Details about Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) with solved examples. Extra examples are given for homework. You can contact me for details on pratik1516@gmail.com.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
This is a power point presentation on design of a 30 MLD sewage treatment plant. It includes the different characteristics of waste water,various treatment units, design results and a layout of sewage treatment plant.
Visit my slide share channel for downloading report of this project.
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Wastewater Treatment for Sugar Industry Hülya Pala
I decided to share my another presentation about wastewater treatment which is especially about sugar industry to be beneficial for you.( The link for slide 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EP_fgp7zYKk)
Analysis BOD is an important parameter in identifying the extend of pollution in a water body. This presentation explains the various methods of BOD analysis as per the APHA manual
Wastewater treatment is a process used to remove contaminants from wastewater and convert it into an effluent that can be returned to the water cycle. Once returned to the water cycle, the effluent creates an acceptable impact on the environment or is reused for various purposes (called water reclamation).
this presentation showsChemical oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) which is the amount of oxygen required for reacting with the organic (harmful) matter present in waste water, both soluble or insoluble (suspended) matters, producing CO2 and H2O. In this experiment, organic compounds are oxidized to carbon dioxide and water by a boiling acid dichromate solution
Materials
Waste water sample.
Distilled water.
Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7).
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
Silver sulfate (Ag2SO4).
Mercuric sulfate (HgSO4).
and procedures
Take a sample of waste water (2.5 ml) in a standard test tube.
Add K2Cr2O7 (1.5 ml) to the above sample.
Add 3.5 ml of a solution containing H2SO4, Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to the above mixture. This solution is known as "digestion solution" which is prepared by adding Ag2SO4 and HgSO4 to 1 kg of H2SO4.
Repeat the above procedure with a sample of distilled water (2.5 ml) in another test tube.
Heat the two test tubes in the reactor for 2 hrs. at a temperature of 150 ºC and after that leave them to cool.
Use the spectrophotometer to detect the COD (in mg/lit.) value for the waste water sample.
some notes
K2Cr2O7 is used as an oxidizing agent (source of oxygen needed to react with organic matters).
H2SO4 is a digesting agent which helps in decomposing the organic matters to be easily reacted with oxygen.
Ag2SO4 is used to reduce the volatility of the organic matters exist in the waste water sample and keep them in liquid phase. If those matters vaporized, the measured value of COD will be incorrect.
HgSO4 is used to avoid oxidation of 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− if it exists in wastewater as salt. This will lead to high misleading value of COD since 〖𝐶𝑙〗^− is oxidized by K2Cr2O7 into Cl2.
The distilled water sample is used as a blank sample which allows the calibration of the spectrophotometer. The COD value for this sample is zero.
also shows Biological oxygen demand (mg O2 / lit.) is the amount of oxygen required to be used up by bacteria so as to decompose the waste matters in a liter of wastewater. This test may need at least 3 months to be finished: the standard test defines it as BOD5 as it is performed within 5 days only. During those 5 days, about 70 – 80% of degradation is achieved.
In the COD test we completely oxidize the wastes, whether biodegradable (i.e. can be decomposed by bacteria) or non – biodegradable.
In the BOD test we oxidize the biodegradable wastes only.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of inhibitors or toxic substances. Measurements can only be carried out after the sample has been diluted with dilution water that contains a sufficient amount of nutrients and microorganisms in order to reduce the interfering substances to an acceptable level.
Determination of the BOD5 of undiluted samples of sewage containing high levels of industrial pollutants may be considerably impaired(damaged) by the presence of CO
Distillery Wastewater Decontamination by the Fenton Advanced Oxidation MethodIJRES Journal
This study evaluated the effect of Fenton advanced oxidation process on the treatment of an industrial wastewater (distillery). The comparison of the effects of Fe2+ loadings, H2O2 dosages (2%(v/v)and 4%(v/v)), reaction temperature and reaction time, established optimum efficiency in terms of BOD and COD reductions. The best operating conditions for the treatment of the distillery wastewater containing 43.85 mg/L BOD concentration and 274.28 mg/L COD concentration in the raw effluent was 2% H2O2 dosage at constant loadings of Fe2+ (1.5 g), 80 oC pretreatment temperature, and 1 h reaction time. At this optimized condition, the BOD content reduced to about 35 mg/L (about 21% removal) and COD content reduced to about 53 mg/L (about 81% removal). There was a complete removal of the initial colour present in the wastewater after the treatment process. The process proved the ability to effectively reduce the COD content which when high in industrial wastewaters can lead to serious impacts to the environment.
Biological Oxygen Demand Lab Analysis and BackgroundJonathan Damora
The purpose of this experiment is to perform a Biochemical Oxygen Demand test on primary clarifier effluent from a wastewater treatment plant to determine a BOD versus time curve. This curve can then be used to determine the Ultimate BOD of the wastewater sample and the rate constant for its decay.
Effluent Testing: Testing of BOD, COD, TOC and interpretation of results ,What is DO (dissolved oxygen)?,can we use my cod results to predict my bod?,BOD Test Procedures
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
2. Effect of Oxygen Demanding Wastes
on Rivers
• Chhatrapati Rajaram Sugar mill
– Accidental release of molasses
3. Carbonaceous Constituents
• Carbonaceous constituents are measured in
terms of BOD, COD or TOC analyses.
• While the BOD has been the common
parameter to characterize carbonaceous
material in wastewater, COD is becoming
more common in most current comprehensive
computer simulation design models.
4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Sewage contains Organic matter
– Fats, Proteins and Carbohydrates
• Requires common basis for quantification
• The BOD test gives a measure of the oxygen
utilized by bacteria during the oxidation of
organic material contained in a wastewater
sample.
5. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• The test is based on the premise that all the
biodegradable organic material contained in the
wastewater sample will be oxidized to CO2 and
H2O, using molecular oxygen as the electron
acceptor.
• It is a direct measure of oxygen requirements and
an indirect measure of biodegradable organic
matter.
7. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• To perform this test on industrial waste
generally there is requirement to add
microbial seed.
• This seed is added as sewage or the water
from river or stream or soil sample where the
industry discharges its waste
8.
9. 1.The sample is taken into a BOD bottle of
volume 300mL. Say 10 mL
BOD Bottle
Aspirator Bottles
Dilution water
BOD Bottle
2. Diluted it with sufficient amount of
dilution water if required. Say 290mL
3. Initial DO is to be calculated and final DO after 3days @27⁰C or 5days @20⁰C is
measured
4. Difference between these reading multiplied by dilution factor gives BOD value.
11. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
𝐵𝑂𝐷, 𝑚𝑔/𝐿 =
𝐷1 − 𝐷2
𝑃
When the dilution water is seeded
𝐵𝑂𝐷𝑚𝑔/𝐿, =
𝐷1 − 𝐷2 − 𝐵1 − 𝐵2 𝑓
𝑃
Where:
D1: Dissolved oxygen of diluted sample immediately after preparation, mg/L
D2: Dissolved oxygen of diluted sample immediately after 5day incubation at 20⁰C,
mg/L
B1: Dissolved oxygen of seed control before incubation, mg/L
B2: Dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation, mg/
f : Fraction of seeded dilution water volume in sample to volume of seeded dilution
water in seed control=1-P=290/300
P: Fraction of w/w sample to total combined volume i.e. 10/300
12. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• As the microbial activity depends on
temperature, BOD test is highly depends on
temperature.
• Generally this temperature is chosen as 20⁰C
or 27⁰C.
14. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• 𝐿𝑡 = 𝐿₀𝑒−𝑘1
𝑡
where, 𝐿₀: Ultimate BOD, mg/L
𝐿𝑡 : BOD remaining at any time, mg/L
𝑘1: 1st order reaction rate constant,1/d
t : time, d
• But 𝐿₀= 𝐿 + 𝑌
• ∴𝑌 = 𝐿₀(1- 𝑒−𝑘1
𝑡
)
• where, 𝑌: BOD Exerted at that time
15. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
• Rate constant 𝑘1 is dependent on
temperature, it can be calculated as,
• 𝑘1𝑡= 𝑘1 20⁰Ɵ 𝑇−20
where, Ɵ=1.047
• The value of Ɵ is temperature dependent
16. Biochemical Oxygen Demand
1. Determine 1-day BOD and ultimate first stage
BOD for a w/w whose 5- day BOD is 200mg/L
at 20℃. The reaction constant k (base e) =
0.23𝑑−1
. What would have been the 5-day
BOD if the test have been conducted at 25⁰C?
Given : k1 (to the base e)=0.23/d
BOD5=200mg/L at 20℃
Calculate:
L0
BOD1 at 20℃
BOD5 at 25℃
18. BOD
2. A BOD test was conducted at 20⁰C in which
15mL of waste sample was diluted with
dilution water to 300mL.
Given:
Initial DO of diluted sample D1 =8.8mg/L
Final DO after 5 days D2=1.9mg/L
Initial DO of seeded dilution water B1=9.1mg/L
Final DO of seeded dilution water B2=7.9mg/L
Calculate
5-day BOD at 20⁰C
20. BOD
Homework
3. The BOD5of a wastewater is determined to be 150mg/L at 20⁰C.
The k is 0.23 per day. What would the BOD8 be if the test were run
at 15⁰C?
Gate 2000
4. The DO in an unseeded sample of diluted waste having an initial
DO of 9.5 mg/L is measured to be 3.5mg/L after 5 days. The
dilution factor is 0.03 and reaction rate constant, k=0.22/day (to
the base e at 20⁰C) Estimate
The 5 day BOD of the waste at 20⁰C
Ultimate Carbonaceous BOD
Remaining oxygen demand waste after 5-days
The 5 day BOD of this waste at 25⁰C assuming a temperature coefficient of 1.047
(Hint dilution factor=P)
21. Gate 2004:
5. A portion of w/w sample was subjected to
standard BOD test(5d,20⁰C), yielding a value of
180mg/L. The reaction rate constant (to the
base ‘e’) at 20⁰C was taken as 0.18/d.
temperature coefficient is 1.047. The
temperature at which the other portion of the
sample should be tested, to exert the same BOD
in 2.5days, is…
A. 4.9⁰C B. 24.9 ⁰C C. 31.7 ⁰C D. 35.0 ⁰C
Ans: D. 35.0 ⁰C
22. Why BOD test is conducted for 5th day
• BOD theoretically takes infinite time to go to completion because
the rate of oxidation is assumed to be proportional to the amount
of organic matter remaining.
• Within 20day period the oxidation of carbonaceous matter is about
95-99% and in 5days it is 60-70%
• 20days is long time to wait for test
• After 8-10 days nitrifying bacteria start using oxygen to convert
ammonia nitrogen to nitrite and then to nitrate.
• We are interested only in first stage BOD or carbonaceous BOD so
we have chosen 5days for the test
24. Why BOD test is conducted for 5th day
• Carbonaceous demand can be obtained by
supressing nitrifying bacteria by adding
growth inhibiters of nitrifying bacteria.
• Also this test is conducted on 5th day so as to
ensure less population of nitrifying bacteria.
25. BOD
• This test can be used to
1. Determine amount of oxygen required to
stabilize organic matter biologically
2. Determine size of treatment facility
3. Measure the efficiency of treatment facilities
4. Determine compliance with wastewater
discharge permits