IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optimal Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Optima 2000, Perkin Elmer was used to analyze the levels of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in samples from roadside soils of four major roads namely; Damboa, Baga, Bama and Kano roads in Maiduguri for possible heavy metals contamination due to anthropogenic activities. The results reveal that the roadside soils Cu levels ranged from 0.21±0.01 mg/kg in Damboa road to 2.51±0.02 mg/kg in Kano road. Pb was only detected in the road side soils of Kano road in the range of 0.03±0.00 to 0.11±0.01mg/kg. Mn levels obtained from this study ranged from 0.47±0.02 mg/kg in Bama road to13.83 ±0.01mg/kg in Baga road. Zn ranged from 0.07±0.02mg/kg in Bama road to 3.68 ±0.02 mg/kg in Damboa road. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the roadside soils were in the order: Mn> Zn > Cu >Pb. Possible accumulation of these heavy metals in the soils and eventually transfer to plants growing along the edges of the highways could occur as a result of continual usage of the roads by automobiles. This can also lead to accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms that feed on the plants growing along the edges of the highways which can be transferred to other consumers in the food chain. The results obtained from this study will be used as baseline reference for future studies in the area and its environs.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
Heavy metals contamination of soil has continued to increase globally as a result of increase in anthropogenic
actions. The phytochemical and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) content of three edible plant species grown in
southern Nigeria and the health implications were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations of Gongronema
latifolium, Talinum triangulare and Amaranthus hybridus as well as the top soil were determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. The consumption of vegetables is a very vital path to food chain by which toxic
metals are transferred from the soil to human as well as other animals. Geo-accumulation index and Transfer factor
were the parameters used to evaluate the extent of contamination of top soil and exposure by human via the food
chain respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of plants revealed the existence of some bioactive
constituents and their corresponding concentrations are presented in increasing order of magnitude: anthocyanin˂
carotenoid ˂ flavonoid ˂ tannin ˂ steroid ˂ alkaloid. The soil analysis for heavy metals were performed and results
demonstrated that zinc had the maximum concentration (103.1 – 174.0 mg kg-1) while mercury had the lowest levels
(0.01 – 0.20 mg kg-1). The heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are in the order; Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Ni
˃ As ˃ Hg. Geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that Pb and Cd were implicated in overall contamination of
the soil samples but the control soil remained uncontaminated. The concentratio ns of heavy metal in the plant
samples varied greatly with Zn having the maximum values (10.80 – 21.10 mg kg -1) whereas arsenic had the
minimum concentration (0.01 – 0.03 mg kg -1). The heavy metal concentration in the plant samples are in the order;
Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Ni ˃ Hg ˃ As. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected plant samples evaluated were
within the recommended standard limits apart for lead which was higher than the recommended value. Results
revealed moderately high transfer factors and capacity of the vegetables investigated to accumulate copper, mercury
and arsenic.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optimal Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Optima 2000, Perkin Elmer was used to analyze the levels of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in samples from roadside soils of four major roads namely; Damboa, Baga, Bama and Kano roads in Maiduguri for possible heavy metals contamination due to anthropogenic activities. The results reveal that the roadside soils Cu levels ranged from 0.21±0.01 mg/kg in Damboa road to 2.51±0.02 mg/kg in Kano road. Pb was only detected in the road side soils of Kano road in the range of 0.03±0.00 to 0.11±0.01mg/kg. Mn levels obtained from this study ranged from 0.47±0.02 mg/kg in Bama road to13.83 ±0.01mg/kg in Baga road. Zn ranged from 0.07±0.02mg/kg in Bama road to 3.68 ±0.02 mg/kg in Damboa road. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the roadside soils were in the order: Mn> Zn > Cu >Pb. Possible accumulation of these heavy metals in the soils and eventually transfer to plants growing along the edges of the highways could occur as a result of continual usage of the roads by automobiles. This can also lead to accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms that feed on the plants growing along the edges of the highways which can be transferred to other consumers in the food chain. The results obtained from this study will be used as baseline reference for future studies in the area and its environs.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Phytochemical and Heavy Metal Analysis of Gongronema Latifolium, Talinum Tri...Scientific Review SR
Heavy metals contamination of soil has continued to increase globally as a result of increase in anthropogenic
actions. The phytochemical and heavy metals (Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Cd, Hg) content of three edible plant species grown in
southern Nigeria and the health implications were evaluated. The heavy metal concentrations of Gongronema
latifolium, Talinum triangulare and Amaranthus hybridus as well as the top soil were determined using Atomic
Absorption Spectrophotometer. The consumption of vegetables is a very vital path to food chain by which toxic
metals are transferred from the soil to human as well as other animals. Geo-accumulation index and Transfer factor
were the parameters used to evaluate the extent of contamination of top soil and exposure by human via the food
chain respectively. The results of phytochemical analysis of plants revealed the existence of some bioactive
constituents and their corresponding concentrations are presented in increasing order of magnitude: anthocyanin˂
carotenoid ˂ flavonoid ˂ tannin ˂ steroid ˂ alkaloid. The soil analysis for heavy metals were performed and results
demonstrated that zinc had the maximum concentration (103.1 – 174.0 mg kg-1) while mercury had the lowest levels
(0.01 – 0.20 mg kg-1). The heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples are in the order; Zn ˃ Pb ˃ Cu ˃ Cd ˃ Ni
˃ As ˃ Hg. Geo-accumulation index analysis revealed that Pb and Cd were implicated in overall contamination of
the soil samples but the control soil remained uncontaminated. The concentratio ns of heavy metal in the plant
samples varied greatly with Zn having the maximum values (10.80 – 21.10 mg kg -1) whereas arsenic had the
minimum concentration (0.01 – 0.03 mg kg -1). The heavy metal concentration in the plant samples are in the order;
Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd ˃ Ni ˃ Hg ˃ As. The concentrations of heavy metals in the selected plant samples evaluated were
within the recommended standard limits apart for lead which was higher than the recommended value. Results
revealed moderately high transfer factors and capacity of the vegetables investigated to accumulate copper, mercury
and arsenic.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
The Use Of Ecchornia crassipes To Remove Some Heavy Metals From Romi Stream: ...iosrjce
The study involved a laboratory experiment on the use of Ecchornia crassipes in the removal of
some heavy metals from a stream polluted by waste water from Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company.
