1) The study assessed the fractions of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Al(III) in four depths of a Gabonese soil through water, KCl, and aqua regia extractions and analysis.
2) Total Fe(II) decreased with depth while total Al(III) and Fe(III) increased, with metals mainly in mineralogical fractions that decreased with depth.
3) This led to increases in water-soluble and exchangeable Fe(II) fractions and the exchangeable fractions of Al(III) and Fe(III) with depth, indicating increased solubility and mobility.
A geochemical assessment of soils within oke ogun area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from Oke-Ogun area in southwestern Nigeria to investigate concentrations of major elements and trace metals.
Key findings include:
1. Soil samples showed elevated levels of Pb, Cr, V, Mn, and Co compared to underlying bedrock, indicating enrichment during weathering.
2. Statistical analysis revealed associations between Cu-Pb-Cd-Ni-Co and Zn-V.
3. Principal component analysis identified three factors associated with differing sources for trace metals in the soils.
This document discusses geochemical controls during the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. It provides background on past research showing microorganisms can use iron reduction to generate energy. More recent research has found biological iron redox transformations greatly influence aquifer and groundwater geochemistry. The document proposes a study to investigate intrinsic, iron-mediated degradation of volatile hydrocarbons like toluene in contaminated subsurface environments. It involves three stages: 1) laboratory experiments under anoxic conditions to simulate contaminated soil, 2) chemical extractions to assess iron pools involved in contaminant removal, and 3) stable carbon isotope analysis to differentiate carbonate pools and elucidate the effect of soil matrices on toluene removal and carbon
The document presents Rosemary Orlu's PhD thesis which investigates the geochemical controls of hydrocarbon degradation in soils under iron-reducing conditions. A series of mesocosm experiments were conducted to examine the effects of soil type, iron mineral amendments, and carbon sources on the biodegradation of toluene. Statistical models were developed to predict toluene removal based on the experimental data using a mixed effects modeling approach.
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of irrigated soilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soils from three irrigated farmlands along the bank of the Mada River in Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and various properties were measured, including moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, particle size and texture. The results found that soil properties varied between farms and most fell within suitable ranges for plant growth, though some nutrient levels were low. Correlations between pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were strongly positive. Overall, the soils were classified as sandy loamy.
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
A geochemical assessment of soils within oke ogun area, southwestern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that analyzed soil samples from Oke-Ogun area in southwestern Nigeria to investigate concentrations of major elements and trace metals.
Key findings include:
1. Soil samples showed elevated levels of Pb, Cr, V, Mn, and Co compared to underlying bedrock, indicating enrichment during weathering.
2. Statistical analysis revealed associations between Cu-Pb-Cd-Ni-Co and Zn-V.
3. Principal component analysis identified three factors associated with differing sources for trace metals in the soils.
This document discusses geochemical controls during the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil. It provides background on past research showing microorganisms can use iron reduction to generate energy. More recent research has found biological iron redox transformations greatly influence aquifer and groundwater geochemistry. The document proposes a study to investigate intrinsic, iron-mediated degradation of volatile hydrocarbons like toluene in contaminated subsurface environments. It involves three stages: 1) laboratory experiments under anoxic conditions to simulate contaminated soil, 2) chemical extractions to assess iron pools involved in contaminant removal, and 3) stable carbon isotope analysis to differentiate carbonate pools and elucidate the effect of soil matrices on toluene removal and carbon
The document presents Rosemary Orlu's PhD thesis which investigates the geochemical controls of hydrocarbon degradation in soils under iron-reducing conditions. A series of mesocosm experiments were conducted to examine the effects of soil type, iron mineral amendments, and carbon sources on the biodegradation of toluene. Statistical models were developed to predict toluene removal based on the experimental data using a mixed effects modeling approach.
11.phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. In the Egyptian experiment, different application rates of WTRs and biosolids were added to soils and incubated for 60 days. In the US experiment, soils were amended with various rates of WTRs and biosolids and incubated for 30 days. XANES spectroscopy was then used to identify the chemical forms of P present in the amended soils. The results provided information on
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Evaluation of physicochemical properties of irrigated soilAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the physical and chemical properties of soils from three irrigated farmlands along the bank of the Mada River in Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and various properties were measured, including moisture, pH, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, nitrogen, phosphorus, exchangeable cations, particle size and texture. The results found that soil properties varied between farms and most fell within suitable ranges for plant growth, though some nutrient levels were low. Correlations between pH, organic matter and cation exchange capacity were strongly positive. Overall, the soils were classified as sandy loamy.
Phosphorus speciation in drinking water treatment residualsAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that used X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to analyze the speciation of phosphorus (P) in soils amended with biosolids and drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs). Two incubation experiments were conducted, one using soils from Egypt and one using soils from the United States. The experiments involved amending the soils with varying rates of biosolids and WTRs and analyzing the resulting P species after incubation periods of 60 days and 30 days, respectively. The results from both experiments indicated that the dominant P species formed depended on the soil type and application rates of biosolids and WTRs.
This study assessed the influence of different sources of iron (III) on the bioremediation of toluene in contaminated soil under anaerobic conditions. The study hypothesized that indigenous soil microorganisms could couple the reduction of iron (III) to the oxidation of toluene, and that adding different sources of iron as terminal electron acceptors could increase both the rate and extent of toluene removal. The study used mesocosms containing live soil, various iron mineral amendments (naturally occurring hematite, goethite, magnetite or laboratory synthesized 2-line ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite), and river water spiked with toluene. Samples were taken serially to monitor changes
This document compares methods for extracting and quantifying water-transportable phenols from different land uses. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract dissolved organic matter from water samples collected from grassland, woodland, and moorland sites. SPE followed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (THM) was shown to be an effective approach for isolating and quantifying lignin-derived phenols. All the different land uses exported similar amounts of lignin per unit weight of organic carbon in the drainage water. A significant proportion of lignin phenols may be lost from soils in particulate form, so total phenol loss is likely greater than previously estimated from dissolved phenols
1) The study investigated how seasonal temperature changes affected the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenols from soils treated with different plant litter types over 22 months.
2) The researchers found that seasonal soil temperature positively correlated with DOC loss from litter-free soils, but this correlation diminished over time for soils treated with grass and ash litter.
3) Phenol concentrations in the senescing litters were small, resulting in minor losses to water. The variety of dissolved phenols in litter-amended soil leachates increased over time and was influenced by litter type.
This document discusses using stable carbon isotope analysis to study phase transitions of soil carbonates during anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. It explains that carbonate minerals like calcite and dolomite are common in soils and can dissolve or form new minerals as conditions change. Stable carbon isotope ratios are measured to identify carbonate dissolution or addition. Laboratory experiments show that dissolving soil carbonates leads to re-formation of new carbonates during anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. This stable isotope method allows changes in the carbonate fraction of soil to be monitored.
Heavy metals contamination at whitespots – conlig, newtownards, northern irel...Alexander Decker
This study investigated heavy metal contamination at an abandoned lead mine in Northern Ireland. Soil samples were collected from 7 vertical profiles down to 80cm depth and analyzed for moisture content, pH, minerals using XRD and PXRF spectrometry, and heavy metals using ICP-MS. The results showed elevated levels of lead and other heavy metals accumulated in the topsoil of some profiles, likely due to surface runoff transporting contaminated materials. The clay-rich and slightly alkaline soil composition helped immobilize some heavy metals while allowing limited leaching of others like zinc. The dispersion of contaminants occurred through both surface water flow transporting particles and lateral migration of contaminated spoil materials.
