This ppt covers sources, natural and anthropogenic processes, and impacts of heavy metals pollution on environment with Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals.
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
Heavy metals and its effects on plants and environmentHaider Ali Malik
Heavy metals are natural constituents of the earth’s crust , but indiscriminate human activities have drastically altered their geochemical cycles and biochemicals balance.
Any toxic metals may be called heavy metals.
Since heavy metals have a propensity to accumulate in selective body organs.
The average safety levels in food or water are often misleading high.
Heavy is any metal or metalloid of environmental concern.
Heavy metals are metallic element that have relatively high density usually greater than 5 g/cm3, or their density is greater than the density of water.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
• Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
• These are often called ‘trace elements’ as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
• Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
• Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
• Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
• These are natural components of the Earth’s crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
• Lustre /shininess
• High melting point
• High density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-degradable
• Malleable
• Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
• Persistence –long residual and half life
• Soil residence time is more than 1000years
• Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
• Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
• Synergistic effects
• Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
The metals, which are required in a very minute amount and are considered toxic, are
termed as heavy metals. Researchers have widely investigated and studied these metals
due to their dangerous and harmful influence on health and the environment. Due to their
ability to accumulate and toxic nature these are addressed to be a vital source of environmental
contamination. Heavy metals have critically polluted the environment and its components.
This has severely damaged its abilities to promote life and provide its intrinsic
values. These are naturally available compounds and because of their anthropogenic origin
they are commonly found in various environmental domain. This results in deterioration of
the environment competence to support life and health of human, animals and plants
becomes threatened. This takes place because of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in
the food chain which is a direct consequence of nondegradable state of the heavy metals.
The surroundings within which the human life exists is referred as the environment. It basically
comprises of the water, land, microorganisms, animal and plant life and the atmosphere
of the earth.
HEAVY METALS POLLUTION AND ITS EFFECT ON ENVIRONMENT
Introduction:
In the era of rapid industrialization and urbanization pollution has totally deteriorated the quality and diversity of life and heavy metals contamination are major cause of environment deterioration which persuades severe poisonous effect on all the forms of living being. It poses threat due to its non-biodegradable, bioaccumulation, stability and persistence characteristics. Therefore, disrupt the natural ecosystem.
Definition: Any metallic chemical elements that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentration.
In metallurgy, Heavy Metals are defined on the basis of density, having density more than 4g/cm3. In physics it is defined on the basis of atomic number having atomic number more than 20, while in chemistry on the basis of chemical behavior. But, modern definition of heavy metals describes as metallic elements and metalloids which are toxic to the environment and human.
• Heavy metal ranges from 3.5g/cm3 to 7 g/cm3 and have specific gravity at least 5 times more than water.
• These are often called ‘trace elements’ as required in small quantity (ppm or ppb)
• Heavy metals can be found in the forms of sulfates, hydroxides, oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and silicates.
• Heavy metal contamination and toxicity: a prominent environmental issue in water, soil/sediments and air.
• Heavy metals can be both beneficial and detrimental (at high concentration) to the environment and life.
• These are natural components of the Earth’s crust. Consumed by life forms via eating food, drinking water and inhaling air.
Physical Properties of heavy metals
• Lustre /shininess
• High melting point
• High density
• Good conductor of heat and electricity
• Non-degradable
• Malleable
• Ductile
Toxicological properties of Heavy Metals
• Persistence –long residual and half life
• Soil residence time is more than 1000years
• Acute toxicity-plants, animals and microorganisms
• Bioaccumulation and biomagnifications through food chain
• Chronic and sub-lethal effects at low concentration
• Synergistic effects
• Teratogenic and carcinogenic properties
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
The metals, which are required in a very minute amount and are considered toxic, are
termed as heavy metals. Researchers have widely investigated and studied these metals
due to their dangerous and harmful influence on health and the environment. Due to their
ability to accumulate and toxic nature these are addressed to be a vital source of environmental
contamination. Heavy metals have critically polluted the environment and its components.
This has severely damaged its abilities to promote life and provide its intrinsic
values. These are naturally available compounds and because of their anthropogenic origin
they are commonly found in various environmental domain. This results in deterioration of
the environment competence to support life and health of human, animals and plants
becomes threatened. This takes place because of bioaccumulation of these heavy metals in
the food chain which is a direct consequence of nondegradable state of the heavy metals.