Water sample was collected from Kaduna Refinery effluent point, Romi up and Romi down. The
Bioconcentration (BCF) and Biotranslocation (BTF) Factors of each metal were determined. The experinmental
study showed that Ecchornia crassipes is a suitable candidate for effective removal of heavy metals (Hg, Cd,
Mn, Ag, Pb, Zn) from Romi stream.
Isolation and Characterization of Nickel Tolerant Bacterial Strains from Elec...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize nickel tolerant bacterial strains from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil. The effluent sample was collected at the direct outlet of electroplating industry and analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics such as pH (6.5), temperature (33), electrical conductivity (15.1 ms/cm), total solids (2309mg/l), total dissolved solids (5573 mg/l), chloride (0.20mg/l), sodium (0.13ppm), calcium (2.23ppm), potassium (0.20ppm), Biological Oxygen Demand (4200mg/l), Chemical Oxygen Demand (5243 mg/l) and nickel (4.063ppm). Enumeration of total bacterial population from the electroplating effluent contaminated soil sample was made in nutrient agar medium. Sixteen bacterial colonies were selected based on their abundance growth all of them were identified through morphological and biochemical characteristics. All the sixteen bacterial isolates were screened for its metal tolerance using nutrient agar medium incorporated with nickel metal. Based on the better growth performance, six bacterial strains were selected as potential metal tolerant organism. The selected metal tolerant bacterial strains were further characterized in the various environmental conditions such as pH (5, 7 & 9) temperature (5°C, 28°C, 37°C & 45°C) and concentration of metal ions (100ppm, 200ppm, 300ppm & 400ppm) for 5 days. The result reveals that one bacterial strain, Pseudomonas sp 1 was showed better growth in nickel metal based medium with pH 7 at 37°C temperature.
Gold mines and impact of heavy metals on the environmentIAEME Publication
This research report puts light on the research and the study of gold mining plant in Oman and its assessment and its contribution of gold mining into various other environmental media on the
basis of heavy metals. In this research study, various samples were collected from crop plants,stream waters and soil of the plant area of gold mining.
La causa más importante de la contaminación es la acción humana. Entre los principales factores tenemos la producción con tecnologías que dejan desechos en el ambiente, el consumo excesivo, la sobreexplotación de recursos, y la falta de control sobre la emisión de ruidos, ondas magnéticas, radiación u otras externalidades negativas.
This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Evaluation of some heavy metals in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zari...Innspub Net
This research work was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn) in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zaria, Nigeria. Four sampling locations were selected (ABUTH, NAPRI, Marabar Guga and ABU Dam Quarters in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria main campus which served as the control site). Soil samples were collected at 0, 50, 100 and 200 m distances from the roadside in three replicates, air dried at room temperature, sieved and kept in specimen bottles with appropriate labels pending analysis. Samples were digested and analyzed for concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Concentrations of these heavy metals were observed to be significantly higher at 0 m than the other distances from the roadside and this decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. There was generally no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentration at 50- 200 m from the roadside. Soil lead concentration was mostly observed to be higher than that of all other metals studied. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil samples was in the order of Pb>Mn>Zn >Cd >Cu. The contamination factors for individual heavy metal for the locations showed low to moderate contamination by the metals. Among the locations studied, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) showed the highest concentration of the most heavy metals while ABU Dam Quarters (Control), had the lowest concentration of most of the heavy metals. The study showed that, nearness to the roadside increased the soil heavy metal concentrations and this could invariably influence the same in crops planted or farm produce being dried along the roadside.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The metals, which are required in a very minute amount and are considered toxic, are
termed as heavy metals. Researchers have widely investigated and studied these metals
due to their dangerous and harmful influence on health and the environment. Due to their
ability to accumulate and toxic nature these are addressed to be a vital source of environmental
contamination. Heavy metals have critically polluted the environment and its components.
This has severely damaged its abilities to promote life and provide its intrinsic
values. These are naturally available compounds and because of their anthropogenic origin
they are commonly found in various environmental domain. This results in deterioration of
the environment competence to support life and health of human, animals and plants
becomes threatened. This takes place because of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in
the food chain which is a direct consequence of nondegradable state of the heavy metals.
The surroundings within which the human life exists is referred as the environment. It basically
comprises of the water, land, microorganisms, animal and plant life and the atmosphere
of the earth.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736. Volume 3, Issue 5 (Jan. – Feb. 2013), PP 67-78
www.iosrjournals.org
Evaluation of the Speciation Patterns of Some Heavy Metals
along the Major Roads of Owerri Industrial Layout
H. O. Abugu1, P.A.C. Okoye2 and P. E. Omuku2
2(
Pure & Industrial Chemistry Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria)
1
(Department of Quality Control, KSL Investment Ltd Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria)
Abstract: Topsoil samples were collected along the major roads within Owerri industrial layout for the period
of April to July. The pH and the moisture content were determined by pH meter and difference in wet and dry
weight method respectively. The pH of the soil had a range of 6.1 to 6.7 while moisture content had a range of
5.177 to 13.572%. The highest metal concentration (832.830mg/kg) was Fe found in the Gmicord Road (RX2),
while the metal with the least concentration (0.067mg/kg) was Cd. The observed trend in the concentration of
the metals was Fe > Ca > Mn > Zn > Cr > Pb > Ni > Co > Cu > Cd. There were no significant differences
between the pH and the concentration of the soil samples. Most of the metals in the soil samples were
distributed within the residual fraction which is an indication of geochemical sources.
Key Words: Bioavailability, Concentration, Metal, Speciation, Soil.