This study investigated the natural attenuation of toluene under iron-reducing conditions in soil. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) indigenous soil microorganisms could anaerobically respire and couple the reduction of Fe(III) to the oxidation of toluene, and 2) the process of carbon cycling in soil may change with the addition of toluene. Experiments were conducted using live soil and river water spiked with toluene to replicate subsurface environments. Changes in toluene concentrations, iron levels, and carbon isotopes were analyzed to understand biodegradation and geochemical processes.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the correlation between the methylating capacity of river and marine sediments and their organic sediment index (OSI). Sediment samples from the Axios River and Thermaikos Gulf in Greece were incubated with various metal salts, including tin, lead, and mercury. Methylated derivatives of these metals were produced from bioactive sediments but not sterilized sediments, and yields were higher when nutrients were added. Methylation yields correlated positively with OSI, determined as the product of organic carbon and organic nitrogen percentages. Mercury methylation yields were four orders of magnitude higher than tin and lead. In low OSI sediments, mercury methylation rates were higher, while in high OSI sediments, lead methylation
Three arrays of MacroRhizone pore water samplers were deployed at the abandoned Devon Great Consols mine site to investigate water-substrate interactions and potential environmental contamination. Samples were taken from three distinct tailings types - copper, tin, and arsenic tailings - deposited at different stages of the mine's history. Pore water compositions varied significantly between tailings types, with copper tailings highest in copper, aluminum, and manganese, tin tailings highest in tin but lowest in other metals, and arsenic tailings highest in arsenic, sodium, and strontium but lowest in copper. This suggests ongoing geochemical processes influence pore water compositions differently in each tailings type. SEM-EDX analysis showed
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
The colloidal state refers to a two-phase system in which one material in a very finely divided state is dispersed through second phase.
Eg., Solid in liquid (Dispersion of clay in water) and Liquid in gas (Fog or clouds in atmosphere).
The effect of liming on the acidity level of Dystric cambisol and the content...Innspub Net
Limited acid soil fertility is caused by a high concentration of H+ and Al3+, some organic acids and heavy metals, but also by a small accessibility of some nutrients (P, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, particularly Mo) and a small microbiological activity. This study has been conducted to determine the effect of three levels of liming (partial – 1/3 Y1, half – 1/2 Y1, and complete liming) on the neutralization of the acid reaction, a high content of mobile Al3+, and changes in the concentrations of available forms of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Dystric cambisol soil. The complete liming has almost completely neutralized the acid reaction, and decreased the level of mobile Al3+ below 1.0 mg kg-1. There
has been a satisfactory degree of decrease in pH and Al3+ in partial (1/3 of Y1) and half (1/2 of Y1) liming. No level
of liming has had a significant influence on the content of available forms of Fe and Cu, while the content of Zn
has decreased in accordance with the level of entered lime material and has been the lowest at the maximum doses of CaO applied. The level of changes caused by partial and halh-liming has justified these levels of acid repairing, which can be a great ecological and economic importance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
This article discusses a study on the spatial analysis of dissolved silica in groundwater in Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. 120 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions and physicochemical parameters. Results showed silica concentrations ranged widely between formations. Thermodynamic, statistical, and GIS techniques were used to understand the reasons for these differences. Piper plots showed water types were mostly Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl, indicating mixed water. Stability diagrams showed samples were stable with kaolinite and tended toward montmorillonite, indicating rock-water interaction and mineral dissolution over time.
Soil chemistry A presentation by Mr.Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Soil pH is the most important chemical property of soil, as it determines what nutrients are available for plant growth. Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, with values below 7 indicating acidity. Sources of acidity in soil include nitrification, organic matter decomposition, acid rain deposition, cation leaching, and plant uptake of basic cations. Maintaining optimal soil pH is important for crop growth, as aluminum toxicity and nutrient deficiencies often limit plants in strongly acidic soils.
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the correlation between soil properties (pH and resistivity) and corrosion growth rate of carbon steel samples buried in four different soil types within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria over 2352 hours. The steel samples were buried in plastic containers with the soil samples and retrieved every 168 hours to measure weight loss via the corrosion growth rate. Results showed that both soil pH and resistivity influenced corrosion, but resistivity had a greater influence. A mathematical model was also developed using multiple regression analysis to predict corrosion growth rate based on soil pH and resistivity.
Acid soil formation and classification of acid soil in indiaKARTHIKEYANB30
Genesis of soil acidity,acid soil forming factors, pedogenic process influence the acid soil, acid soil classification, amelioration of soil acidity-chemistry of liming, equivalent acidity,neutralizing value or calcium carbonate equivalent
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study on the effects of dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable aluminum in two different soil orders: Ultisols Kentrong and Inceptisols Jatinangor in Indonesia. Dolomite applications significantly increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminum in Ultisols Kentrong. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite increased soil pH insignificantly and did not significantly affect exchangeable aluminum. The results indicate that liming effects differ between soil orders depending on their inherent acidity levels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document appears to be a shipping manifest or invoice containing details of a delivery from Facha, Spain to various locations in Mexico. It lists the delivery destinations, weights, quantities, and prices of various goods being shipped including Beronia Crianca, Beronia Reserve, Heras Cordón Crianca and Heras Cordón Reserve wines. The document also notes various receipt, payment, and shipping conditions.
This study assessed the influence of different sources of iron (III) on the bioremediation of toluene in contaminated soil under anaerobic conditions. The study hypothesized that indigenous soil microorganisms could couple the reduction of iron (III) to the oxidation of toluene, and that adding different sources of iron as terminal electron acceptors could increase both the rate and extent of toluene removal. The study used mesocosms containing live soil, various iron mineral amendments (naturally occurring hematite, goethite, magnetite or laboratory synthesized 2-line ferrihydrite and lepidocrocite), and river water spiked with toluene. Samples were taken serially to monitor changes
This document compares methods for extracting and quantifying water-transportable phenols from different land uses. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was used to extract dissolved organic matter from water samples collected from grassland, woodland, and moorland sites. SPE followed by thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (THM) was shown to be an effective approach for isolating and quantifying lignin-derived phenols. All the different land uses exported similar amounts of lignin per unit weight of organic carbon in the drainage water. A significant proportion of lignin phenols may be lost from soils in particulate form, so total phenol loss is likely greater than previously estimated from dissolved phenols
1) The study investigated how seasonal temperature changes affected the release of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phenols from soils treated with different plant litter types over 22 months.
2) The researchers found that seasonal soil temperature positively correlated with DOC loss from litter-free soils, but this correlation diminished over time for soils treated with grass and ash litter.
3) Phenol concentrations in the senescing litters were small, resulting in minor losses to water. The variety of dissolved phenols in litter-amended soil leachates increased over time and was influenced by litter type.
This document discusses using stable carbon isotope analysis to study phase transitions of soil carbonates during anaerobic biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons. It explains that carbonate minerals like calcite and dolomite are common in soils and can dissolve or form new minerals as conditions change. Stable carbon isotope ratios are measured to identify carbonate dissolution or addition. Laboratory experiments show that dissolving soil carbonates leads to re-formation of new carbonates during anaerobic degradation of hydrocarbons. This stable isotope method allows changes in the carbonate fraction of soil to be monitored.
Heavy metals contamination at whitespots – conlig, newtownards, northern irel...Alexander Decker
This study investigated heavy metal contamination at an abandoned lead mine in Northern Ireland. Soil samples were collected from 7 vertical profiles down to 80cm depth and analyzed for moisture content, pH, minerals using XRD and PXRF spectrometry, and heavy metals using ICP-MS. The results showed elevated levels of lead and other heavy metals accumulated in the topsoil of some profiles, likely due to surface runoff transporting contaminated materials. The clay-rich and slightly alkaline soil composition helped immobilize some heavy metals while allowing limited leaching of others like zinc. The dispersion of contaminants occurred through both surface water flow transporting particles and lateral migration of contaminated spoil materials.
This study investigated the natural attenuation of toluene under iron-reducing conditions in soil. Two hypotheses were tested: 1) indigenous soil microorganisms could anaerobically respire and couple the reduction of Fe(III) to the oxidation of toluene, and 2) the process of carbon cycling in soil may change with the addition of toluene. Experiments were conducted using live soil and river water spiked with toluene to replicate subsurface environments. Changes in toluene concentrations, iron levels, and carbon isotopes were analyzed to understand biodegradation and geochemical processes.
