on theory Of Filtration, Types of Filters, Slow Sand, Rapid Sand and Pressure Filters Including Construction, Operation, Cleaning, Operational Problems In Filters, Design criteria of Slow & Rapid Sand Filter Without Under Drainage System.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Chemical Characteristics of WastewaterParth Desani
This document describes various categories and characteristics used to assess water quality. It discusses 4 categories of water quality: physical, chemical, biological, and radiological. It then provides more details on specific chemical characteristics (pH, chlorides, nitrogen, toxic inorganic/organic substances), biological characteristics (disease-producing organisms), and radiological characteristics. The key water quality parameters described include pH, BOD, COD, TOC, and the presence of pathogens. The document emphasizes the importance of various characteristics for determining water quality and its suitability for uses like drinking water.
Waste stabilization ponds are designed to treat wastewater biologically. There are three main types: anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds with upper aerobic and lower anaerobic conditions, and maturation ponds. Factors like BOD removal, pathogen removal, temperature, and detention time control the biological processes. Decomposition occurs through aerobic and anaerobic processes. Facultative ponds combine aerobic and anaerobic zones and various design methods consider factors like BOD loading per unit area, empirical relationships, and recommendations from organizations like CPHERI in India.
This document outlines the objectives and key concepts of wastewater engineering. It discusses the components of wastewater systems including collection, disposal, and treatment. It describes different types of sewers and sewer systems. It also covers sewage generation rates and flow variation over time. The goals are to learn about wastewater collection and treatment design as well as reference textbooks on the topic.
- Grit chambers are used to remove grit (heavy inorganic solids like sand and gravel) from wastewater to protect equipment.
- There are three main types of grit chambers: horizontal flow, aerated, and vortex. Horizontal flow uses gravity settling, aerated uses air to create spiral flow, and vortex uses tangential inflow to induce a vortex.
- Grit chamber design considers the settling velocity and size of grit particles. Parameters like detention time, number of units, flow velocity, and loss of head are also designed.
- Cleared grit is collected manually or mechanically, then disposed of through dumping, burying, or landfilling. Odorous grit should be buried.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
Aerated lagoon shortly known as lagoon is widely used to the purpose of waste water treatment. It is a biological treatment process. No extra chemical is required for this process.
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
This document provides information on the characteristics of wastewater and sewage. It defines key terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, and discusses the necessity of sewage treatment. It describes the composition of sewage, including water, pathogens, organic particles, and inorganic particles. It also covers the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sewage. The physical characteristics discussed are color, odor, temperature and turbidity. The chemical characteristics covered include solids, pH, nitrogen content, BOD, COD and population equivalent. The document also discusses the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of sewage and the BOD test and curve.
The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and biological factors. Dissolved oxygen levels below 4-5 mg/L can reduce the forms of life that can survive. Several factors affect dissolved oxygen availability including dilution, dispersion, temperature, sunlight, oxidation rates, and reduction processes. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, it creates four zones: degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and clearer water as the stream restores to its natural condition.
Aeration is the process of bringing water and air into close contact to remove dissolved gases like carbon dioxide and oxidize dissolved metals such as iron. It is often the first major process at water treatment plants. There are two main methods of aeration - passing water through air, and passing air through water. Common reasons for aeration include oxidation of organic matter, increasing dissolved oxygen, and removing substances that cause odor or could interfere with subsequent treatment processes.
The document discusses sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. SBRs perform the stages of treatment - equalization, biological treatment, and clarification - sequentially in a single tank. Key advantages are that SBRs require less space than traditional systems using separate tanks for each stage, and can achieve high removal rates of various pollutants. The SBR process involves repeated fill, react, settle, decant, and idle phases in the single tank reactor.
Disposal by dilution is a process where treated sewage or effluent is discharged into a river or stream. For dilution to be an effective means of disposal, certain conditions must be met, such as the sewage being relatively fresh, the receiving water having a high dissolved oxygen content, and the receiving water not being used for navigation downstream. The amount of treatment required depends on the dilution factor - a higher dilution factor means less treatment is required. Natural processes like dilution, sedimentation, sunlight, oxidation, and reduction help purify the sewage over time as it mixes with the receiving water.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) AND Chemical Oxygen Demand PDFchetansingh999
BOD and COD are common measures of water pollution. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. While both measure organic compounds, COD is less specific as it measures all chemically oxidizable material. BOD only measures biologically oxidizable organic matter. Calculations of BOD and COD involve measuring dissolved oxygen levels before and after incubation over 5 days or chemical oxidation. COD uses a chemical oxidation process while BOD relies on microbial decomposition.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
WATER & WASTE WATER ENGINEERING - water treatment process & unitsEddy Ankit Gangani
This presentation is made with a view to introduce various units & processes carried out in water treatment plant with various trains or say chains of units to meet Indian Standard criteria.