The surroundings within which the human life exists is referred as the environment. It basically
comprises of the water, land, microorganisms, animal and plant life and the atmosphere
of the earth.
Gold mines and impact of heavy metals on the environmentIAEME Publication
This research report puts light on the research and the study of gold mining plant in Oman and its assessment and its contribution of gold mining into various other environmental media on the
basis of heavy metals. In this research study, various samples were collected from crop plants,stream waters and soil of the plant area of gold mining.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Ecosystem Ecology: COMMUNITY ECOLOGY, POPULATION ECOLOGY, INTRODUCTION TO SEED DISPERSAL
Producers, Consumers, Food Chain, Food Web, Relationships between living organisms, Biogeochemical Cycles
Turkey is a native bird of America. This ppt covers the classification, geographic distribution, habitat, behaviour, reproduction and use of Turkey by humans.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
2. GROUP 4
1. ADEENA TANVEER (04021613001)
2. HADIA KHADIJA (04021613013)
3. MARIUM IQBAL (04021613017)
4. MARIA RASHEED (04021613040)
3. CONTENT
INTRODUCTION
SOURCES OF HEAVY METALS
ENVIORNMENTAL IMPACTS OF HEAVY METALS
EFFECTS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION
MECHANISMS OF REMEDIATING HEAVY METALS
5. Introduction
There is no specific definition of a heavy metal, literature has defined it
as a naturally occurring element having a high atomic weight and high
density which is five times greater than that of water.
Heavy metals are usually present in trace amounts in natural waters but
many of them are toxic even at very low concentrations.
Metals such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, nickel, mercury, chromium,
cobalt, zinc and selenium are highly toxic even in minor quantity.
7. Sources of Heavy Metals
Heavy metals can emanate from both natural and anthropogenic
processes and end up in different environmental compartments (soil,
water, air and their interface).
10. Natural Processes
Under different and certain environmental conditions, natural emissions
of heavy metals occur.
Such emissions include:
1. volcanic eruptions,
2. sea-salt sprays,
3. forest fires,
4. rock weathering,
5. biogenic sources
6. wind-borne soil particles.
11. Natural Processes
Natural weathering processes can lead to the release of metals from their
endemic spheres to different environment compartments.
The most common heavy metals are
1. lead (Pb),
2. nickel (Ni),
3. chromium (Cr),
4. cadmium (Cd),
5. arsenic (As),
6. mercury (Hg),
7. zinc (Zn)
8. copper (Cu).
12. Anthropogenic Processes
Industries, agriculture, wastewater, mining and metallurgical processes,
and runoffs also lead to the release of pollutants to different
environmental compartments.
Anthropogenic processes of heavy metals have been noted to go
beyond the natural fluxes for some metals.
13. Anthropogenic Processes
Some important anthropogenic sources which significantly contribute to
the heavy metal contamination in the environment include
• automobile exhaust which releases lead
• smelting which releases arsenic, copper and zinc
• insecticides which release arsenic
• burning of fossil fuels which release nickel, vanadium, mercury,
selenium.
15. Environmental Impacts of Heavy Metals
The presence of heavy metals in the environment leads to a number of
adverse impacts.
Such impacts affect all spheres of the environment, that is, hydrosphere,
lithosphere, biosphere and atmosphere.
Until the impacts are dealt with, health and mortality problems break
out, as well as the disturbance of food chains.
20. Effects of heavy metals contamination
Heavy metals contamination is becoming a serious issue of concern
around the world as it has gained momentum due to the increase in the
use and processing of heavy metals during various activities to meet the
needs of the rapidly growing population.
Soil, water and air are the major environmental compartments which are
affected by heavy metals pollution.
21.
22. Effect on soil
Emissions from activities and sources such as industrial activities, mine
tailings, disposal of high metal wastes, land application of fertilizers,
animal manures, sewage sludge, pesticides, wastewater irrigation, coal
combustion residues and lead to soil contamination by heavy metals.
Soils have been noted to be the major sinks for heavy metals released
into the environment by anthropogenic activities.
Most heavy metals do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation
because they are nondegradable, and consequently their total
concentrations last for a long time after being released to the
environment.
23. Effect on soil
The presence of heavy metals in soils is a serious issue due to its
residence in food chains, thus destroying the entire ecosystem.
There are various ways through which heavy metals present risks to
humans, animals, plants and ecosystems as a whole.