The document summarizes a study that investigated the correlation between the methylating capacity of river and marine sediments and their organic sediment index (OSI). Sediment samples from the Axios River and Thermaikos Gulf in Greece were incubated with various metal salts, including tin, lead, and mercury. Methylated derivatives of these metals were produced from bioactive sediments but not sterilized sediments, and yields were higher when nutrients were added. Methylation yields correlated positively with OSI, determined as the product of organic carbon and organic nitrogen percentages. Mercury methylation yields were four orders of magnitude higher than tin and lead. In low OSI sediments, mercury methylation rates were higher, while in high OSI sediments, lead methylation
Three arrays of MacroRhizone pore water samplers were deployed at the abandoned Devon Great Consols mine site to investigate water-substrate interactions and potential environmental contamination. Samples were taken from three distinct tailings types - copper, tin, and arsenic tailings - deposited at different stages of the mine's history. Pore water compositions varied significantly between tailings types, with copper tailings highest in copper, aluminum, and manganese, tin tailings highest in tin but lowest in other metals, and arsenic tailings highest in arsenic, sodium, and strontium but lowest in copper. This suggests ongoing geochemical processes influence pore water compositions differently in each tailings type. SEM-EDX analysis showed
Metals accumulation and As releasing during interaction of clay and iron mine...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The soil and sediment samples with different content of metals and clay minerals were investigated during bioleaching. The increasing of clay and metal concentrations with decreasing particle size were found both in contaminated soil and sediment. Heterotrophic bioleaching of the iron rich clay fractions from the soil and the sediment were evaluated for his effectiveness in the cycling of iron bound As by consuming organic nutrients. The treatment involved the use of the indigenous bacteria, whose activity was combined with the chelating strength of EDDS, SDS, Na4P2O7 and fertilizers. Heterotrophic bacteria caused decomposition of iron binding deposition as is adsorption on clay with followed dissolving of Fe mainly by the sediment bioleaching. The concentration of iron decreased by precipitation with As sorption after 19 days of sediment bioleaching. The Cu and Zn extraction was inhibited by bioleaching during the iron and arsenic dissolution and precipitation. By contrast, the additives 3mM Cu and 3mM Zn were applied into medium and thus affected the activity of soil resistant heterotrophic bacteria with followed increasing of the iron and arsenic extraction by the soil clay bioleaching. Therefore, this study confirmed the soil and sediment bioleaching in Fe or As releasing efficiency under different conditions regulated by indigenous bacteria. The bioleaching can be a suitable technology for As removal from the untreated soil and sediment by stimulation of the resistant bacteria activity. The separation of clays from the soil and sediment samples did not decreased of toxic element limits because clay and iron minerals coated on coarse silicate particles and the clay fraction is bearers of metals which contaminate the soil and sediment environment.
The colloidal state refers to a two-phase system in which one material in a very finely divided state is dispersed through second phase.
Eg., Solid in liquid (Dispersion of clay in water) and Liquid in gas (Fog or clouds in atmosphere).
The effect of liming on the acidity level of Dystric cambisol and the content...Innspub Net
Limited acid soil fertility is caused by a high concentration of H+ and Al3+, some organic acids and heavy metals, but also by a small accessibility of some nutrients (P, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, particularly Mo) and a small microbiological activity. This study has been conducted to determine the effect of three levels of liming (partial – 1/3 Y1, half – 1/2 Y1, and complete liming) on the neutralization of the acid reaction, a high content of mobile Al3+, and changes in the concentrations of available forms of Fe, Zn, and Cu in Dystric cambisol soil. The complete liming has almost completely neutralized the acid reaction, and decreased the level of mobile Al3+ below 1.0 mg kg-1. There
has been a satisfactory degree of decrease in pH and Al3+ in partial (1/3 of Y1) and half (1/2 of Y1) liming. No level
of liming has had a significant influence on the content of available forms of Fe and Cu, while the content of Zn
has decreased in accordance with the level of entered lime material and has been the lowest at the maximum doses of CaO applied. The level of changes caused by partial and halh-liming has justified these levels of acid repairing, which can be a great ecological and economic importance. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-7-number-4-october-2015-ijaar/
This article discusses a study on the spatial analysis of dissolved silica in groundwater in Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu, India. 120 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for major ions and physicochemical parameters. Results showed silica concentrations ranged widely between formations. Thermodynamic, statistical, and GIS techniques were used to understand the reasons for these differences. Piper plots showed water types were mostly Ca-Mg-Cl and Na-Cl, indicating mixed water. Stability diagrams showed samples were stable with kaolinite and tended toward montmorillonite, indicating rock-water interaction and mineral dissolution over time.
Soil chemistry A presentation by Mr.Allah Dad Khan Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Soil pH is the most important chemical property of soil, as it determines what nutrients are available for plant growth. Soil pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration, with values below 7 indicating acidity. Sources of acidity in soil include nitrification, organic matter decomposition, acid rain deposition, cation leaching, and plant uptake of basic cations. Maintaining optimal soil pH is important for crop growth, as aluminum toxicity and nutrient deficiencies often limit plants in strongly acidic soils.
This document discusses sources of charges in soil colloids and ion exchange processes. There are two main types of charges - pH dependent charges from exposed crystal edges, and pH independent charges from isomorphous substitution during clay mineral formation. Ion exchange involves the exchange of cations and anions between soil solution and colloidal complexes. Key concepts discussed include cation exchange capacity (CEC), anion exchange capacity (AEC), and base saturation percentage (BSP) which influence soil fertility. CEC indicates the total negative charge on soil colloids and ability to retain cations. AEC is the capacity to adsorb or release anions. BSP above 80% indicates fertile soil.
The document summarizes an experimental study that investigated the correlation between soil properties (pH and resistivity) and corrosion growth rate of carbon steel samples buried in four different soil types within the Niger Delta region of Nigeria over 2352 hours. The steel samples were buried in plastic containers with the soil samples and retrieved every 168 hours to measure weight loss via the corrosion growth rate. Results showed that both soil pH and resistivity influenced corrosion, but resistivity had a greater influence. A mathematical model was also developed using multiple regression analysis to predict corrosion growth rate based on soil pH and resistivity.
Acid soil formation and classification of acid soil in indiaKARTHIKEYANB30
Genesis of soil acidity,acid soil forming factors, pedogenic process influence the acid soil, acid soil classification, amelioration of soil acidity-chemistry of liming, equivalent acidity,neutralizing value or calcium carbonate equivalent
The Changing of Soil Reaction and Exchangeable Aluminum on two Different Soil...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The document summarizes a study on the effects of dolomite application on soil reaction and exchangeable aluminum in two different soil orders: Ultisols Kentrong and Inceptisols Jatinangor in Indonesia. Dolomite applications significantly increased soil pH and decreased exchangeable aluminum in Ultisols Kentrong. In Inceptisols Jatinangor, dolomite increased soil pH insignificantly and did not significantly affect exchangeable aluminum. The results indicate that liming effects differ between soil orders depending on their inherent acidity levels.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against developing mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
This document appears to be a shipping manifest or invoice containing details of a delivery from Facha, Spain to various locations in Mexico. It lists the delivery destinations, weights, quantities, and prices of various goods being shipped including Beronia Crianca, Beronia Reserve, Heras Cordón Crianca and Heras Cordón Reserve wines. The document also notes various receipt, payment, and shipping conditions.
Este documento proporciona 3 enlaces de videos de maquetado realizados por Ruben Hilasaca Vilca, un estudiante de computación en el quinto semestre de la universidad TECNOTRONIC.
Este documento describe la arquitectura de Von Neumann, que utiliza el mismo dispositivo de almacenamiento para instrucciones y datos. Fue propuesta por John von Neumann en 1945 y es la base de la mayoría de computadoras modernas. Funciona secuencialmente obteniendo instrucciones de la memoria, incrementando el contador de programa, decodificando e interpretando la instrucción, y repitiendo estos pasos. También describe las arquitecturas segmentada y de tubería, que dividen el procesamiento en etapas para mejorar el rendimiento.
This thesis evaluated factors that influence the quality of forest residue feedstock produced from comminuted woody biomass. In chapter 1, forest residues from a timber harvest were separated into different material types and comminuted after 2 months. There were no significant differences in moisture content or particle size between processed and unprocessed material. Ash content was lower in conifer material after processing.