Sedimentation tanks allow suspended solids in liquid to settle out under gravity. Particles settle to the bottom and are removed by scrapers. Slowing the flow rate or bubbling air causes floccules to settle or float, forming sludge blankets that filter out smaller particles. Sedimentation tanks have four zones - inlet, outlet, settling, and sludge. Tanks are designed based on operation type (fill and draw or continuous flow), location (primary or secondary), and shape (circular, rectangular, or hopper bottom). Design guidelines specify detention time, flow velocity, dimensions, and slopes. Rectangular tanks are large capacity while circular tanks are used for small to medium applications and constant flows.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Chemical Characteristics of WastewaterParth Desani
This document describes various categories and characteristics used to assess water quality. It discusses 4 categories of water quality: physical, chemical, biological, and radiological. It then provides more details on specific chemical characteristics (pH, chlorides, nitrogen, toxic inorganic/organic substances), biological characteristics (disease-producing organisms), and radiological characteristics. The key water quality parameters described include pH, BOD, COD, TOC, and the presence of pathogens. The document emphasizes the importance of various characteristics for determining water quality and its suitability for uses like drinking water.
Waste stabilization ponds are designed to treat wastewater biologically. There are three main types: anaerobic ponds, facultative ponds with upper aerobic and lower anaerobic conditions, and maturation ponds. Factors like BOD removal, pathogen removal, temperature, and detention time control the biological processes. Decomposition occurs through aerobic and anaerobic processes. Facultative ponds combine aerobic and anaerobic zones and various design methods consider factors like BOD loading per unit area, empirical relationships, and recommendations from organizations like CPHERI in India.
This document outlines the objectives and key concepts of wastewater engineering. It discusses the components of wastewater systems including collection, disposal, and treatment. It describes different types of sewers and sewer systems. It also covers sewage generation rates and flow variation over time. The goals are to learn about wastewater collection and treatment design as well as reference textbooks on the topic.
- Grit chambers are used to remove grit (heavy inorganic solids like sand and gravel) from wastewater to protect equipment.
- There are three main types of grit chambers: horizontal flow, aerated, and vortex. Horizontal flow uses gravity settling, aerated uses air to create spiral flow, and vortex uses tangential inflow to induce a vortex.
- Grit chamber design considers the settling velocity and size of grit particles. Parameters like detention time, number of units, flow velocity, and loss of head are also designed.
- Cleared grit is collected manually or mechanically, then disposed of through dumping, burying, or landfilling. Odorous grit should be buried.
Wastewater has physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. Physically, it contains solids like total suspended solids and total dissolved solids that affect turbidity. Chemically, wastewater has parameters like pH, alkalinity, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Common methods to measure organic content include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC). Biologically, wastewater contains organisms like bacteria, algae, protozoa, and viruses, some of which can be pathogenic.
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
This document discusses sedimentation and settling tank design. It covers types of settling, zones in settling tanks, ideal settling conditions, design of settling basins, inlet and outlet arrangements, types of settling tanks including rectangular and circular, and objective and theory questions related to settling tank design and performance. Key factors discussed include overflow rate, flow velocity, detention time, settling velocity, and factors that affect settling efficiency such as turbulence.
This document provides an overview of environmental engineering and water quality topics. It discusses various water sources including surface sources like rivers, lakes, and streams, and subsurface sources like wells and aquifers. Water quality parameters that are tested are described, including physical parameters like turbidity, color and odor, and chemical parameters like pH, hardness, dissolved solids, and nitrogen content. Microbiological quality indicators like E. coli are also mentioned. Standards for drinking water quality are outlined.
Aerated lagoon shortly known as lagoon is widely used to the purpose of waste water treatment. It is a biological treatment process. No extra chemical is required for this process.
Stabilization ponds, also known as oxidation ponds, are large, shallow ponds that treat wastewater through interactions between sunlight, algae, and bacteria. Algae grow using nutrients from wastewater and release oxygen used by aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter. The algae and bacteria have a symbiotic relationship where algae provide oxygen for bacteria and bacteria provide carbon dioxide for algae. Together, they work to treat wastewater through bacterial oxidation and algal photosynthesis in the pond's water columns and sediments.
This document provides information on the characteristics of wastewater and sewage. It defines key terms like wastewater, sewage, sullage, and discusses the necessity of sewage treatment. It describes the composition of sewage, including water, pathogens, organic particles, and inorganic particles. It also covers the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of sewage. The physical characteristics discussed are color, odor, temperature and turbidity. The chemical characteristics covered include solids, pH, nitrogen content, BOD, COD and population equivalent. The document also discusses the aerobic and anaerobic decomposition of sewage and the BOD test and curve.