I. Introduction
Human evolution has led to immense scientific and technological progress. Global development
(industrialization), however, raises new challenges, especially in the field of environmental protection and
conservation [1]. Nearly every government around the world advocates for an environment free from harmful
contamination for their citizens. However, the demand for a country’s economic, agriculture and industrial
development outweigh the demand for a safe, pure and natural environment. Ironically, it is the economic,
agricultural and industrial developments that are often linked to polluting the environment [2]. Since the
beginning of the industrial revolution, soil pollution by toxic metals has increased dramatically. According to
report, about 90% of the anthropogenic emissions of heavy metals have occurred since 1900AD [3]; it is now
well recognized that human activities lead to a substantial accumulation of metals in soils on a global scale. A
number of chemicals, heavy metals and other industrial wastes have resulted in significant discharge of
industrial effluents into the nearby water bodies and soils and environment at large. These effluents which
contain toxic metals or substances are released into the environment which contributes to a variety of toxic
effects on living organisms in the food chain by bioaccumulation and bio-magnification. Heavy metals, such as
cadmium, copper, lead, chromium, zinc, and nickel are important environmental pollutants, particularly in areas
with high anthropogenic pressure [4] such as Owerri industrial layout. The soil has been traditionally the site for
disposal for most of the metal wastes which need to be treated. Sources of anthropogenic metal contamination
include industrial effluents, fuel production, mining, smelting processes, military operations utilization of
agricultural chemicals, small-scale industrial (including battery production, metal products, metal smelting and
cable coating industries) brick kilns and coal combustion [5]. One of the prominent sources contributing to
increased load of soil contamination is disposal of municipal waste. These wastes are either dumped on
roadsides or used as landfills, while sewage is used for irrigation. These wastes, although useful as a source of
nutrients, are also sources of carcinogens and toxic metals.
Around the world several studies have evaluated the metal concentration in the soils [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. In
Owerri industrial layout, such studies are non-existent to date and therefore, very little are known about the
distribution of such elements. At present, it is widely recognized that the distribution, mobility and
bioavailability of heavy metals and radionuclide in the environment depends not only on their total
concentration but also on the association form in the solid phase to which they are bound. Some variations of the
chemical or physical conditions in the environment can accelerate to some extent the release of toxic metals into
it, thus causing contamination.
Bioavailability of metals depends greatly on the characteristics of the particle surface, on the kind of
strength of the bond and on the properties of the solution in contact with the solid samples. Metal ions in soils
and sediments are partitioned between the different phase’s present i.e. organic matter, oxyhydoxides of iron,
aluminum and manganese, phyllosilicate minerals, carbonates and sulfides. In addition, metal ions are retained
on these solid phases by different mechanisms (ion exchange, outer and inner-sphere surface complexation
(adsorption), precipitation or co-precipitation). Sediment samples have been found as a carrier of most metals
and some elements may be recycled through biological and chemical reactions within the water column. In soil,
www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
2. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
there is a concern to know the metal bioavailability and toxicity to plants, animals and man, the efficiency of the
soil as a sink for metals and the potential capacity of a metal to be mobilized from the soil [11].
Natural and anthropogenic environmental changes greatly influence the behaviour of metallic pollutants
as the association form in which they occur can be changed. Such external influences can include pH,
temperature, redox potential, organic matter decomposition, leaching and ion exchange processes and
microbial activities. Thus, the exchangeable fractions corresponds to the form of metals that is most available
for plant uptake and can be released by merely changing the ionic strength of the medium, the metal content
bound to carbonates is sensitive to pH changes and can become mobilisable when pH is lowered. The metal
fraction bound to Fe-Mn oxides and organic matter can be mobilized with increasing, reducing or oxidizing
conditions in the environment. Finally the metal fractions associated with the residual fraction e.g. silicate can
only be mobilized as a result of weathering which can only cause long term effects [12].
II. Materials And Methods
Soil samples were collected in the vicinity of Owerri Industrial layout between April and July. The
sampling site comprised of five major roads, Raycon road (road 1), Gmicord road (road 2), Coca-cola road (road
3), Modern Home Aluminum road (road 4) and Assumpta Press road (road 5) covering the whole length of the
area. A total of 5 samples were collected from each road and merged to form a composite sample, a
representative of each road using a plastic scoop into a polythene bag well labelled. The sampling site is
surrounded by industries. A residential estate (Graceland/Egbeada Estate) is located north – east of the estate.
Also to the south – east of the industrial layout is located another estate (Umuguma Housing Estate) and on the
north – east is a highway (Onitsha – Owerri Road).
In the laboratory, samples were dried at room temperature and sieved through a 200mesh before
analysis. Drying sediments at higher temperature was avoided to ensure that organic matter content and the
metal binding properties of the sediments remained intact. Care was also taken while sieving the sediments to
prevent excess loss of the fine particles. All chemicals and acids used were of Analytical Reagent Grade (ARG),
and were used without further purification.
2.1 Procedure for Moisture Content Determination
The moisture content of the samples was determined using the dry-weight-difference method.
2.2 Procedure for pH Determination
5g of the soil sample was weighed into 250ml Beaker and 20ml of deionized water added. It was
agitated for about 20minutes and allowed to equilibrate. Finally, a standardized pH meter was used to read the
pH by dipping the electrode into the 250ml Beaker containing the solution.
2.3 Procedure for Determination of Total Metal Content
About 5g of the soil sample was weighed into sample rubber and 5ml of Hydrofluoric acid (HF) added.
Also 10ml Aqua Regia was added and the mixture heated over water bath for 1hour, 30minutes. Then, it was
allowed to cool. The process was repeated again and 20ml boric acid was added. Thereafter, the solution was
filtered and made-up to 50ml with deionized water. Finally, analysis of the extracts was carried out by Flame
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Analyst 200).
2.4 Sequential Extraction
Sequential extraction protocol for analysis of heavy metal speciation in soil and sediments (modified
from Tessier et al., 1979) were used to establish the association of the total concentration of the metals in the
soil samples with their contents in the water soluble, exchangeable, carbonate, reducible (Fe/Mn oxide),
oxidisable (organic and sulfide bound) and residual fraction [13].
III. Results And Discussion
The moisture contents and the pH of the various soil samples collected from the five major roads are as
shown below (Table 1). The pH of the soil is an important parameter that directly influences mineral mobility.