Chapter 2 examined the same material types after 12 months. Moisture content decreased significantly, influencing particle size and bulk density. Additional processing did not significantly impact ash content, bulk density or moisture content.
Chapter 3 used a micro-chipper to produce smaller 3mm chips from 12-month material. Micro-chips had a higher
Profesor: Ricardo Lang, Manuel Toledo
Alumna: Mariana Boubet
Taller: Acto y Celebración - Diseño Industrial
Fecha: 15 Marzo 2016 Escuela Arquitectura y Diseño PUCV
Dimensión de lo orgánico en la apetenciamarianabbt
Profesor: Ricardo Lang, Manuel Toledo
Taller: Acto y Celebración, Diseño Industrial
Alumno: Mariana Boubet
Fecha: 01 Abril 2016
Escuela de Arquitectura y Diseño PUCV
El documento presenta un mapa esquemático sobre la construcción de frutas. Describe las diferentes frutas agrupadas por temporadas, los procesos que se pueden aplicar a las frutas utilizando maquinaria o elementos de cocina, los tipos de aglutinantes naturales y artificiales que se pueden usar, y grupos de 3 frutas con características diferentes para trabajar como acidez, dulzor, fibrosidad, consistencia, color y transparencia.
This document compares and contrasts traditional, command, and mixed economies. In a traditional economy, production is based on customs and meets basic needs, led by elders. A command economy centrally plans all economic decisions through a government agency. A mixed economy combines market forces and some government intervention, where consumers and producers have freedom of choice but the government participates.
El documento describe diferentes alimentos contenedores y sus procesos productivos. Menciona que la industria alimentaria ha crecido exponencialmente y que ahora existen muchos alimentos producidos a gran escala. Explica que algunos alimentos como los bombones y galletas rellenas contienen otros alimentos herméticamente, mientras que otros como los conos y barquillos pueden ser complementados. Detalla los procesos de producción de varios alimentos contenedores como los conos de helado, bombones y galletas Oreo.
11.[40 51]correlates in groundwater quality parameters and textural classes o...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated the physicochemical status of groundwater in Ekakpamre, Nigeria, a community located in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. 10 groundwater samples were collected from boreholes about 1 km apart and analyzed along with soil samples from around the boreholes. The study found that clay-rich soils appeared to influence certain groundwater quality parameters like dissolved oxygen, total petroleum hydrocarbons, and potassium levels. While groundwater quality was generally similar across sampling locations, levels of lead and cadmium exceeded regulatory limits for drinking water in some samples, posing a potential public health risk. Principal component analysis identified three components that accounted for 100% of the variability in the original water quality data
Cation Concentrations of Anaocha, Ekwusigo And Ogbaru Local Government Areas ...IJRESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: Soil samples collected from Anaocha, Ekwusigo and Ogbaru Local Government Areas of Anambra State were analyzed for their elemental compositions using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Physiochemical characteristics such as PH, particle size porosity, index/water holding capacity, moisture content and organic carbon were also analyzed. Results obtained from cation concentrations in mg/kg of the soils in Anaocha(A), Ekwusigo(E), and Ogbaru(O) were: K + (O>A>E); Na+ (O>A>E); Cr3+(A>E>O); Mg2+(O>A>E); Ni2+(E>A>O); Cu2+(O>E>A); Zn2+(E>A>O); Cd2+(O>A>E); Pb2+(O>A>E); Fe3+(E>O>A) and Al3+ (E>O>A). Other physiochemical characteristics showed that Anaocha soils were acidic, pH (5.13); Ekwusigo, pH (5.79) moderately acidic and Ogbaru pH (6.99),almost neutral. Anaocha area had less clay particles of (8.69c), Ogbaru (13.67c) and Ekwusigo (22.65c). Statictical studies revealed that Cd, Cu, Pb and iron oxides were significant factors in the incidence of erosion in Anaocha area.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The document discusses ion exchange reactions in soil, specifically cation and anion exchange. It defines cation exchange as the phenomenon where cations attached to negatively charged soil colloids can be replaced by other cations in solution. Anion exchange is similar, but involves the exchange of negatively charged anions. Cation exchange capacity refers to the total amount of exchangeable cations a soil can hold. Factors like clay content and organic matter influence CEC. Both cation and anion exchange play important roles in nutrient availability and soil chemistry.
forms and distribution of potassium along a toposequence on basaltic soils of...IJEAB
The study was conducted in Vom, Jos Plateau state in the Southern Guinea Savanna zone of Nigeria to accentuate the forms of potassium distribution associated with topographic positions. The study area lies between longitudes 080 45’ 01” and 80 47’ 56’’ E, latitudes 90 43’ 17’’ and 90 45’ 15’’ N, with an elevation of about 1270m above sea level. A stratified purposive sampling procedure was adapted, where four landscape positions were identified using Global Positioning System (GPS). The crest, upper slope, middle, and lower slope positions were identified, each representing changes in geomorphology. Two pedons were georeferenced at each topographic position, where they were sunk and described. Result show that the forms of K varied with topographic positions. Potassium distribution varied from surface to subsurface in different topographic positions. Water soluble K was higher at crest surface (0.0569 cmolkg-1) and decreased with soil profile depth. Exchangeable K has highest value of 0.1317 and 0.1308 cmol/kg-1 at both lower slope positions in general. Non exchangeable K values where higher at all surfaces than the subsurfaces of topographic positions. HCl soluble K values were higher at lower and upper slopes surface, moderately at middle and least at crest slope positions. Total K values were higher at upper slope subsurface, middle, and lower slope surface with low variations at the crest positions. However, the distribution of the K forms did not shown a well – defined trend with respect to topographic positions.
Ronald Ng M.Sc. thesis presentation (Oct 2012)Ronald Ng
The document summarizes two studies on uranium mineralization:
1) The geochemical and mineralogical evolution of the McArthur River Zone 4 unconformity-related uranium deposit, including the role of an overlying silicified zone in focusing mineralizing fluids and limiting dispersion of pathfinder elements.
2) Comparison of the oxidation state of iron in clay minerals from mineralized and barren alteration systems in the Athabasca Basin, and implications for uranium exploration based on the distribution of more reduced versus oxidized conditions.
Explain Langmuir isotherm model and derive its equationZakir Ullah
The document discusses soil chemistry concepts including:
1) Classification of silicate minerals into 1:1 and 2:1 clays based on their structure.
2) Isomorphic substitution in silicate minerals where ions of similar size but different charge replace one another.
3) Calculation of permanent charge in a trioctahedral 2:1 silicate mineral based on isomorphic substitution.
Hydrochemical Characteristics and Shallow Groundwater Quality in Kirkuk Urban...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The assessment of hydrochemical characteristics and shallow groundwater quality was carried out in Kirkuk urban area, Iraq. Twenty two water samples were collected systematically at 20 locations for each of high and low water seasons in April and September (2014) and analysed for physical and chemical parameters. Hydrochmical data suggest that contamination of ground water is caused by infiltration of surface water polluted by domestic seepage pits and leakage from local agricultural area. Depending on hydrochemical facies, the type of water that predominates in the urban area is Ca-Mg-SO4 type during both wet and dry seasons. The study found that Kirkuk shallow groundwater is unsuitable for drinking water and industries purposes but some of water samples are suitable for construction and irrigation purposes.
Evaluation of Five Extraction Methods for Predicting Available Forms of Iron ...iosrjce
Available forms of iron in soils can be assessed through the use of chemical extraction methods. Soil
test provide an indication of nutrient level in the soil and together with plant analysis are important agronomic
tools for determining crop nutrient needs, predicting the nutrient-deficient areas and preventing the deficiency.