The self purification of natural water systems is a complex process involving physical, chemical, and biological factors. Dissolved oxygen levels below 4-5 mg/L can reduce the forms of life that can survive. Several factors affect dissolved oxygen availability including dilution, dispersion, temperature, sunlight, oxidation rates, and reduction processes. When wastewater is discharged into a stream, it creates four zones: degradation, active decomposition, recovery, and clearer water as the stream restores to its natural condition.
Aeration is the process of bringing water and air into close contact to remove dissolved gases like carbon dioxide and oxidize dissolved metals such as iron. It is often the first major process at water treatment plants. There are two main methods of aeration - passing water through air, and passing air through water. Common reasons for aeration include oxidation of organic matter, increasing dissolved oxygen, and removing substances that cause odor or could interfere with subsequent treatment processes.
The document discusses sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) for wastewater treatment. SBRs perform the stages of treatment - equalization, biological treatment, and clarification - sequentially in a single tank. Key advantages are that SBRs require less space than traditional systems using separate tanks for each stage, and can achieve high removal rates of various pollutants. The SBR process involves repeated fill, react, settle, decant, and idle phases in the single tank reactor.
Disposal by dilution is a process where treated sewage or effluent is discharged into a river or stream. For dilution to be an effective means of disposal, certain conditions must be met, such as the sewage being relatively fresh, the receiving water having a high dissolved oxygen content, and the receiving water not being used for navigation downstream. The amount of treatment required depends on the dilution factor - a higher dilution factor means less treatment is required. Natural processes like dilution, sedimentation, sunlight, oxidation, and reduction help purify the sewage over time as it mixes with the receiving water.
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) AND Chemical Oxygen Demand PDFchetansingh999
BOD and COD are common measures of water pollution. BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD measures the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic compounds. While both measure organic compounds, COD is less specific as it measures all chemically oxidizable material. BOD only measures biologically oxidizable organic matter. Calculations of BOD and COD involve measuring dissolved oxygen levels before and after incubation over 5 days or chemical oxidation. COD uses a chemical oxidation process while BOD relies on microbial decomposition.
The document summarizes various stages of wastewater treatment processes. It discusses preliminary treatment which removes solids, grit, and grease. Primary treatment uses sedimentation to remove 60% of suspended solids. Secondary treatment uses biological processes like activated sludge and oxidation ditches to remove organic matter. Tertiary treatment further removes nutrients and particles through processes like filtration and disinfection. The document provides details on the treatment units and processes involved at each stage of wastewater treatment.
The document discusses sludge treatment and disposal methods. It describes the processes of sludge digestion where sludge undergoes acid fermentation, acid regression and alkaline fermentation stages. Key factors like temperature, pH, seeding and mixing that affect digestion are also covered. Sludge digestion tanks are cylindrical with a conical bottom. Design considerations for sizing digestion tanks are provided. The document also discusses dewatering digested sludge using drying beds or mechanical methods like centrifuges.
This document discusses sludge processing and disposal. It defines sludge as organic matter that settles in sedimentation tanks during wastewater treatment. Left untreated, sludge decomposition causes foul odors and pollution. The document outlines various sludge treatment processes including thickening to reduce moisture, anaerobic and aerobic digestion to reduce volume and pathogens, and dewatering through methods like drying beds and centrifugation. The main objectives of sludge treatment are digesting organic matter, destroying pathogens, and achieving safe and odor-free disposal, such as through incineration, application to agricultural land, or ocean disposal.
Activated Sludge Process and biological Wastewater treatment systemKalpesh Dankhara
The document discusses biological wastewater treatment, specifically for removing biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and nitrogen. It covers the types of pollutants found in wastewater, biological treatment methods, microorganisms involved, and the activated sludge process. Key aspects of the activated sludge process discussed include aeration basins, clarifiers, mixed liquor suspended solids, food to mass ratio, recycle and waste sludge streams, and sludge retention time.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engg-II as per syllabus of solapur university for TE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid College of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Sewage treatment plant design calculationSharifah Ain
1) The document outlines the design calculations for a sewage treatment plant for a mixed development project with 40 residential units and 18 commercial units. The population equivalent is calculated to be 293.
2) A rotating biological contractor (RBC) system is selected as the sewage treatment method since it is suitable for staged development, requires low land area, produces high quality effluent, and has low operation and maintenance costs.
3) Design parameters for the sewer reticulation pipes are provided, including a peak flow factor calculation, minimum pipe sizes and slopes, maximum infiltration rates, and manhole specifications such as location, depth, and gradient requirements.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
1. Waste strength reduction is the second major objective for industrial plants concerned with waste treatment. Methods to reduce the total amount of polluting matter in wastes include process changes, equipment modifications, segregation of wastes, equalization of wastes, by-product recovery, proportioning wastes, and monitoring waste streams.
