The document discusses indoor and outdoor air pollution. It notes that indoor air pollution is usually a greater threat than outdoor pollution, as indoor pollution levels can be up to 70 times higher. Major indoor pollutants in developed countries include tobacco smoke, formaldehyde, radon gas, and fine particles. Unventilated burning of biomass in developing countries for cooking and heating leads to high indoor pollution levels and over 1.6 million deaths per year globally. Reducing indoor pollution requires using low-toxicity building materials, monitoring air quality, and allowing better mixing of indoor and outdoor air.

1. Indoor Air Pollution
Air Pollution and Control
Elective -I

2. Indoor air pollution
• Indoor air contains higher concentrations of pollutants than
outdoor air (up to 70x)
• Indoor air pollution usually is a greater threat to human
health than outdoor air pollution.
• Pollution levels inside cars in traffic clogged urban areas
can be up to 18 times higher.

3. Indoor Air Pollution--Developing World
• From burning wood, charcoal, dung, crop waste
– With little to no ventilation
– Soot and carbon monoxide
– Causes pneumonia, bronchitis, allergies, cataracts,
asthma, heart disease, cancer & death
• ~1.6 million deaths/year

4. • According to the EPA, the 4 most dangerous indoor
air pollutants in developed countries are:
– Tobacco smoke
– Formaldehyde
– Radioactive radon-222 gas
– Very small fine & ultrafine particles
Indoor Air Pollution--Developed World

5. • Other Important Indoor
Air pollutants
– Nitrogen dioxide
– Carbon monoxide
– Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
– House dust mites (&
other allergens… from
pets)
– Chlorinated organic
compounds (ex.
pesticides)
– Asbestos & man-made
mineral fibers
• Sources
– Building materials
– Furnishings & fabrics
– Glues
– Cleaning products
– Combustion
appliances (cooking
& heating)
– Open fires
– Smoking
– Living organisms
– Outdoor air

6. Tobacco Smoke
• The most dangerous indoor pollutants in the
developed world
– Secondhand smoke from cigarettes is especially
dangerous
• Containing over 4000 dangerous chemicals
• Causes eye, nose, and throat irritation
• Smoking has declined in developed nations

7. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
• The most diverse group of indoor air pollutants
– Released by everything from plastics and oils to
perfumes and paints
• Ex. formaldehyde, which leaks from pressed wood and
insulation, irritates mucous membranes and induces skin
allergies
• Ex. pesticides, which are found indoors more often than
outdoors due to seepage
• Most VOCs are released in very small amounts
– Unclear health effects due to low concentrations

8. Radon-222
• colorless, tasteless, odorless, radioactive gas from decay of U-
238 found in some soils & rocks
• can seep into some houses
– Most homes are now radon resistant
• 55% of our exposure to radiation comes from radon
– May harm lungs from long term exposure.
• increases the risk of lung cancer
– Chance increase more if a smoker (synergistic effect)
– causes 20,000 deaths a year in the U.S.
• Reducing the risk
– Sealing cracks in floors and walls
– Simple systems using pipes and fans

9. Sources & paths of entry for indoor radon-222 gas

10. Radon risk across the U.S.

11. Living organisms can pollute indoors
• Dust mites
– feed on human skin & dust
• live in materials such as bedding & furniture fabrics
– can cause asthma attacks & allergic reactions
• Fungi, mold, mildew, airborne bacteria
– cause severe allergies, asthma, & other
respiratory ailments
• Animal dander
– worsen asthma

13. Major Indoor Pollutants
1, 1, 1-
Trichloroethane
Aerosol sprays Dizziness, breathing
irregularities
Asbestos Pipe insulation,
ceilings, floor
tiles, oven mitts
Lung Cancer and
asbestosis
Benzo-a-pyrene Tobacco smoke,
woodstoves
Lung Cancer
Carbon
Monoxide
Faulty furnaces,
cigarette smoke
Headache, heartbeat
irregularities, death,
CO has 250x affinity
for hemoglobin than O2
http://www.metricmind.com/ac_honda/main.htm
Pollutant Source Health Effects

14. http://www.metricmind.com/ac_honda/main.htm
Chloroform Pulp and paper
mills, water and
wastewater plants
Cancer
Formaldehyde Paneling, particle
board, furniture,
carpeting,
adhesives
Nausea, dizziness,
irritation of throat,
eyes, and lungs
Methylene
chloride
Paint strippers and
thinner –
persistent
Nerve disorders,
diabetes
Nitrogen oxides Furnaces, stoves,
fireplaces and
vents
Headaches,
irritated lungs
Para-
dichlorobenzen
e
Air fresheners,
mothballs
Cancer

15. http://www.metricmind.com/ac_honda/main.htm
Radon – 222 Soil and rock near
house foundation,
concrete
Lung cancer
Styrene Carpets, plastics, Kidney & liver
damage
Tetrachlor-
ethylene
Dry-cleaning fluid Nerve disorders,
damage to liver and
kidneys, cancer
Tobacco
Smoke
Cigarettes and other
smoking sources
Lung cancer and
heart disease
Organic
Material (Living
Organisms)
Dust mites, fungal and
algal spores, dust
(human skin), animal
dander, hair, carpet
fibers, fur
Allergies, coughs,
sneezing, eye
irritation, sore
throats, difficulty
breathing