This study was therefore conducted in laboratory and greenhouse environment to evaluate suitable extraction
method for predicting available forms of iron in soils of southeastern Nigeria, using five extraction procedures
(Coca-cola, 0.05M EDTA, 1N NH4OAC +0.05M EDTA, 1N NH4OAC and O.1N HCl). Iron uptake by maize (Zea
mays L.) plants was analyzed together with the Fe content in the soils in which maize plants were grown under
greenhouse conditions. Iron content in maize plants were determined by AAS. The results obtained in this study
shows that Coca-cola method extracted the highest amount of the Fe (12.77 mgkg-1
) while, 1N NH4OAC +0.05M
EDTA extracted the least amount of Fe (4.48 mgkg-1
) with an average of 7.33 mgkg-1
. Coca-cola-extractable Fe
correlated positively and significantly with Fe concentration (r = 0.650**) and Fe uptake (r = 0.712***) while,
O.1N HCl- and 0.05M EDTA-extractable Fe had significant positive correlations with dry matter yield and Fe
uptake. Their r values being, (0.630** and 0.676**) and (0.601** and 0.588*), respectively. Moreover, the
result obtained from the regression equations corresponded with the correlations values determined.
Accordingly, the study indicates that, the order of significance for the extracting solutions is as follows: Cocacola
> O.1N HCl > 0.05M EDTA > 1N NH4OAC > 0.05M EDTA+1N NH4OAc. Thus, the high correlations (r) values of extractable Fe with soil properties and yield parameters suggests the superiority of Coca-cola, O.1N
HCl and 0.05M EDTA extractants over others extractants but, the Coca-cola method was determined to be the most suitable extractant for predicting available Fe content for soils of southeastern Nigeria. However, in the
absent of Coca-cola extractant, HCl and EDTA methods can equally be used in the determination of available Fe in these soils.
This document summarizes a study that uses geochemical modeling to constrain the possible composition of Europa's subsurface ocean and seafloor. The study models how seven different candidate bulk accretionary materials for Europa (various carbonaceous and ordinary chondrites) would alter through water-rock reactions. The models produce ocean compositions within 10% of previous estimates and indicate that precipitation of different mineral phases could depend on the rock type. Ordinary chondrites may produce higher calcium ion levels in Europa's present-day ocean compared to carbonaceous materials. Future missions could help determine Europa's actual accretionary material by detecting these mineral signatures or ocean chemistry.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This document summarizes a study on the distribution and mobility of lead and zinc in soils near an industrial foundry in Tiaret, Algeria. Samples were taken from 35 soil sites within 2 parcels near the foundry. Analysis found lead levels varied from 0-13.7 ppm and zinc from 0-21.96 ppm depending on soil properties. The study found lead and zinc mobility correlated positively with pH, limestone content, and each other, but negatively with cation exchange capacity. Higher pH, limestone, and moisture increased heavy metal solubility by forming complexes while fine particles promoted dispersion. The results indicate soil properties significantly influence heavy metal distribution from atmospheric depositions near industrial areas.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Settlement rates of invasive tunicates were observed over 4 weeks at different locations and depths in Pillar Point Harbor, California. Clod dissolution plates and settlement plates were used to measure flow rates and tunicate recruitment. Results showed no relationship between flow and settlement, but temperature increases, heavy algal growth, and predation on plates correlated with lower settlement. Further study of how temperature, competition, and predation impact recruitment is needed to better manage invasive tunicates.
- Iron is an essential micronutrient for phytoplankton growth but its availability limits primary production in some regions of the oceans.
- Dust deposition from land is a major external source of iron to open ocean areas. Increased dust deposition during glacial periods may have stimulated biological productivity and drawn down atmospheric CO2 levels.
- However, modeling results suggest the effect of additional iron supply on global carbon cycling and atmospheric CO2 levels is small compared to other factors influencing glacial-interglacial CO2 change. The complex biogeochemical cycles controlling iron distribution and uptake require further research.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This study examined water quality in a small residential wetland in Spokane, Washington. Water samples were taken from sites along the drainage gradient leading to the wetland and within the wetland. Concentrations of ions like magnesium and sodium increased from upstream to within the wetland, likely due to evapoconcentration. While concentrations of major ions accumulated in the wetland, concentrations of potential heavy metals like lead and zinc remained below EPA aquatic life standards. The results indicate the wetland shows no evidence of geochemical hazards from surrounding anthropogenic activities like vehicle traffic or land use.
A comparative study on adsorption behavior of heavy metal elements onto soil ...Andre Zeitoun
1) The document examines the adsorption behavior of heavy metal elements from an acid solution onto common soil minerals (illite, halloysite, zeolite, goethite) over various time periods.
2) The results show that the adsorption extent of elements varies depending on the mineral type and reaction time, with Fe and As being significantly removed within an hour.
3) Overall, halloysite was found to be the most effective adsorbent, though adsorption of alkali elements did not follow predictions based on ionic radii.
This document summarizes a study on microbial metal cycling and bioaccumulation in roadside soils and streams. The study aims to establish relationships between urbanization and pollutant concentrations in a local stream ecosystem. Researchers analyzed metal concentrations in insects, soils, and sediments from different zones of a creek. They also investigated microbial oxidation and reduction of antimony species from roadside soils and isolated bacterial strains to study metabolic pathways. Preliminary results found higher arsenic and lead levels in downstream insects and trace antimony reduction by soils microbes. The study provides background on metal pollution impacts and aims to further examine seasonal shifts and microbial antimony processing.
Medcrave - Vertical distribution of different forms of potassiumMedCrave
Potassium is a major constituent of the earth crust contained more in igneous rocks than the sedimentary rocks. Potassium comprise on an average of 2.6 % of the earth crust, making it the seventh most abundant element and fourth most abundant mineral nutrient in the lithosphere .
Comparative analysis of soil elements mining by water erosion and bush burningAlexander Decker
The document summarizes the results of a study comparing the effects of bush burning and water erosion on soil element mining and replenishment. Laboratory analysis of soil samples from sites affected and unaffected by these processes found that:
- Bush burning replenished basic cations like Na+, K+, Ca++, and Mg++ in the soil, while water erosion removed these elements.
- Both processes added some heavy metals like Pb++, Ni+, Fe++, and V+ to the soil.
- Water erosion had a greater negative impact, removing more carbon, organic matter, and nitrogen from soils than bush burning.
- Statistical analysis found no significant differences in most soil elements between affected and unaffected sites, suggesting similarities
Similar to Assessment of fe(ii), fe(iii) and al(iii) in a mineralogical profile of gabonese soil (20)
Abnormalities of hormones and inflammatory cytokines in women affected with p...Alexander Decker
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have elevated levels of hormones like luteinizing hormone and testosterone, as well as higher levels of insulin and insulin resistance compared to healthy women. They also have increased levels of inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and leptin. This study found these abnormalities in the hormones and inflammatory cytokines of women with PCOS ages 23-40, indicating that hormone imbalances associated with insulin resistance and elevated inflammatory markers may worsen infertility in women with PCOS.
A usability evaluation framework for b2 c e commerce websitesAlexander Decker
This document presents a framework for evaluating the usability of B2C e-commerce websites. It involves user testing methods like usability testing and interviews to identify usability problems in areas like navigation, design, purchasing processes, and customer service. The framework specifies goals for the evaluation, determines which website aspects to evaluate, and identifies target users. It then describes collecting data through user testing and analyzing the results to identify usability problems and suggest improvements.
A universal model for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document discusses a study that aimed to synthesize motivation theories into a universal model for managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was guided by Maslow and McGregor's theories. A sample of 303 marketing executives was used. The results showed that managers will be most effective at motivating marketing executives if they consider individual needs and create challenging but attainable goals. The emerged model suggests managers should provide job satisfaction by tailoring assignments to abilities and monitoring performance with feedback. This addresses confusion faced by Nigerian bank managers in determining effective motivation strategies.
A unique common fixed point theorems in generalized dAlexander Decker
This document presents definitions and properties related to generalized D*-metric spaces and establishes some common fixed point theorems for contractive type mappings in these spaces. It begins by introducing D*-metric spaces and generalized D*-metric spaces, defines concepts like convergence and Cauchy sequences. It presents lemmas showing the uniqueness of limits in these spaces and the equivalence of different definitions of convergence. The goal of the paper is then stated as obtaining a unique common fixed point theorem for generalized D*-metric spaces.