2. Segregation of wastes reduces the strength or difficulty of treating the final waste by creating two wastes - a small, strong waste and a larger, weaker waste that can be treated with methods specific to each. Equalization of wastes stabilizes characteristics like pH and BOD by holding wastes for a period of time.
3. By-product recovery from wastes
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Industrial wastewaters have highly variable compositions depending on the industry and materials processed. They can contain high levels of total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Unlike domestic sewage, industrial wastewaters may have pH levels outside the normal range of 6-9 and contain high concentrations of dissolved metal salts. The flow patterns of industrial wastewaters differ from domestic sewage in that they are influenced by the operations within a factory rather than daily living activities. Factors like shift work and batch manufacturing can cause wastewater characteristics to vary over time. Industrial wastewaters require consideration of parameters like biodegradability, strength, volumes, variations, and special characteristics that could impact treatment plant operations.
This document discusses the microbiology of trickling filters, which are used in wastewater treatment. It contains the following key points:
1. Trickling filters use an attached growth process where microorganisms develop biofilms on the surface of media. Extracellular polymeric substances help attach microorganisms to the media and each other.
2. The biofilm is about 0.1-0.2mm thick and contains a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and other microbes. Nitrifying bacteria oxidize ammonia to nitrite and nitrate.
3. The biofilm sloughs off periodically as oxygen diffusion decreases and anaerobic conditions develop deeper
This document discusses various aspects of self-purification of streams, including:
1. Water pollution can come from point sources like factories or sewage systems, which are easier to identify and control, or non-point sources like agricultural runoff, which are harder to control.
2. Self-purification occurs through dilution, dispersion, sedimentation, oxidation, reduction, and effects of temperature and sunlight. Bacteria break down organic pollutants, using up dissolved oxygen.
3. A DO sag curve shows how dissolved oxygen levels decrease from the input point due to biochemical oxygen demand, before eventually reaching a critical point and recovering further downstream.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) which measures the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic material in a water sample. It describes the four phases of bacterial growth: lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase, and death phase. It then explains the BOD test procedure which involves diluting a water sample, measuring its initial dissolved oxygen, incubating it for 5 days, and measuring the final dissolved oxygen to determine the BOD value.
This document discusses the characteristics of sewage, including physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. It provides details on various tests used to analyze sewage characteristics, such as tests for pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen content, BOD, COD, and turbidity. It also describes the types of microorganisms commonly found in sewage like bacteria, algae, fungi, and protozoa. The document outlines procedures for sampling sewage and different treatment methods like dilution and natural land treatment.
IWA is a leading provider of mergers and acquisitions services to the wine and liquor industry. Over the last 20 years, IWA has represented or sold companies and brands with a combined value of over $1 billion. Recently, IWA represented Silverado Hill Winery in its sale to Laird Family Estates, represented Mayacamas Vineyards in its sale to a private investor group, and represented Resonance Vineyard in its sale to Louis Jadot.
Stitching of wall corners and use of tie rods Nayana 54321
Vertical cracks commonly occur at corners of masonry buildings due to thermal/moisture movement and differential movements in walls. Crack stitching uses shaped stainless steel rods bonded into walls across cracks at regular intervals to reinforce cracked areas. Reinforcing external corners involves using helical bars bent at right angles that are bonded into wall slots with grout to form concealed reinforcement layers stitching cracks. Drive-in helical wall ties are also used, corkscrewing from building corners into flanking walls to reconnect and strengthen masonry. Horizontal wall channels are cut and filled with grout for inserting crack stitching bars to dissipate loads over 500mm on each side of cracks. Metal ties are widely used in traditional buildings for wall
Lecture note of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
The document discusses biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) which are measurements of water quality. BOD refers to the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a set period of time. Higher BOD levels mean less dissolved oxygen is available to aquatic life. BOD is impacted by temperature, sewage, nutrients, turbidity, and natural processes. COD measures the total amount of oxygen required to oxidize all organic compounds in water, and COD values are always greater than BOD. The document provides details on measuring and calculating BOD and COD levels.
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which measures the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to break down organic waste in water. When organic waste is present, bacteria consume dissolved oxygen to decompose the waste. BOD tests how much oxygen is absorbed over 5 days at 20°C. A high BOD level indicates more organic waste requiring decomposition, lowering available oxygen for aquatic life. BOD is used to measure water pollution and assess treatment plant performance by comparing raw sewage and treated effluent BOD levels. Proper BOD testing follows steps including sample collection, dilution, seeding with bacteria, initial and final oxygen readings, and calculations to determine BOD in mg/L.