The soil pH of the sampling sites varied on the average from 6.1 to 6.7 in water indicating of slight acidity to
neutrality. The moisture contents fell within the range of 5.177% to 13.572%. Looking at table 1, it showed that
sample RX1 – RX5 had relatively low values of moisture contents.
www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
3. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
TABLE 1: Percentage Moisture Content and the pH of the Soil Samples.
Sample code % Moisture Content pH
R1X 5.177 6.6
R2X 5.398 6.1
R3X 6.099 6.4
R4X 6.084 6.3
R5X 13.572 6.7
NOTE: R is referring to as road were the sample was collected, Numbers 1 – 5 represent the road
numbers, X means the topsoil sample
TABLE 2: Total Metal Concentration (mg/kg).
Samp Cu Ca Mn Pb Ni Fe Co Zn Cr Cd Total Mean
le
code
RX1 0.422 4.880 3.135 1.004 1.582 4.100 1.053 1.813 2.911 0.123 21.023 2.102
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.006 ±0.002 ±0.004 ±0.006 ±0.0 ±0.0 3
11 12 16 01 11 14
RX2 0.292 6.226 3.640 1.041 1.274 832.83 1.158 2.709 1.392 0.139 850.66 85.06
±0.0 ±0.1 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.020 0 ±0.065 ±0.012 ±0.0 ±0.0 1 6
03 18 69 07 ±0.038 11 05
RX3 0.357 2.672 2.791 0.482 0.734 350.07 0.583 1.602 0.858 0.067 360.66 36.02
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.009 0 ±0.004 ±0.006 ±0.0 ±0.0 1 2
02 07 45 08 ±0.196 32 03
RX4 0.663 59.38 3.589 4.162 0.980 750.21 0.931 2.730 1.447 0.627 824.72 82.47
±0.0 8 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.021 0 ±0.013 ±0.005 ±0.0 ±0.0 7 3
06 ±0.0 66 06 ±0.152 18 19
02
RX5 0.332 3.220 2.196 0.591 1.349 4.500 0.792 2.510 4.210 0.090 19.790 1.979
±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.0 ±0.011 ±0.015 ±0.002 ±0.013 ±0.0 ±0.0
01 01 04 41 13 00
Total 2.066 76.38 15.35 7.280 5.919 1941.7 4.517 11.634 10.77 1.046 2076.4
6 1 10 8 26
Mean 0.413 15.27 3.070 1.456 1.184 388.34 0.903 2.273 2.156 0.209 415.28
7 2 3
Table 2 and figure 1, indicate the total metal concentration. The result indicated that the occurrence of Fe was at
relatively higher concentration (832.830mg/kg) in the soil sample (RX2). This may be as a result of auto rust,
motor spare parts and other human activities found around the industrial layout.
Figure 1: Total Metal Concentration
It also showed that Cd had the least concentration (0.067mg/kg) as found in sample RX3. The observed trends
with various soil samples for the heavy metal concentration are as follows: for RX1 it was Ca > Fe > Mn > Cr >
Zn > Ni > Co > Pb > Cu > Cd, while for RX2 it was Fe > Ca > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Co > Pb > Cu > Cd.
TABLE 3: Percentage Total Metal Concentration
Sample Cu Ca Mn Pb Ni Fe Co Zn Cr Cd
code
RX1 2.007 23.217 14.912 4.776 7.525 19.502 5.009 8.624 13.847 0.585
RX2 0.034 0.732 0.428 0.122 0.150 97.904 0.136 0.218 0.159 0.016
RX3 0.099 0.742 0.772 0.134 0.204 97.183 0.162 0.445 0.238 0.019
RX4 0.080 7.201 0.435 0.505 0.119 90.965 0.113 0.331 0.175 0.076
RX5 1.678 4.036 11.097 2.986 6.817 22.739 4.002 12.683 21.273 0.455
www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
4. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
120
% Total Metal Concentration
100
80
RX1
60 RX2
40 RX3
20 RX4
0 RX5
Cu Ca Mn Pb Ni Fe Co Zn Cr Cd
Heavy Metals
Figure 2: Percentage Total Metal Concentration
The trend Fe > Mn > Ca > Zn > Cr > Ni > Co > Pb > Cu > Cd, Fe > Ca > Pb > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > Co > Cu >
Cd and Fe > Cr > Zn > Mn > Ni > Ca > Co > Pb > Cu > Cd are for RX3, RX4 and RX5 samples respectively.
Cd had the least total concentration and Fe had the highest total concentration except for RX1 where Ca had the
maximum value in the soil samples.
TABLE 4: Fractional Concentration of Cu in the Various Soils Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 0.092 0.070 0.166 0.088 0.112 0.315 0.843 0.141 0.328 38.909
±0.000 ±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.002 ±0.009
RX2 0.651 ND 0.107 0.059 0.150 0.311 1.278 0.213 0.758 59.311
±0.152 ±0.003 ±0.001 ±0.014 ±0.003
RX3 ND 0.076 0.132 0.079 0.104 0.211 0.602 0.100 0.208 34.551
±0.004 ±0.000 ±0.003 ±0.001 ±0.003
RX4 ND 0.076 0.193 0.143 0.244 0.086 0.742 0.124 0.269 36.253
±0.002 ±0.004 ±0.003 ±0.004 ±0.001
RX5 0.099 0.023 0.112 0.091 0.149 0.289 0.763 0.127 0.234 30.668
±0.0012 ±0.001 ±0.000 ±0.002 ±0.000 ±0.003
Total 0.842 0.245 0.708 0.460 0.759 1.212 4.366 0.728 1.795 199.692
Mean 0.164 0.049 0.142 0.092 0.152 0.242 0.841 0.140 0.355 39.938
F1 = Water soluble Fraction, F2 = exchangeable metal fraction, F3 = carbonate fractions, F4 = reducible Fractions, F5 =
oxidizable and F6 = residual fractions. ND = not detected.