A trends of salmonella and antibiotic resistanceAlexander Decker
This document provides a review of trends in Salmonella and antibiotic resistance. It begins with an introduction to Salmonella as a facultative anaerobe that causes nontyphoidal salmonellosis. The emergence of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella is then discussed. The document proceeds to cover the historical perspective and classification of Salmonella, definitions of antimicrobials and antibiotic resistance, and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella including modification or destruction of antimicrobial agents, efflux pumps, modification of antibiotic targets, and decreased membrane permeability. Specific resistance mechanisms are discussed for several classes of antimicrobials.
A transformational generative approach towards understanding al-istifhamAlexander Decker
This document discusses a transformational-generative approach to understanding Al-Istifham, which refers to interrogative sentences in Arabic. It begins with an introduction to the origin and development of Arabic grammar. The paper then explains the theoretical framework of transformational-generative grammar that is used. Basic linguistic concepts and terms related to Arabic grammar are defined. The document analyzes how interrogative sentences in Arabic can be derived and transformed via tools from transformational-generative grammar, categorizing Al-Istifham into linguistic and literary questions.
A time series analysis of the determinants of savings in namibiaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the determinants of savings in Namibia from 1991 to 2012. It reviews previous literature on savings determinants in developing countries. The study uses time series analysis including unit root tests, cointegration, and error correction models to analyze the relationship between savings and variables like income, inflation, population growth, deposit rates, and financial deepening in Namibia. The results found inflation and income have a positive impact on savings, while population growth negatively impacts savings. Deposit rates and financial deepening were found to have no significant impact. The study reinforces previous work and emphasizes the importance of improving income levels to achieve higher savings rates in Namibia.
A therapy for physical and mental fitness of school childrenAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the importance of exercise in maintaining physical and mental fitness for school children. It discusses how physical and mental fitness are developed through participation in regular physical exercises and cannot be achieved solely through classroom learning. The document outlines different types and components of fitness and argues that developing fitness should be a key objective of education systems. It recommends that schools ensure pupils engage in graded physical activities and exercises to support their overall development.
A theory of efficiency for managing the marketing executives in nigerian banksAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study examining efficiency in managing marketing executives in Nigerian banks. The study was examined through the lenses of Kaizen theory (continuous improvement) and efficiency theory. A survey of 303 marketing executives from Nigerian banks found that management plays a key role in identifying and implementing efficiency improvements. The document recommends adopting a "3H grand strategy" to improve the heads, hearts, and hands of management and marketing executives by enhancing their knowledge, attitudes, and tools.
This document discusses evaluating the link budget for effective 900MHz GSM communication. It describes the basic parameters needed for a high-level link budget calculation, including transmitter power, antenna gains, path loss, and propagation models. Common propagation models for 900MHz that are described include Okumura model for urban areas and Hata model for urban, suburban, and open areas. Rain attenuation is also incorporated using the updated ITU model to improve communication during rainfall.
A synthetic review of contraceptive supplies in punjabAlexander Decker
This document discusses contraceptive use in Punjab, Pakistan. It begins by providing background on the benefits of family planning and contraceptive use for maternal and child health. It then analyzes contraceptive commodity data from Punjab, finding that use is still low despite efforts to improve access. The document concludes by emphasizing the need for strategies to bridge gaps and meet the unmet need for effective and affordable contraceptive methods and supplies in Punjab in order to improve health outcomes.
A synthesis of taylor’s and fayol’s management approaches for managing market...Alexander Decker
1) The document discusses synthesizing Taylor's scientific management approach and Fayol's process management approach to identify an effective way to manage marketing executives in Nigerian banks.
2) It reviews Taylor's emphasis on efficiency and breaking tasks into small parts, and Fayol's focus on developing general management principles.
3) The study administered a survey to 303 marketing executives in Nigerian banks to test if combining elements of Taylor and Fayol's approaches would help manage their performance through clear roles, accountability, and motivation. Statistical analysis supported combining the two approaches.
A survey paper on sequence pattern mining with incrementalAlexander Decker
This document summarizes four algorithms for sequential pattern mining: GSP, ISM, FreeSpan, and PrefixSpan. GSP is an Apriori-based algorithm that incorporates time constraints. ISM extends SPADE to incrementally update patterns after database changes. FreeSpan uses frequent items to recursively project databases and grow subsequences. PrefixSpan also uses projection but claims to not require candidate generation. It recursively projects databases based on short prefix patterns. The document concludes by stating the goal was to find an efficient scheme for extracting sequential patterns from transactional datasets.
A survey on live virtual machine migrations and its techniquesAlexander Decker
This document summarizes several techniques for live virtual machine migration in cloud computing. It discusses works that have proposed affinity-aware migration models to improve resource utilization, energy efficient migration approaches using storage migration and live VM migration, and a dynamic consolidation technique using migration control to avoid unnecessary migrations. The document also summarizes works that have designed methods to minimize migration downtime and network traffic, proposed a resource reservation framework for efficient migration of multiple VMs, and addressed real-time issues in live migration. Finally, it provides a table summarizing the techniques, tools used, and potential future work or gaps identified for each discussed work.
A survey on data mining and analysis in hadoop and mongo dbAlexander Decker
This document discusses data mining of big data using Hadoop and MongoDB. It provides an overview of Hadoop and MongoDB and their uses in big data analysis. Specifically, it proposes using Hadoop for distributed processing and MongoDB for data storage and input. The document reviews several related works that discuss big data analysis using these tools, as well as their capabilities for scalable data storage and mining. It aims to improve computational time and fault tolerance for big data analysis by mining data stored in Hadoop using MongoDB and MapReduce.
1. The document discusses several challenges for integrating media with cloud computing including media content convergence, scalability and expandability, finding appropriate applications, and reliability.
2. Media content convergence challenges include dealing with the heterogeneity of media types, services, networks, devices, and quality of service requirements as well as integrating technologies used by media providers and consumers.
3. Scalability and expandability challenges involve adapting to the increasing volume of media content and being able to support new media formats and outlets over time.
This document surveys trust architectures that leverage provenance in wireless sensor networks. It begins with background on provenance, which refers to the documented history or derivation of data. Provenance can be used to assess trust by providing metadata about how data was processed. The document then discusses challenges for using provenance to establish trust in wireless sensor networks, which have constraints on energy and computation. Finally, it provides background on trust, which is the subjective probability that a node will behave dependably. Trust architectures need to be lightweight to account for the constraints of wireless sensor networks.
This document discusses private equity investments in Kenya. It provides background on private equity and discusses trends in various regions. The objectives of the study discussed are to establish the extent of private equity adoption in Kenya, identify common forms of private equity utilized, and determine typical exit strategies. Private equity can involve venture capital, leveraged buyouts, or mezzanine financing. Exits allow recycling of capital into new opportunities. The document provides context on private equity globally and in developing markets like Africa to frame the goals of the study.
This document discusses a study that analyzes the financial health of the Indian logistics industry from 2005-2012 using Altman's Z-score model. The study finds that the average Z-score for selected logistics firms was in the healthy to very healthy range during the study period. The average Z-score increased from 2006 to 2010 when the Indian economy was hit by the global recession, indicating the overall performance of the Indian logistics industry was good. The document reviews previous literature on measuring financial performance and distress using ratios and Z-scores, and outlines the objectives and methodology used in the current study.
Assessment of fe(ii), fe(iii) and al(iii) in a mineralogical profile of gabonese soil
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.10, 2012
Assessment of Fe(II), Fe(III) and Al(III) in a mineralogical profile
of Gabonese soil
Jean Aubin ONDO, François EBA, Richard MENYE BIYOGO, Louis Gabin LOUEMBE, Aimé-Jhustelin
ABOGO MEBALE
Laboratoire Pluridisciplinaire des Sciences (LAPLUS), Ecole Normale Supérieure BP 17009 Libreville, Gabon.
Corresponding author: laplus_ens@yahoo.fr
Abstract
Four depths of a soil were sampled, extracted successively with water, 1 N KCl and aqua regia and analyzed.