The document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and its importance as a measure of water quality. BOD is defined as the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms to break down organic material in a water sample over a 5 day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates a higher level of organic pollution. BOD is used to assess the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants and provides an indication of overall water quality. The standard BOD test involves measuring the dissolved oxygen in a sample before and after 5 days, with the difference representing the oxygen consumed during decomposition of organic compounds.
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen-consuming capacity of inorganic and organic matter in water. COD determines the amount of oxygen required to oxidize organic compounds and inorganic matter in water. There are two main methods to measure COD - the open reflux method and closed reflux method. The open reflux method involves refluxing the sample and dichromate solution for 2 hours, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine COD concentration in mg/L. A high COD means more oxidizable organic material is present in water, which can reduce dissolved oxygen and harm aquatic life. COD is useful for assessing waste strength and effects on receiving environments
Routine analysis of wastewaters quality parametersArvind Kumar
This document discusses parameters for analyzing waste water quality. It describes the objectives of waste water analysis which include monitoring treatment plant efficiency. Physical analyses examine characteristics like color and odor, while chemical analyses determine substance amounts. Key parameters discussed include biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrogen, and solids. BOD testing measures oxygen consumed by bacteria breaking down organic matter over time. COD testing uses chemical oxidization to similarly assess ability to consume oxygen. Their ratio provides information on a waste water's biodegradability.
The document discusses key terms and concepts related to water pollution, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). COD measures all organic and inorganic compounds that can be oxidized, while BOD specifically measures biologically degradable organic matter. BOD tests how much oxygen is consumed by microbes to break down organic waste over 5 days. COD values are always higher than BOD since COD includes non-biodegradable materials. Turbidity is a measure of cloudiness caused by suspended particles, while total suspended solids is a direct measurement of particulate matter in water.
BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen required by aerobic organisms to break down organic matter over 5 days, while COD measures the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds using a strong chemical oxidant. BOD uses a biological oxidation process that is slower but measures naturally degradable organics, while COD uses a chemical oxidation process that is faster but measures all organics including those not degraded biologically. COD values are typically higher than BOD and are used to measure pollution from industrial sources.
This document discusses biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) analysis. BOD is a measure of the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in water to break down organic material present in the water. When organic matter is present in water, bacteria consume dissolved oxygen as they break down the waste, leaving less oxygen available for other aquatic life. The BOD test determines the amount of oxygen consumed by bacteria over a 5-day incubation period at 20°C. A higher BOD indicates more organic pollution and less dissolved oxygen in the water. The standard BOD test involves diluting water samples, measuring initial dissolved oxygen, incubating in bottles for 5 days, and measuring final dissolved oxygen to determine oxygen used by bacteria.
The drain water sample had the highest BOD level of 0.963 mg/L, indicating it was the most polluted water. Distilled water had the lowest BOD level of 0.412 mg/L, showing it was the least polluted. BOD levels increased over time as microorganisms broke down organic matter, using up dissolved oxygen. Drain water likely had a high BOD due to large amounts of waste providing food for microorganisms. This experiment demonstrated how BOD can identify relative pollution levels between different water samples.
Biochemical Oxygen Demand and its Industrial SignificanceAdnan Murad Bhayo
BOD is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organism in a body of water to breakdown organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period .
Most of Bacteria in the aquatic columns are aerobic. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Vibrio cholera.
Atmosphere contains 21% oxygen (210000 mg/dm3)
Higher the temperature of water higher will be the rate of respiration. So, concentration of oxygen decreases.
Many Animal species can grow and reproduce normally when dissolved oxygen level is ~ 5.0 mg/L.
HYPOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 3.0 mg/L. Many Species move elsewhere and immobile species may die
ANOXIA: When dissolve oxygen content below 0.5 mg/L. All aerobic species will die
Fertilizer contains Nitrate contributes to high BOD
Phosphate present in Soap and detergent that enhances the growth of algal blooms. As a result depletion of oxygen occur.
In a body of water with large amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 90 %, this would represent High BOD
In a body of water with small amount of decaying organic material , the dissolved oxygen level may drop by 10 %, this would represent Low BOD
ANALYSIS OF BOD OF WATER
Use glass bottles having 60 mL or greater capacity. Take samples of water.
Turn on the constant temperature chamber to allow the
controlled temperature to stabilize at 20°C ±1°C.
Record the DO level (ppm) of one immediately.
Place water sample in an incubator in complete darkness at 20 C for 5 days. Exclude all light to prevent possibility of photosynthetic production of DO
If don't have an incubator, wrap the water sample bottle in aluminum foil or black electrical tape and store in a dark place at room temperature (20o C or 68 °F).
DILUTION OF SAMPLE
Most relatively unpolluted streams have a BOD5 that ranges from 1 to 8 mg/L
Dilution is necessary when the amount of DO consumed by microorganisms is greater than the amount of DO available in the air-saturated.