In the soil samples, much of the copper was associated with residual fractions with a mean value of 0.242mg/kg
(Table 4). The observed trend in the range of copper concentration in the various fractions was F6 > F1 > F5 >
F3 > F4 > F2. Also the trend in the percentage bioavailability of the samples was RX2 > RX1 > RX4 > RX3 >
RX5. The water soluble fractions of samples RX3 and RX4 was at non-detectable level of the FAAS. So also it
was for the exchangeable fraction of the RX2 sample. The highest fraction of Cu was found in sample RX2
(0.651mg/kg) in the water soluble fraction (F1), and this contributed to the high value of the %BAF of Cu
(59.311%) more than every other sample in the study area.
0.7
Fractional Concentration in
0.6
0.5
RX1
0.4
Mg/Kg
0.3 RX2
0.2 RX3
0.1
RX4
0
RX5
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Copper
Figure 3: Fractional Concentration of Cu in the Various Topsoil Samples (mg/kg).
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5. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
TABLE 5: Fractional Concentration of Ca in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 3.210 4.966 2.166 5.446 1.332 0.689 17.809 2.968 10.342 58.072
±0.015 ±0.008 ±0.019 ±0.052 ±0.019 ±0.049
RX2 2.415 5.259 2.949 3.948 1.477 6.992 23.040 3.840 10.623 46.107
±0.016 ±0.012 ±0.041 ±0.016 ±0.001 ±0.055
RX3 1.575 2.793 1.693 1.866 0.954 0.417 9.298 1.550 6.061 65.186
±0.041 ±0.047 ±0.017 ±0.084 ±0.018 ±0.001
RX4 1.220 3.809 2.746 8.213 18.963 8.225 43.176 7.196 7.775 18.008
±0.011 ±0.171 ±0.015 ±0.219 ±0.053 ±0.200
RX5 2.330 3.298 1.220 2.386 1.168 0.455 10.857 1.810 6.848 63.075
±0.033 ±0.062 ±0.012 ±0.016 ±0.005 ±0.001
Total 10.750 20.125 10.774 21.859 23.894 16.778 104.180 17.363 41.649 250.448
Mean 2.150 4.025 2.155 4.372 4.779 3.356 20.837 3.473 8.330 50.089
In the soil samples, much of the Ca was associated with the oxidisable fractions with a mean value of
4.779mg/kg. The observed trend in the range of Ca concentration in the various fractions was F5 > F4 > F2 > F6
> F3 > F1. Also the trend in the percentage bioavailability of the samples was RX3 > RX5 > RX1 > RX2 >
RX4. The least fractional concentration of Ca was found in sample RX3 (0.417mg/kg) also at the residual
fraction.
20
Fractional Concentration in
15
RX1
10
Mg/Kg
RX2
5 RX3
RX4
0
RX5
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Calcium
Figure 4: Fractional Concentration of Ca in the Various Soil samples (mg/kg).
From fig. 4, we can see that Road 4 (RX4) recorded the most fractional concentration of Ca (18.963mg/kg) at
the oxidizable fractions. The mean % BAF of Ca is 50.089%, which is slightly above average and it shows that
Ca is potentially bioavailable for organism’s uptake in the studied area.
TABLE 6: Fractional Concentration of Mn in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 0.221 0.681 1.021 0.886 0.945 2.311 6.065 1.010 1.923 31.707
±0.013 ±0.003 ±0.000 ±0.012 ±0.005 ±0.019
RX2 0.024 0.992 1.044 0.879 1.232 2.477 6.648 1.108 2.060 30.987
±0.006 ±0.002 ±0.032 ±0.018 ±0.005 ±0.065
RX3 0.106 0.653 0.673 0.652 0.759 2.070 4.913 0.818 1.432 29.147
±0.003 ±0.021 ±0.013 ±0.017 ±0.017 ±0.084
RX4 0.139 0.388 0.856 1.047 0.849 0.465 3.744 0.624 1.383 36.939
±0.005 ±0.005 ±0.031 ±0.023 ±0.018 ±0.007
RX5 0.142 0.728 1.001 0.924 0.681 1.677 5.203 0.867 1.921 36.921
±0.062 ±0.011 ±0.000 ±0.062 ±0.036 ±0.029
Total 0.682 3.442 4.595 4.388 4.466 9.000 26.573 4.429 8.719 165.701
Mean 0.136 0.688 0.919 0.878 0.893 1.800 5.314 0.886 1.743 33.140
The mean %BAF of Mn is 33.140% which is below average and so Mn has a high non-bioavailable fraction in
the studied area (Table 6). This is also supported by the observed trend in the concentration of Mn in the various
fractions – F6 ˃ F3 ˃ F5 ˃ F4 ˃ F2 ˃ F1. The trend in the percentage bioavailability of Mn in the soil samples is
RX4 > RX5 > RX1 > RX2 > RX3. Much of the Mn fractions were associated with the residual fraction (F6)
with mean value of 1.800mg/kg.
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6. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
3
Fractional Concentration in Mg/Kg
2.5
2
RX1
1.5 RX2
1 RX3
0.5 RX4
RX5
0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Manganese
Figure 5: Fractional Concentration of Mn in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
TABLE 7: Fractional Concentration of Pb in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 ND ND 0.398 0.049 ND 0.050 0.497 0.083 0.398 80.080
±0.015 ±0.003 ±0.050
RX2 ND ND 0.207 0.001 ND 0.561 0.769 0.154 0.207 26.918
±0.015 ±0.007 ±0.004
RX3 ND ND 0.222 ND ND 0.226 0.448 0.075 0.222 49.553
±0.006 ±0.015
RX4 ND 0.002 0.711 0.334 0.292 ND 1.339 0.223 0.112 8.364
±0.007 ±0.009 ±0.007 ±0.027
RX5 ND 0.023 0.538 0.039 ND 0.089 0.689 0.115 0.561 81.422
±0.002 ±0.014 ±0.000 ±0.006
Total 0.000 0.025 2.076 0.423 0.292 0.926 3.742 0.624 2.101 246.337
Mean 0.000 0.005 0.415 0.085 0.058 0.185 0.748 0.125 0.420 49.267
0.8
Fractional Concentration in Mg/Kg
0.7
0.6
0.5 RX1
0.4 RX2
0.3 RX3
0.2
RX4
0.1
RX5
0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Lead
Figure 6: Fractional Concentration of Pb in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
From table 7 much of the Pb was associated with the carbonate fraction were the mean concentration is
0.415mg/kg. This is also shown by the observed trend of the various fractions of Pb – F3 > F6 > F4 > F5 > F2 >
F1. Pb was not detectable by the FAAS on the water soluble fraction. It was detectable at the exchangeable
fraction only in samples RX4 and RX5. Also it was not found in sample RX3 on the reducible fraction and in
the oxidisable fraction, it was not detectable except for sample RX4 only and on the residual fraction, it was
seen in all the samples except for sample RX4. The observed trend in the percentage bioavailable fractions of
the samples was RX5 > RX1 > RX3 > RX2 > RX4 (Table 7). Much of the Pb was associated with the carbonate
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7. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
bound fraction and is potentially bioavailable in most of the studied area (fig. 6), except for road 2 (RX2) were
the %BAF was below 50% in the carbonate bound fraction, but rather higher in the residual fraction.