The soil displays a lithogenic discontinuity with a soil profile which was loam, sandy loam or clay. It was from
slightly acid to strongly acid. Data showed significant correlations between soil properties and antagonist effects
between Fe ions in the iron oxide formation. Metal speciation by a three extraction scheme showed that the total
concentration of Fe(II) in the four soil horizons decreased as function of depth when the concentration of Al(III)
and Fe(III) increased in the same time. The mineralogical fraction, the bigger fraction, decreased for all elements
studied. This change led to increase significatively the water-soluble and exchangeable fractions of Fe(II) and
exchangeable fraction of Al(III) and Fe(III). Significant correlations indicated inter-dependence of fractions and
showed the influence of soil properties on the solubility and mobility of aluminum and iron.
Keywords: acid soils; metals; sequential extraction
1. Introduction
Metal species identification is used by researchers studying soil fertility, water quality, soil genesis and
geomorphology, environmental quality, soil ecology, and soil remediation. The ubiquity of metals combined with
the complexity of soils makes the study of metals one of the most important disciplines of soil chemistry (Walna
et al., 2010). Iron and aluminum are the two most essential elements for understanding various soil forming
processes. Distribution of different forms of iron and aluminum in soil is important to understand Fe and Al soil
chemistry and the physicochemical properties of soil. The Fe and Al released during the weathering of Fe and Al
bearing parent materials are reprecipitated in the soils as oxides or hydroxide and oxihydroxide of iron and
aluminum. The amount and distribution of extractable Fe and Al oxides in soil profiles indicate the stage and
degree of soil development. However, very meager information is available on the degree of soil development
and the direction of pedogenic processes of Fe and Al in these soils. The present study was intended to
investigate the different forms of Fe and Al and the interrelationship among themselves as well as with some
important soil characteristics. (Bera et al., 2005).
The aim of the present research was to determine the fractionation of aluminum and iron in different depths of
soil and their dependence to the soil properties.
2. Material and methods
This study was conducted from a hand dug well to Bikele (0°24′N, 9°34′E) near Libreville, the capital of Gabon.
The climate is equatorial type. The annual rainfall varies from 1,600 to 1,800 mm. Average temperatures
oscillate between 25 and 28°C with minima (18°C) in July and maxima (35°C) in April, and a hygrometry of 80
to 100%. The soil is strongly alterated and desaturated (Delhumeau, 1969).
The soil samples were randomly collected with a stainless steel shovel at 0 (H0), 2 (H2), 4 (H4) and 6 (H6)
meters of depth. The samples were put in plastic bags immediately and stored at −4°C. They were air-dried,
crushed in a mortar, sifted through a 100 mesh sieve (250 μm).
Soil physicochemical properties have been assessed according to the ISO standard (AFNOR, 1994). They
include: Particle size (three fractions), pH (water and 1 N KCl), and cation exchange capacity (CEC).
The sequential extraction method used aims to separate the studied elements in three fractions:
- Water-soluble fraction: 10 g of soil sample and 25 mL of deionised water were added into 100 mL plastic
centrifuge tubes. The tubes were shaken for 2 h, and then allowed to stand for 24 h. The solutions were
separated from the soil by centrifugation and filtered through a 0.43 μm filter paper.
108
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.10, 2012
- Exchangeable fraction: 100 mL of 1 M KCl solution were added to the soil sample into 100 mL plastic
centrifuge tubes. The tubes were shaken for 2 h, and then allowed to stand for 24 h. The solutions were
separated from the soil by centrifugation and filtered through a 0.43 μm filter paper.
- Mineralogical fraction: The soil sample was mineralized at 200°C for 5 hours using aqua regia (1/3
HNO3+2/3 HCl)
Total Al3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ were also mineralized from soil samples. Al3+ and Fe2+ concentration were determined
by titrating with standard NaOH solution in an N2 atmosphere (Pansu and Gautheyrou, 2006). The concentration
of iron in the ferric form was determined colorimetrically by the reaction of Fe3+ with thiocyanate forming under
acidic conditions a red-colored complex (Furman, 1962). The complex was determined by UV-visible
spectrophotometry at 480 nm. The experiments were conducted in triplicate.
3. Results and discussion
The particle-size distribution, pH, cationic exchange capacity (CEC), exchange acidity and concentration of
major metal oxides of soils under study are shown in Table 1.
In terms of grain size, the soil displays a lithogenic discontinuity. The silt and clay fractions of H2 differed
substantially compared to those of the other horizons. The soil profile is loam or sandy loam exception of H2
where it is clay. However, this difference was not significant in CEC level. This is probably due to the presence
of kaolinite as main clay in soils of the region (Ondo, 2011). But, it is known that the CEC of kaolinite is 3-15
cmol/kg (Wilson, 1994), which does not affect the overall soil CEC. The conducted pH determinations put them
in the class of slightly acidic soil for H2 and strongly acidic soils for the others. The lowest pHKCl is
characteristic of the topsoil which displays the humus accumulation and the highest organic C content (Walna et
al., 2010).
The mineralogical composition influenced the concentrations of the metals examined in the soil horizons and had
been studied earlier onto soils near this site (Ondo, 2011). It showed a dominance of quartz and clay minerals
such as kaolinite, illite and chlorite. These clay minerals could be the main source of aluminium, iron and silica.
Significant positive correlations between clay fraction and pHwater (r = 0,815), pHKCl (r = 0,684) and exchange
acidity (r = 0,882), and between pHwater and exchange acidity (r = 0.738) were found indicating that a increase in
the clay fraction level would allow to increase the pH and exchange acidity. On the other hand, the negative
correlation between FeO and (Al2O3 and Fe2O3) (r = -0,773 and r = -0.921) and the positive correlation between
Al2O3 and Fe2O3 (r = 0,736) would indicated an antagonism between Fe(II) and Fe(III) which benefits Fe(III)
when the concentration of Al oxides increases.
Metal speciation by three extraction scheme was performed on all samples. Aqueous extract simulates metal
release to soil solution under common conditions. In the case of Al, it implicates actual Al toxicity. Extraction by
KCl releases exchangeable metals. The major pool of these metals is soil sorption complex. Thus extraction by
KCl solution describes potential threat for a case of strong disturbance of soil conditions (Dlouha et al., 2009).
The metal mineralogical fraction is strongly bounded to soil minerals. The analyte concentrations and
percentages in the three fractions are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1.
The total concentration of Fe(II) in the four soil horizons decreased as function of depth from 20,491 mg/kg (H0)
to 5,409 mg/kg (H6), since the concentration of Al(III) and Fe(III) increased in the same time from 30,142 mg/kg
(H0) to 41,567 mg/kg (H6) and 12,656 mg/kg (H0) to 20,258 mg/kg (H6), respectively. The data show that the
studied metals were mainly in mineralogical form. However, this fraction decreased between topsoil and
subsoils. So, mineralogical fraction decreased from 91.3% to 79.4% (H2) for Al(III), 94.8% to 71.8 (H6) for
Fe(II) and 93.9 to 86.3% (H6) for Fe(III) . In the case of Fe(II), this change led to increase significatively the
water-soluble and exchangeable fractions from 0.8% to 8.8% and 4.4% to 19.4%, respectively. In opposite, the
mineralogical fraction decrease allowed to increase only significatively exchangeable fraction, from 7.8% to
15.6% for Al(III) and 5.5% to 13.4% for Fe(III). The majority of studied metals exist in the residual fraction of
all the samples. XRD analysis of soils this zone (Ondo, 2011) showed that the soils profile mainly consisted of
kaolinite, anatase, rutile, gibbsite and goethite. The main source of Al in the soil samples is the weathering of
aluminosilicates. Thus, Al is present in the samples mainly in the form of primary and secondary silicate
minerals such as kaolinite and gibbsite (Favas et al., 2011) since Fe should be present in the form of goethite and
other minerals.
Highly significant correlations (Table 3) were found between the water-soluble fraction and (exchangeable and
mineralogical) fractions of Al(III) (r = 0.626 and r = 0.708), which indicates influence of last fractions on the
water-soluble fraction.