If the BOD5 value of a sample is less than 7 mg/L, sample dilution is not needed.
The DO concentration after 5 days must be at least 1 mg/L and at least 2 mg/L lower in concentration than the initial DO
(American Public Health Association and others, 1995).
BOD of the dilution water is less than 0.2 mg/L.
Discard dilution water if there is any sign of biological growth.
pH of the dilution water needs to be maintained in a range suitable for bacterial growth
Bacterial growth is very good between 6.5 to 7.5
Sulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide may need to be added to the dilution water to lower or raise the pH, respectively.
CALCULATION:
The general equation for the determination of a BOD5 value is:
BOD = D1-D2/P
Where
D1 = initial DO of the sample,
D2 = final DO of the sample after 5 days, and
P = decimal volumetric fraction of sample used.
If 100 mL of sample a
This document discusses factors that affect biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), including ultimate BOD, BOD rate constant, nature of waste, ability of organisms to utilize waste, and temperature. Ultimate BOD represents the maximum oxygen demand of a waste. The BOD rate constant depends on these factors and indicates how quickly oxygen will be depleted. Simple sugars degrade quickly while more complex compounds degrade more slowly. The organisms used to inoculate BOD tests may not be able to degrade all waste components. BOD tests are conducted at 20°C to standardize temperature effects and allow comparison of results.
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
This document discusses key concepts related to waste water treatment including biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and dissolved oxygen (DO). BOD measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water. COD determines the oxygen required to oxidize organic compounds. DO refers to oxygen dissolved in water that aquatic life requires. The document outlines typical values and measurement methods for BOD, COD and DO in waste and natural waters. It also describes the nature of waste water pollutants and an overview of waste water treatment processes.
This document discusses the requirements and facilities needed for an effective water testing laboratory. It outlines the NABL accreditation standards as well as definitions of important analytical terms. Key equipment is described including spectrophotometers, COD and BOD apparatus, and AAS. Proper sample handling procedures and quality control measures are also emphasized. The goal is to establish a laboratory that can reliably monitor water quality and address specific problems to better protect human and environmental health.
Winkler's method is used to determine the dissolved oxygen (DO) content of water. It involves adding potassium iodide and manganese sulfate to the water sample, which oxidizes to form iodine in the presence of oxygen. The liberated iodine is then titrated with sodium thiosulfate using starch indicator. The amount of thiosulfate used corresponds to the amount of dissolved oxygen originally present. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are also described as important water quality parameters. BOD measures the amount of oxygen used by microorganisms to break down organic matter over 5 days. COD determines the oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic compounds and is generally
This document discusses chemical oxygen demand (COD) testing. COD testing measures the amount of organic matter in water by determining the oxygen required to chemically oxidize the matter. Potassium dichromate is commonly used as the strong oxidizing agent. The COD test procedure involves refluxing a water sample with dichromate and sulfuric acid, then titrating the remaining dichromate with ferrous ammonium sulfate to determine the COD level in mg/L. COD testing provides faster results than biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) testing and oxidizes a wider range of compounds, though the results do not directly correlate to 5-day BOD levels.
The document describes an experiment to measure biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of various water samples. BOD is a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms as they break down organic matter in water. The experiment involves taking water samples from a river, lake, and rain water, incubating them for 5 days, and measuring the dissolved oxygen levels initially and after 5 days. The BOD values were calculated and reported. The results showed that river water had the highest BOD at 2.4 mg/L, indicating more organic matter to be broken down by microbes. The conclusion discusses how BOD is used to understand how organic pollutants affect dissolved oxygen levels in water bodies.
Effluent Testing: Testing of BOD, COD, TOC and interpretation of results ,What is DO (dissolved oxygen)?,can we use my cod results to predict my bod?,BOD Test Procedures
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The document summarizes information from public health reports on the decline of typhoid fever in the late 19th/early 20th century. It finds that:
1) The decline happened gradually over time and was not associated with any centralized intervention like water filtration or chlorination.
2) Improved personal hygiene was likely the dominant factor in reducing typhoid, as the disease spread through food preparation with contaminated hands rather than centralized systems like water or milk.
3) Other factors like refrigeration and commercial/home refrigeration may have reduced summertime increases in typhoid by limiting bacterial growth in food.
An oxidation pond needs to be designed for a location at 28 degrees latitude to serve a population of 10,000 people. The pond should reduce BOD levels from 300 mg/L to 30 mg/L given an inlet flow of 120 Lpcd, a BOD loading of 200 kg/ha/d, a temperature range of 15-25 degrees C, and a pond removal constant of 0.1/d at 20 degrees C.