Such ways include direct ingestion, absorption by plants, food chains,
consumption of contaminated water and alteration of soil pH, porosity,
color and its natural chemistry which in turn impact on the soil quality.
24. Effect on water
Although there are many sources of water contamination,
industrialization and urbanization are two of the culprits for the
increased level of heavy metal water contamination.
Heavy metals are transported by runoff from industries, and urban
areas. Most of these metals end up accumulating in the soil and
sediments of water bodies.
25. Effect on water
Heavy metals can be found in traces in water sources and still be very
toxic and impose serious health problems to humans and other
ecosystems.
This is because the toxicity level of a metal depends on factors such as
the organisms which are exposed to it, its nature, its biological role and
the period at which the organisms are exposed to the metal.
26. Effect on water
The contamination of water by heavy metals actually affects all
organisms.
Humans, an example of organisms feeding at the highest level, are more
prone to serious health problems because the concentrations of heavy
metals increase in the food chain.
27.
28.
29. Effects on air
Industrialization and urbanization, due to rapid world population
growth, have recently made air pollution as a major environmental
problem around the world. The air pollution was reported to have been
accelerated by dust and particulate matters (PMs).
Natural processes which release particulate matters into air include dust
storms, soil erosion, volcanic eruptions and rock weathering, while
anthropogenic activities are more industrial and transportation related.
30. Effect on air
They can lead to serious health problems such as skin and eyes irritation,
respiratory infections, premature mortality and cardiovascular diseases.
These pollutants also cause deterioration of infrastructure, corrosion,
formation of acid rain, eutrophication and haze.
33. Mechanisms of Remediating Heavy Metals
In order to protect the human health, plants, animals, soil and all the
compartments of the environment, proper and careful attention should
be given to remediation technologies of heavy metals.
Most physical and chemical heavy metal remediation technologies
require handling of large amounts of sludge, destroy surrounding
ecosystems and are very expensive
34. Precipitation
A variety of alkaline chemical reagents have been used over the years
for neutralization of acid mine drainage (AMD) in order to increase the
pH and consequently precipitate and recover the metals.
The most common alkaline reagents used for sequential recovery of
minerals resources from AMD are limestone (CaCO3), caustic soda
(NaOH), soda ash (Na2CO3), quicklime (CaO), slaked lime (Ca(OH)2) and
magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2)
35. Adsorption
Adsorption occurs when an adsorbate adheres to the surface of an
adsorbent. Due to reversibility and desorption capabilities, adsorption is
regarded the most effective and economically viable option for the
removal of metals from aqueous solution.
Although efficient, adsorption is not effective with very concentrated
solution as the adsorbent easily gets saturated with the adsorbate.
It is only feasible for very dilute solutions, is labor intensive because it
requires frequent regeneration and it is not selective in terms of metal
attenuation. Adsorption is therefore not applied in a large scale of metal
remediation.
36. Ion exchange
Ion exchange is the exchange of ions between two or more electrolyte
solutions. It can also refer to exchange of ions on a solid substrate to soil
solution.
High cation exchange capacity clay and resins are commonly used for
the uptake of metals from aqueous solutions.
Natural and synthetic clays, zeolites and synthetic resins have been used
for removal and attenuation of metals from wastewater.
37. Biosorption
Biosorption refers to the removal of pollutants from water systems using
biological materials, and it entails the absorption, adsorption, ion
exchange, surface complexation and precipitation.
Bio sorbents have an advantage of accessibility, efficiency and capacity.
This process is readily and easily available.
Regeneration is easy, hence making it very favorable.
However, when the concentration of the feed solution is very high, the
process easily reaches a breakthrough, thus limiting further pollutant
removal.
38. Membrane technologies
The use of membrane technologies for the recovery of acid mine
drainage is very effective for water that has high concentration of
pollutants.
It uses the concentration gradients phenomenon or the opposite which
is reverse osmosis.
There are different types of membranes that are used for mine water
treatment including: ultrafiltration, Nano-filtration, reverse osmosis,
microfiltration and particle filtration.
39. Filtration
A chemically modified cellulose filter paper with
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is described as a device for metal
remediation.
The high hydrophilicity of cellulose paper associated to the strong
chelating properties of the EDTA moieties for metals allow the treatment
of water samples containing various metal cations, including Ag, Ni, Zn,
Cd, Pb, Sn and Cu, with 90-95% removal efficiency.