TABLE 8: Fractional Concentration of Ni in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 0.019 0.218 0.309 0.065 0.057 0.728 1.396 0.233 0.546 39.112
±0.001 ±0.000 ±0.002 ±0.001 ±0.000 ±0.000
RX2 0.027 0.136 0.226 0.050 0.080 0.720 1.239 0.207 0.389 31.396
±0.006 ±0.002 ±0.014 ±0.003 ±0.003 ±0.007
RX3 0.016 0.125 0.245 0.048 0.044 0.506 0.984 0.164 0.386 39.228
±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.006 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.001
RX4 0.029 0.138 0.332 0.076 0.069 0.114 0.758 0.126 0.499 65.831
±0.002 ±0.004 ±0.068 ±0.000 ±0.005 ±0.005
RX5 0.032 0.334 0.292 0.054 0.060 0.438 1.210 0.202 0.658 54.380
±0.002 ±0.011 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.000 ±0.002
Total 0.123 0.951 1.404 0.293 0.310 2.506 5.587 0.931 2.478 229.947
Mean 0.025 0.190 0.281 0.059 0.062 0.501 1.118 0.186 0.496 45.989
0.8
Fractional Concentration in
0.7
0.6
0.5 RX1
0.4
Mg/Kg
RX2
0.3
0.2 RX3
0.1 RX4
0
RX5
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Nickel
Figure 7: Fractional Concentration of Ni in the Various Soils Samples (mg/kg).
Table 8 represents the various fractions of Ni in the soil samples. The highest concentration of Ni in the various
samples was recorded in the residual fraction (F6) with a value 0.728mg/kg (RX1) and the least was found on
sample RX3 in the water soluble fraction with a value of 0.016mg/kg. The observed trends in the percentage
BAF and the mean concentration of the samples in the fractions are RX4 > RX5 > RX3 > RX1 > RX2 and F6 >
F3 > F2 > F5 > F4 > F1 respectively. The bioavailable fraction of Ni is generally low since the %BAF of all the
samples were below 50% except for samples of road 4 and 5.
TABLE 9: Fractional Concentration of Fe in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 0.200 9.100 8.100 10.100 4.600 14.000 46.100 7.683 17.400 37.744
±0.039 ±0.066 ±0.142 ±0.055 ±0.039 ±0.123
RX2 ND 12.380 25.431 42.924 114.618 27.800 223.153 37.192 37.811 16.944
±0.060 ±0.035 ±0.028 ±0.146 ±0.139
RX3 ND 4.242 15.090 90.741 61.215 255.360 426.648 71.100 19.332 4.531
±0.017 ±0.013 ±0.002 ±0.085 ±0.014
RX4 ND 14.150 20.916 109.683 76.398 10.840 231.987 38.665 35.066 15.115
±0.094 ±0.058 ±0.090 ±0.062 ±0.457
RX5 0.200 5.881 9.100 7.000 8.000 10.400 40.581 6.764 15.181 37.409
±0.022 ±0.046 ±0.022 ±0.056 ±0.029 ±0.049
Total 0.400 45.753 78.637 260.448 264.831 318.400 968.469 161.412 124.790 111.743
Mean 0.080 9.151 15.727 52.090 52.966 63.680 193.694 32.282 24.958 22.349
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8. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
300
Fractional Concentration in
250
200 RX1
150 RX2
Mg/Kg 100
RX3
50
RX4
0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 RX5
Fractions of Iron
Figure 8: Fractional Concentration of Fe in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Represented in table 9 is the fractionation pattern of Fe in the soil samples. On the water soluble fraction Fe was
not detectable by the FAAS in all the samples except for samples RX1 and RX5, this lead to low mobility of Fe
and its low bioavailability.
TABLE 10: Fractional Concentration of Co in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 0.012 0.215 0.226 0.010 0.030 0.556 1.049 0.181 0.487 44.968
±0.001 ±0.005 ±0.006 ±0.010 ±0.003 ±0.001
RX2 ND 0.091 0.166 ND 0.024 0.639 0.920 0.153 0.257 27.934
±0.004 ±0.002 ±0.004 ±0.011
RX3 ND 0.076 6.135 0.016 0.023 0.494 6.744 1.124 6.211 92.097
±0.001 ±0.004 ±0.001 ±0.004 ±0.005
RX4 0.014 0.126 0.250 0.034 0.039 0.098 0.561 0.094 0.390 69.519
±0.002 ±0.002 ±0.005 ±0.003 ±0.004 ±0.001
RX5 ND 0.010 0.186 0.002 0.028 0.518 0.744 0.124 0.196 26.344
±0.000 ±0.001 ±0.002 ±0.000 ±0.005
Total 0.026 0.518 6.963 0.062 0.144 2.305 10.018 1.670 7.507 260.862
Mean 0.005 0.104 1.393 0.012 0.029 0.461 2.004 0.334 1.502 52.172
7
Fractional Concentration in Mg/Kg
6
5
RX1
4
RX2
3
RX3
2
1 RX4
0 RX5
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Cobalt
Figure 9: Fractional Concentration of Co in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
It was most in sample RX3 on the residual fraction (255.360mg/kg) while the least value of Fe was found in
samples RX1 and RX5 (0.200mg/kg) on their water soluble fractions. The observed trend in the percentage BAF
of the samples is RX1 > RX5 > RX2 > RX4 > RX3, while that of the mean concentration of their various
fractions is F6 > F5 > F4 > F3 > F2 > F1. Since most of the Fe is associated with the residual fraction, it means
that it is mainly from geochemical sources.