This document discusses various communicable diseases and their transmission and prevention. It covers diseases spread through oral-fecal transmission like typhoid, dysentery, cholera, and hepatitis A. It also discusses airborne diseases like the common cold, measles, influenza, and tuberculosis. Vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes, like malaria, are also covered. Prevention focuses on proper sanitation, hygiene, vaccination, and controlling insect vectors to interrupt disease transmission.
This document provides information on various rural sanitation systems and technologies. It discusses traditional practices like open defecation and dry latrines. It then describes improved sanitation options like flush toilets, ecological sanitation, and government sanitation programs in India like the Central Rural Sanitation Programme and Total Sanitation Campaign. Specific system details are provided for ventilated pit latrines, borehole latrines, dug well latrines, pour flush latrines, and septic tanks. The document emphasizes the importance of sanitation for public health and moving communities towards ending open defecation."
The document discusses various methods for treating wastewater, including removing nitrogen, phosphorus, and heavy metals. It describes the biological processes of nitrification and denitrification for removing nitrogen. Nitrification converts ammonia to nitrates while denitrification converts nitrates to nitrogen gas. Phosphorus can be removed through chemical precipitation or biological removal by certain bacteria. Heavy metals are removed using physico-chemical methods like adsorption, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
This document contains homework questions regarding calculating dissolved oxygen (DO) sag curves for wastewater discharge into surface streams. It provides information on stream and effluent characteristics, formulas for calculating DO concentration over time and distance from the discharge point, and asks the student to use the information and formulas to answer multiple questions. These include calculating DO levels over time after mixing, maximum BOD discharge limits to maintain minimum DO standards, critical DO deficit levels and times/locations, and drawing DO sag curves for different BOD loadings from multiple discharge points.
Using data provided about a river and wastewater effluent, the document discusses:
1) Calculating the dissolved oxygen concentration in the river two days after mixing with the effluent.
2) Determining the lowest dissolved oxygen concentration that will result from the waste discharge.
3) Solving practice problems using the Streeter-Phelps equation to model dissolved oxygen sag curves in streams impacted by biochemical oxygen demand from wastewater.
This document discusses industrial wastewater treatment and management. It provides an overview of equalization, which is a method used to retain wastewater in basins so that the effluent discharged is uniform in characteristics like pH, turbidity, BOD, etc. This helps improve sedimentation efficiency, increase biological process efficiency by minimizing shock loads, and allows for automated control of treatment operations. Equalization basins are sometimes aerated to provide better mixing, chemical oxidation, some biological oxidation, and prevent solids settling. The capacity and detention period of equalization tanks needs to be sufficient to homogenize the wastewater flows.
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
The dairy industry generates large quantities of wastewater from various processing plants. Sources of wastewater include bottling, cheese making, butter, condensed milk, ghee, milk powder, and ice cream plants. Dairy waste is biodegradable but strong in nature. It has high levels of BOD, COD, total solids, oil and grease. Treatment alternatives for dairy waste include use for irrigation after primary treatment, low-cost treatment using screens and stabilization ponds, and advanced secondary treatment using activated sludge process.
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Lecture notes of Industrial Waste Treatment (Elective -III) as per syllabus of Solapur university for BE Civil
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K ORchid College of Engg and Tech,
Solapur
This document discusses various methods for removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, including inorganic and organic solids. It describes four key methods for removing inorganic solids: evaporation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis. For organic solids, the most common technique is adsorption using activated carbon due to its extremely large surface area. Pretreatment is important with methods like reverse osmosis to prevent membrane fouling.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
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Gas agency management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELijaia
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solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
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Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
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https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
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2. Definition
• Biochemical oxygen demand or
B.O.D. is the amount of dissolved
oxygen needed by aerobic biological
organisms in a body of water ororganisms in a body of water or
wastewater sample to break down
organic material present in a given
water or wastewater sample at certain
temperature (200C) over a specific
time period (5 days).
3. • Used to assess the relative strength of
a waste
• The amount of oxygen required to
stabilize a waste if discharged to a
surface water.surface water.
• This is not a precise quantitative test,
although it is widely used as an
indication of the organic quality of
water.
4. • The BOD value is most commonly
expressed in milligrams of oxygen
consumed per litre of sample duringconsumed per litre of sample during
5 days of incubation at 20 °C and
is often used as a indicator of the
degree of organic pollution of
water.
5. Background
• Most natural waters and wastewaters
contain small quantities of organic
compounds.
• Aquatic microorganisms have evolved
to use some of these compounds asto use some of these compounds as
food.
• Microorganisms living in oxygenated
waters use dissolved oxygen to convert
the organic compounds into energy for
growth and reproduction.
6. • Populations of these
microorganisms tend to increase
in proportion to the amount of
food available.