There was a good correlation between the pHKCl and (water-soluble and KCl-extractable) Al(III) (r = 0.521 and r
109
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.10, 2012
= 0.791; Table 3). This suggests that the vertical distribution of the water-soluble and exchangeable Al was
regulated by soil acidity. Furthermore, the topsoil generally contained the highest organic matter, the
exchangeable Al concentration was the lowest in the soil profile. This result suggests that the organic colloids
had a weak role to play in holding exchangeable Al, possibly because of the low density of negative charge on
the colloid surfaces under acidic conditions (Lu et al., 2011).
The positive correlation between the Fe(II) concentration in the exchangeable Fe(II) fraction and the pH value of
the soil (r = 0.798; Table 3) indicates that the solubility of Fe(II) in this fraction increases with soil pH
increasing. In soils saturated with water as soils of Libreville, the iron reduction is accompanied by an increase
of the solubility of Fe(II) characterized by a lower redox potential, an increase in pH to acidic soils, rapid growth
reduced iron contents in the soil and in the liquid phase (Vizier, 1988).
The negative correlations between the exchangeable Fe(II) and the sand and silt contents(r = 0.797 and r =
0.747) and the positive correlation between exchangeable Fe(II) and the clay content(r = 0.830) indicate this
Fe(II) fraction stably bound with the clay particles, since increasing particle size led to decreasing solubility of
the Fe(II) in this fraction. In the same time, the negative correlation between mineralogical Fe(III) and sand
content (r = -0.538) indicates the similar behavior even if the other correlations (with silt and clay) were low. But
the important quantity of negative correlations between (total and mineralogical fraction) Fe(II) and (total and
mineralogical fraction) Al(III) and Fe(III), positive correlations between (total and mineralogical fraction) Fe(III)
and Al(III) indicate that Al(III) and Fe(III) are often committed in the same minerals and that the increase of
Fe(II)-minerals decreased the content of Fe(III)- and/or Al(III) minerals. This decrease is probably due because
substitution of Al(III) and Fe(III) by Fe(II). Indeed, Taylor and Mckenzie (1980) indicated foir example that in
the absence of oxygen, Fe(II) solutions react with aluminum hydroxide suspensions to form new Fe(II)-AI(III)
hydroxy anion compounds. The positive correlations between pHKCl and most fractions of studied metals
indicate the participation of these metals in the exchange acidity of soils.
4. Conclusion
Fractionation of soil Al(III), Fe(II) and Fe(III) by sequential extraction stays suitable in defining various forms of
these elements in soils. Solubility and mobility of Al and Fe in soils is related to the different physicochemical
soil properties such as pH which was low. Aluminum and iron are major soil elements occurring in several soil
minerals. They are in mineral composition or adsorbed in surface of other minerals. From now, the extractable
elements in soil depths could serve to assess availability or toxicity of these elements in soils.
References
AFNOR (1994). Qualité des sols. Recueil de normes françaises. AFNOR, Paris.
Bera, R., Seal, A., Banerjee, M., Dolui, A. K. (2005). Nature and profile distribution of iron and aluminum in
relation to pedogenic processes in some soils developed under tropical environment in India. Environmental
Geology 47, 241–245
Delhumeau, M. (1969). Notice explicative N° 36. Carte pédologique de reconnaissance à 1/200000. Feuille
Libreville-Kango. ORSTOM Paris.; 51 p. + carte.
Favas, P. J. C., Pratas, J., Gomes, M. E. P., Cala, V. (2011). Selective chemical extraction of heavy metals in
tailings and soils contaminated by mining activity: Environmental implications. Journal of Geochemical
Exploration, 111, 160-171
Dlouha, S., Boruvka, L., Pavlu, L., Tejnecky, V., Drabek, O. (2009). Comparison of Al speciation and other soil
characteristics between meadow, young forest and old forest stands. Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 103,
1459–1464
Furman, N.H. (1962). Iron. In Van Nostrand. Standard Methods of Chemical Analysis, Vol. 1, Princeton, 529-
555
Lu, W., Ma, Y., Lin, C. (2011). Status of aluminium in environmental compartments contaminated by acidic
mine water. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 189, 700-709
Ondo, J. A. (2011). Vulnérabilité des sols maraîchers du Gabon (région de Libreville): acidification et mobilité
des éléments métalliques. PhD Thesis. Université de Provence, France. p. 324
Pansu, M., Gautheyrou, J. (2006). Handbook of Soil Analysis—Mineralogical, Organic and Inorganic Methods.
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg
Taylor, R. M., Mckenzie, R. M., (1980). The influence of aluminum on iron oxides. VI. The formation of Fe(II)-
AI(III) hydroxy-chlorides, -sulfates, and -carbonates as new members of the pyroaurite group and their
significance in soils. Clays and Clay Minerals, 28, 179-187
110
4. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.10, 2012
Vizier, J. F. (1988). La toxicité ferreuse dans les sols de rizières. L’importance du problème, causes et
mécanismes mis en jeu, conséquences pour l’utilisation des sols. Rapport d’avancement juin 1998 pp 77-89
Walna, B., Spychalski, W., Ibragimow, A., (2010). Fractionation of Iron and Manganese in the Horizons of a
Nutrient-Poor Forest Soil Profile Using the Sequential Extraction Method. Polish Journal of Environmental
Studies, 19, 1029-1037
Wilson, M. J. (1994). Clay mineralogy: spectroscopic and chemical determinative methods, Chapman & Hall,
London, New York, Tokyo. pp 300-327
Table 1. Physicochemical soil properties of Bikele
Echantill
H0 H2 H4 H6
on
20,7 29,2
% Sand 51,7a 43,9a
b b
34,5a
% Silt 7,6c 39,6a 29,6b
b
28,4 27,0b
% Clay 12,0c 69,2a
b c
C.E.C. 12,7a 13,1a 11,8a 12,6a
pHwater 4,1b 5,6a 4,9ab 4,3b
pHKCl 3,3b 4,9a 4,6a 4,5ab
Al2O3
11,4a 12,2a 15,3a 14,9a
(%)
FeO (%) 7,6a 4,3b 2,5c 2,0c
Fe2O3
4,6b 7,0a 7,4a 7,7a
(%)
Table 2: Concentrations of Al3+, Fe2+ and Fe3+ in different fractions and depths.
H0 H2 H4 H6
F1 250 371 419 675
3+
Al F2 2363 6075 6345 6480
(mg/kg)
2752 2488 3335 3441
F3
9 2 3 2
F1 168 461 489 475
2+
Fe F2 894 1439 1118 1048
(mg/kg) 1942
F3 9326 5440 3886
9
F1 70 63 59 66
Fe3+ F2 699 1677 2096 2711
(mg/kg) 1188 1678 1748 1748
F3
7 2 1 1
F1: water-soluble fraction; F2: Exchangeable fraction; F3: mineralogical fraction
111
6. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.2, No.10, 2012
Figure 1: Sequential extractions as percent of total Al(III), Fe(II) and Fe(III) in soil with F1: water-soluble
fraction; F2: Exchangeable fraction; F3: mineralogical fraction
113
7. This academic article was published by The International Institute for Science,
Technology and Education (IISTE). The IISTE is a pioneer in the Open Access
Publishing service based in the U.S. and Europe. The aim of the institute is
Accelerating Global Knowledge Sharing.
More information about the publisher can be found in the IISTE’s homepage:
http://www.iiste.org
CALL FOR PAPERS
The IISTE is currently hosting more than 30 peer-reviewed academic journals and
collaborating with academic institutions around the world. There’s no deadline for
submission. Prospective authors of IISTE journals can find the submission
instruction on the following page: http://www.iiste.org/Journals/
The IISTE editorial team promises to the review and publish all the qualified
submissions in a fast manner. All the journals articles are available online to the
readers all over the world without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than
those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself. Printed version of the
journals is also available upon request from readers and authors.
IISTE Knowledge Sharing Partners
EBSCO, Index Copernicus, Ulrich's Periodicals Directory, JournalTOCS, PKP Open
Archives Harvester, Bielefeld Academic Search Engine, Elektronische
Zeitschriftenbibliothek EZB, Open J-Gate, OCLC WorldCat, Universe Digtial
Library , NewJour, Google Scholar