The observed trend in the mean concentration of the fractions of Co was F3 > F6 > F2 > F5 > F4 > F1
while the trend in the percentage BAF of the samples is RX3 > RX4 > RX1 > RX2 > RX5 (Table 10). Co had
its highest concentration in sample RX3 at the reducible fraction (F3) (6.135mg/kg) and the least value in
sample RX5 (0.002mg/kg) also at the reducible fraction, but it was undetectable in samples RX2, RX3 and RX5
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9. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
in their water soluble fractions (F1) and also in the reducible fraction of sample RX2. The % bioavailable
fraction of Co was considerably high since the mean %BAF is 52.172%, though it was low for roads 5 and 2.
TABLE 11: Fractional Concentration of Zn in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 0.711 0.311 0.623 0.213 0.326 6.321 8.505 1.418 1.645 19.342
±0.010 ±0.012 ±0.006 ±0.005 ±0.015 ±0.002
RX2 0.082 0.262 0.471 0.370 0.423 15.225 16.833 2.806 0.815 4.842
±0.011 ±0.015 ±0.011 ±0.015 ±0.003 ±0.013
RX3 0.103 0.249 0.538 0.454 0.437 5.208 6.989 1.164 0.890 12.734
±0.005 ±0.002 ±0.011 ±0.011 ±0.008 ±0.015
RX4 0.204 0.259 1.375 0.824 0.917 0.330 3.909 0.652 1.838 47.020
±0.006 ±0.001 ±0.014 ±0.016 ±0.017 ±0.005
RX5 0.166 0.255 0.332 0.232 0.365 8.133 9.483 1.581 0.753 7.941
±0.012 ±0.015 ±0.002 ±0.005 ±0.008 ±0.005
Total 1.266 1.694 3.339 2.093 2.468 35.217 46.077 7.680 6.299 91.879
Mean 0.253 0.339 0.668 0.419 0.494 7.043 9.216 1536 1.260 18.376
The fractional concentration of Zn in the various soil samples represented by table 11 showed that most of the
zinc concentration was found in the residual fractions. The mean concentration is 7.043mg/kg at the residual
fraction and the least was in the water soluble fraction with a value of 0.253mg/kg.
20
Fractional Concentration
15 RX1
10
in Mg/Kg
RX2
5 RX3
0 RX4
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 RX5
Fractions of Zinc
Figure 10: Fractional Concentration of Zn in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
TABLE 12: Fractional Concentration of Cr in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF %
code BAF
RX1 0.055 0.050 0.160 0.210 0.271 0.623 1.369 0.228 0.265 19.357
±0.015 ±0.001 ±0.006 ±0.004 ±0.011 ±0.018
RX2 0.018 0.060 0.154 0.141 0.305 0.874 1.552 0.259 0.232 14.948
±0.025 ±0.000 ±0.008 ±0.003 ±0.020 ±0.014
RX3 0.027 0.070 0.147 0.240 0.167 0.643 1.294 0.216 0.244 18.856
±0.016 ±0.022 ±0.021 ±0.011 ±0.000 ±0.000
RX4 0.040 0.103 0.170 0.311 0.245 0.103 0.972 0.162 0.313 32.202
±0.003 ±0.004 ±0.026 ±0.010 ±0.003 ±0.017
RX5 0.010 0.011 0.110 0.189 0.266 0.682 1.268 0.211 0.131 10.331
±0.000 ±0.002 ±0.009 ±0.016 ±0.008 ±0.003
Total 0.150 0.294 0.741 1.091 1.254 2.925 6.455 1.076 1.185 95.694
Mean 0.030 0.059 0.148 0.218 0.251 0.585 1.291 0.215 0.237 19.139
The observed trend in the percentage BAF in the various samples is RX4 > RX1 > RX3 > RX5 > RX2 while the
trend for the mean fractional concentration is F6 > F3 > F5 > F4 > F2 > F1. Generally the %BAF of Zn in the
samples was low and so led to a mean %BAF of 18.376%. Figure 10 shows the speciation pattern of Zn in the
various fractions of the soil samples and it showed that the residual fraction had the most occurrences.
In table 12, the highest fractional concentration of Cr (mean 0.585mg/kg) is found in the residual fraction. The
least mean concentration was found in the water soluble fraction (0.030mg/kg).
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10. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
1
Factional Concentration in
0.8
RX1
0.6
Mg/Kg
RX2
0.4 RX3
0.2 RX4
0
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 RX5
Fractions of Chromium
Figure 11: Fractional Concentration of Cr in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Figure 11, indicated that, the concentration was on the increase from F1 through F6. The observed trend in the
mean concentration of Cr in the various fractions is F6 > F5 > F4 > F3 > F2 > F1. The speciation followed a
particular pattern and the %BAF of Cr in all the soil samples was generally low with a mean 19.139% (Table
12).
TABLE 13: Fractional Concentration of Cd in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Sample F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 Total Mean BAF % BAF
code
RX1 ND 0.021 0.033 ND ND 0.042 0.096 0.016 0.054 56.250
±0.002 ±0.001 ±0.001
RX2 ND 0.023 0.049 ND ND 0.061 0.133 0.022 0.072 54.135
±0.003 ±0.002 ±0.004
RX3 ND 0.026 0.050 ND ND 0.057 0.133 0.022 0.076 57.143
±0.001 ±0.001 ±0.000
RX4 ND 0.041 0.034 ND 0.007 0.025 0.107 0.018 0.075 70.093
±0.006 ±0.001 ±0.000 ±0.006
RX5 ND 0.011 0.033 ND 0.001 0.085 0.130 0.022 0.044 33.845
±0.002 ±0.001 ±0.000 ±0.000
Total ND 0.122 0.199 ND 0.008 0.270 0.599 0.100 0.321 271.466
Mean ND 0.024 0.040 ND 0.002 0.054 0.120 0.020 0.064 54.293
0.1
Fractional Concentration in
0.08
0.06 RX1
Mg/Kg
RX2
0.04
RX3
0.02
RX4
0
RX5
F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6
Fractions of Cadmium
Figure 12: Fractional Concentration of Cd in the Various Soil Samples (mg/kg).