16. Sick Building Syndrome
• A sickness produced by indoor pollution w/
general & nonspecific symptoms
– Ex. dizziness, headaches, coughing, sneezing,
nausea, burning eyes, chronic fatigue, irritability,
eye/nose/throat irritation, dry skin, nasal
congestion, difficulty breathing, nose bleeds, flu-
like symptoms
• New buildings are more commonly “sick” than
old ones because of reduced air exchange.
– Can be solved with low-toxicity building materials
& good ventilation

17. Building Related Illness
• Also due to exposure to indoor air pollutants
• Recognizable Causes
• Clinically Recognized Disease
–Examples
• Humidifier Fever
• Asthma
• Allergy
• Respiratory Disease
–Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

18. Reducing Indoor Air Pollution
•Little effort has been devoted to reducing indoor
air pollution even though it is more harmful to
human health than outdoor air pollution
•Environmental & health scientists call for us to
focus on preventing air pollution (especially
indoor) in developing countries.

19. Fig. 19-20, p. 461
Solutions
Indoor Air Pollution
Prevention
Cover ceiling tiles & lining of AC
ducts to prevent release of mineral
fibers
Use adjustable fresh air
vents for work spaces
Increase intake of outside air
Ban smoking or limit it to well
ventilated areas
Change air more frequently
Set stricter formaldehyde
emissions standards for carpet,
furniture, and building materials
Circulate a building’s air
through rooftop green houses
Prevent radon infiltration Use exhaust hoods for stoves
and appliances burning
natural gas
Use office machines in well
ventilated areas
Use less polluting substitutes for
harmful cleaning agents, paints,
and other products
Install efficient chimneys for
wood-burning stoves
Cleanup or
Dilution

20. We can reduce indoor air pollution
• In developed countries:
– Use low-toxicity material
– Monitor air quality
– Keep rooms clean
– Limit exposure to chemicals
– Allow for better mixing of indoor & outdoor air
• In developing countries:
– Dry wood before burning
– Cook outside
– Use less-polluting fuels (natural gas)

21. • The amount of air available (for mixing of
indoor & outdoor air) to dilute pollutants is an
important indicator of the likely contaminant
concentration
– Indoor air can mix with outside air by 3
mechanisms
• infiltration
• natural ventilation
• forced ventilation
We can reduce indoor air pollution

22. • Infiltration
– natural air exchange that occurs between a
building & its environment when doors &
windows are closed
• leakage through holes or openings in the
building
Mixing of Indoor & Outdoor Air

23. • Natural ventilation
– air exchange that occurs when windows or doors
are opened to increase air circulation
• Forced ventilation
– mechanical air handling systems used to induce
air exchange using fans & blowers
Mixing of Indoor & Outdoor Air

24. Fig. 19-21, p. 461
What Can You Do?
Indoor Air Pollution
• Test for radon and formaldehyde inside your home and take
corrective measures as needed.
• Do not buy furniture and other products containing formaldehyde.
• Remove your shoes before entering your house to reduce inputs
of dust, lead, and pesticides.
• Test your house or workplace for asbestos fiber levels and for
any crumbling asbestos materials if it was built before 1980.
• Don't live in a pre-1980 house without having its indoor air
tested for asbestos and lead.
• Do not store gasoline, solvents, or other volatile hazardous
chemicals inside a home or attached garage.
• If you smoke, do it outside or in a closed room vented to the outside.
• Make sure that wood-burning stoves, fireplaces, and kerosene-
and gas-burning heaters are properly installed, vented, and
maintained.
• Install carbon monoxide detectors in all sleeping areas.

25. ODOUR POLLUTION

26. Definition
• Odour can be defined as the “perception of smell”
or in scientific terms as “a sensation resulting from
the reception of stimulus by the olfactory sensory
system”. Whether pleasant or unpleasant, odour is
induced by inhaling air-borne volatile organics or
inorganics.

27. Characteristics of odour
• Substances of similar or dissimilar chemical
constitution may have similar odour.
• Nature and strength of odour may change on dilution.
• Weak odour is not perceived in presence of strong
odour.
• Odour of same strength blends to produce a
combination in which one or both may be
unrecognizable.
• Constant intensity of odour causes an individual to
quickly loose awareness of the sensation and only
noticed when it varies in intensity.

28. • Fatigue for one odour may not affect the perception
of dissimilar odour but will interfere with the
perception of similar odour.
• An unfamiliar odour is more likely to cause complaint
than a familiar one.
• Two or more odorous substances may cancel the
smell of each other.
• Odour travels downwind.
• Person can smell at a distance.
• Many animals have keener sense of olfaction than
man.
• Likes and dislikes often depend on association of the
scent with pleasant or unpleasant experiences.

29. Odour sources
• Odour sources can be classified as:
• Point Sources: Point sources are confined emissions from
vents, stacks and exhausts.
• Area Sources: Area sources may be unconfined like
sewage treatment plant, waste water treatment plant,
solid waste landfill, composting, household manure
spreading, settling lagoons etc.
• Building Sources: Building sources of odour like pig sheds
and hog confinement chicken.
• Fugitive Sources: In this source of odour, emissions are of
fugitive nature like odour emissions from soil bed or bio-
filter surface.