• This microbial metabolism
creates an oxygen demand
proportional to the amount of
organic compounds useful as
food.
7. • Under some circumstances,
microbial metabolism can consume
dissolved oxygen faster than
atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into
the water.the water.
• Fish and aquatic animals and plants
may die when oxygen is depleted by
microbial metabolism
8. Types of BOD
• There are two stages of
decomposition in the BOD test:
i. a carbonaceous stage and
ii. a nitrogenous stage.ii. a nitrogenous stage.
9. • The carbonaceous stage, or first stage,
represents that portion of oxygen demand
involved in the conversion of organic
carbon to carbon dioxide.
• The nitrogenous stage, or second stage,• The nitrogenous stage, or second stage,
represents a combined carbonaceous plus
nitrogenous demand, when organic
nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrite are
converted to nitrate. Nitrogenous oxygen
demand generally begins after about 6
days.
10.
11. TEST
• The test for biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) is a bioassay
procedure that measures the oxygen
consumed by bacteria from the
decomposition of organic matter.decomposition of organic matter.
• The change in DO concentration is
measured over a given period of time
in water samples at a specified
temperature.
12. • In a nutshell, BOD gives a measure
on the impact of a waste(water) on
the oxygen content of a receiving
System(stream/river/lake).
• Wastes are broken down by• Wastes are broken down by
microbial organisms (frequently
referred to as “bugs” or
“microorganisms”), and the bugs, in
turn, require oxygen for this
monumental effort.
13. • Thus, in order for this test to "work",
you need
(1) a food source (Organic matter),
(2) a nice population of bugs,(2) a nice population of bugs,
(3) available oxygen (DO) to drive
the bugs, and
(4) a system which provides a
hospitable environment for the
bugs (incubation temp.).
14.
15. Procedure
A. Dilution
• Dilution Factor. The dilution factor, DF,
is the ratio of the final volume (e.g., for
the bottle method, the volume of the BOD
bottle, usually 300 mL; for the graduated
cylinder method, the volume of thecylinder method, the volume of the
cylinder, usually 1,000 mL) to the volume
of sample therein. DF for the bottle
method = Volume of Diluted
Mixture/Volume of Sample in Mixture.
16.
17.
18. B. DO fixation
• 1. Slowly siphon three portions of aerated
dilution water into three separate BOD
bottles. Avoid adding atmospheric O2 to
dilution water.
2. To two of the three BOD bottles, add 12. To two of the three BOD bottles, add 1
ml MnS04 solution, followed by 1 ml
alkali-iodide-azide reagent. Submerge
pipette tips in sample when adding
reagents. Rinse tips well between uses.
19.
20. 3. Stopper carefully to exclude air
bubbles; mix by inverting bottle
several times.
4. When precipitate has settled to about
half the bottle volume, carefullyhalf the bottle volume, carefully
remove the stopper and add 1.0 ml
conc. sulfuric acid. Re-stopper and
mix by gentle inversion until the
iodine is uniformly distributed
throughout the bottle.
21. C. DO Measurement
5. Transfer 203 ml of sample into conical
flask and titrate with 0.0250N sodium
thiosulfate to a pale straw color.
6. Add 1-2 ml of starch solution and
continue to titrate to first disappearancecontinue to titrate to first disappearance
of the blue color. (200 ml of original
dilution water is equal to 203 ml of
dilution water plus reagents.)
•
22. • Determine the initial
concentration of dissolved
oxygen in one bottle of the
mixture of sample and dilution
water (DO ), and in one of thewater (DOinitial), and in one of the
bottles containing only dilution
water.
• Place the other bottles in the
incubator
23. • Incubate the blank dilution water and the
diluted samples for 5 days in the dark at
20 °C.
• After 5 days, remove the bottles, fix the
DO and measure the DO (DOfinal)DO and measure the DO (DOfinal)
• Calculate BOD5
• BOD5 (mg/L) = {DOinitial (mg/L) of first
bottle - DOfinal (mg/L) of second bottle}
x dilution factor
27. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
• Like BOD, COD provides a measure
of the amount of organic compounds
in water. The difference is that COD
is less specific since it measuresis less specific since it measures
everything that can be chemically
oxidized rather than just levels of
bio-degradable organic matter.
28. • COD also is different in that it reflects the
oxidation based on a specific chemical
oxidant (dichromate).
• COD value is always greater than
BOD for every wastewater sample.BOD for every wastewater sample.
29. Objective Questions
1. COD value is always _____________than
BOD value.
2. First stage BOD is also known as
___________________________.
3. Second stage BOD is also known as3. Second stage BOD is also known as
_______________________.
4. For BOD test sample is incubated at ____0C.
5. ______ is indicator of the degree of organic
pollution of water.
6. ______test is basis for BOD test.