Cd was undetectable at the water soluble fraction and at the reducible fraction in all the samples (Table 13), so
also it is in the oxidisable fraction except on samples RX4 and RX5. The trend in the mean concentration of Cd
was F6 > F3 > F2 > F5 > F4 > F1. Figure 27, indicated that the speciation was more in the residual fraction
followed by the carbonate fraction. Even though Cd was undetectable at the water soluble fraction, its %BAF
was still high with a mean of 54.293%, suggesting that Cd is potentially bioavailable in the studied area.
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11. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
TABLE 14: Percentage Bioavailability of Metal Concentration in the Soil Samples.
Sample Cu Ca Mn Pb Ni Fe Co Zn Cr Cd
code
RX1 38.909 58.072 31.707 80.080 39.112 37.744 44.968 19.342 19.357 56.250
RX2 59.311 46.107 30.987 26.918 31.396 16.944 27.934 4.842 14.948 54.135
RX3 34.551 65.186 29.147 49.553 39.228 4.531 92.097 12.734 18.856 57.143
RX4 36.253 18.008 36.939 8.364 65.831 15.115 69.519 47.020 32.202 70.093
RX5 30.668 63.075 36.921 81.422 54.380 37.409 26.344 7.941 10.331 33.845
GT 199.692 250.448 165.701 246.337 229.947 111.743 260.862 91.879 95.694 271.466
GM 39.938 50.090 33.140 49.267 45.989 22.349 52.172 18.376 19.139 54.293
GT = Ground Total and GM = Ground Mean.
100
80
% Bioavailability
60 RX1
RX2
40
RX3
20
RX4
0 RX5
Cu Ca Mn Pb Ni Fe Co Zn Cr Cd
Heavy Metals
Figure 13: Percentage Bioavailability of Metal Concentration in the soil Samples.
We observed that Cd is the most available metal for organism’s uptake in the studied area since it had the
highest %BAF in the soil samples (Erwin, 2006). The trends in the percentage bioavailability of the various
heavy metals are as follows: for RX1 it was Pb > Ca > Cd > Co > Ni > Cu > Fe > Mn > Cr > Zn, and for RX2,
it was – Cu > Cd > Ca > Ni > Mn > Co > Pb > Fe > Cr > Zn, for RX3, it was Co > Ca > Cd > Pb > Ni > Cu >
Mn > Cr > Zn > Fe, while for RX4 and RX5 it was Cd > Co > Ni > Zn > Mn > Cu > Cr > Ca > Fe > Pb, and
Pb > Ca > Ni > Fe > Mn > Cd > Cu > Co > Cr > Zn respectively.
It can be inferred from the trends that Zn had the least bioavailable fractions in most of the soil
samples. Cd recorded the highest ground mean concentration (54.213%) and the least was found in Zinc
(18.376%). The trend of the ground mean percentage bioavailability for the various heavy metals was Cd > Co >
Ca > Pb > Ni > Cu > Mn > Fe > Cr > Zn.
Correlation analysis was conducted to determine the extent of the relationship among metal fractions
and among metals in the soils over the studied area. A probability of less than 5% (P > 0.05) was considered to
be statistically significant.
Cu – In the correlation of various fractions of Cu in the soil samples, we observed that there was no
significant difference in the result at 95% confidence interval in all the fractions. Ca – There was no significant
difference in the correlation of the various fractions of Ca in the soil samples. Mn – The correlations of the
various fractions of manganese in the soil samples indicated that there was no significance difference. Pb –
There was a positive significance difference in the correlation between the reducible fraction and the oxidizable
fraction of the soil samples. Ni – In the correlation of various fractions of nickel in the soil samples, there was
positive significance difference in the carbonate and the reducible fractions. Fe - The correlation of the
oxidizable fraction of Fe and the water soluble fraction of Fe was positively significant in the soil samples and
between the carbonate and the oxidisable fractions but, negatively significant between the water soluble and the
oxidisable fractions. Co – The correlation of the various fractions of Co in the soil samples shows a positive
significance difference between the exchangeable fraction and the water soluble fraction, Zn – The Correlation
of zinc fractions in the soil sample shows that it was positively significant between their oxidisable fractions.
The correlation also showed a positive significant difference between carbonate and exchangeable, oxidisable
and exchangeable, oxidisable and carbonate and between reducible and the residual fractions. The T-test
indicates no significance in all. Cr – in the correlations of Cr, there was positive significant difference between
the residual and the water soluble fraction in the soil samples. Cd - The T-test showed a positive relationship
between all the fractions of the soil samples.
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12. Evaluation Of The Speciation Patterns Of Some Heavy Metals Along The Major Roads Of Owerri
IV. Conclusion
The ANOVA indicates that Ca had a significant mean difference in the water soluble fractions of the
soil samples and so also it is in the exchangeable fractions of the soil samples. Fe was also significance in the
exchangeable fraction. But in the carbonate bound, reducible, oxidisable and residual fractions, it was only Fe
that had a significance mean difference at 95% confidence interval in the soil samples. This suggests that there
are several location (sites) having greater Ca and Fe concentration and the soil have been contaminated more
severely by these metals, Though Ca and Fe are among the micronutrient elements. This means that the human
activities in and around the area have significant effects on the level of almost all metals in the soils over this
studied area. The speciation of Ca was different as the concentration was evenly distributed in all the fractions
of the soil samples and speciation of Cu showed higher concentration in the water soluble fraction in the soil
samples.
Further work is recommended in the area with reference to the heavy metal speciation some
centimetres (about 30cm) below the soil surface so as to determine the solubility as well as the bioavailability of
these metals.
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