This document analyzes heavy metal levels in roadside soils from four major roads in Maiduguri, Nigeria. Samples were tested for copper, lead, manganese, and zinc using ICP-OES. Results showed manganese levels highest, followed by zinc, copper, and lead (only detected in one road). Concentrations decreased with distance from roads, likely due to vehicle traffic. Accumulation of heavy metals in soils and plants could enter the food chain. The study provides baseline data on heavy metal contamination in roadside soils for future research.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
Rainfall and Chemical Weathering of Basalt Facade at Puebla Cathedral, Mexicodrboon
Pollutant emissions from anthropogenic activities have modified frequency, amount and chemical quality of rainfall at a specific site. Interactions of atmospheric dust with rainfall have induced weathering at Puebla Cathedral basalt facade. Chemical damage in exposed construction materials becomes evident as crusts, color bleaching, or salt deposits either into the stone or onto its surface. This work presents data on atmospheric dust (2012), rainfall (2009, 2011, 2012 years) and weathered basalt samples collected at downtown Puebla. Samples were characterized by gravimetric and spectrophotometric techniques for anions and metals. Results have provided evidence that atmospheric dust contains carbonates (>300 mg/g), sulfate and chloride (< 10 mg/g); otherwise main anions in rain samples are bicarbonate>chloride>sulfate, this order is reproduced in the results of most weathered basalt samples.
Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Reviewresearchinventy
A major treat to the comfort of human life has been imposed by the unintentional and great increased industrialization and urbanization. Their generations and land disposals of huge amounts of toxic materials and pollutants have contributed in contaminating our environment frighteningly. Synthetic dyes (SD) and heavy metals (HM) are becoming increasingly prevalent in soil and surface water environments, as the most dangerous pollutants. They are present a great concern worldwide, due to their toxicity to many life forms. Environment-friendly utilization of agricultural by-products/waste materials either as raw materials or in production of the so-called activated carbons (AC) is an important issue. Because, it is apparent from our literature review that the main factors characterizing these materials are the inexpensiveness, the local availability and their efficiencies in removal of heavy metals and dyes from contaminated water. A number of different agricultural by-product/wastes as renewable and potential sources for green adsorbent production has been listed in this review. Additionally, the paper has provided the reader with an overview of a number of case studies which were conducted by scientists and researchers. These case studies have pointed out to the efficient removal of SD/HM ions from aqueous solutions by the agricultural by-products/wastes in the form of a raw material, spent tea leaves (STL), spent coffee ground(SCG), and rice husk (RH) wastes were selected as a good examples. Besides, the efficient removal of such ions by AC produced from the same raw materials has been also reviewed. Both kinds are widely used adsorbents in the treatment of wastewaters. High adsorption capacity, cost effectiveness, and environmentally friendly, and their abundance in nature are the important factors which explain why the adsorbent materials derived from an agricultural by-product/wastes is economical for the removal of dye and metal ions from contaminated water. Comparison of different technologies of wastewater treatment especially heavy metals and dyes were also listed in this review
Research Presentation on the Soil Organic Carbon and Diversity Index in the S...Shariful Islam
Abstract
Soil organic carbon is one of the important elements and the major component of the soil. A complex biogeochemical cycle in the soil mostly dependent on the soil organic carbon (SOC). However, this experimental method measure the soil organic carbon in the Chandpai range, Sundarbans. The research has been found the soil organic carbon at very low portion in the study area and the different diversity index of different study plots of the forest. The sampling area contaminated with oil spill and affected by different human activities. Most of the studied focused on the different parameters of the forest soil such as soil pH, soil water holdings capacity, soil moisture etc. However, this study analyzes the soil to measure the soil organic carbon and calculate the biodiversity index in the Sundarbans
The Times of #India recently #reported that #Haryana has become the second state in #India, after #Rajasthan, to have a minimum #qualification for candidates #contesting local body #elections.Similarly some time back a #minimum qualification was #suggested for #journalists.
http://bit.ly/2c4POGu
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
Rainfall and Chemical Weathering of Basalt Facade at Puebla Cathedral, Mexicodrboon
Pollutant emissions from anthropogenic activities have modified frequency, amount and chemical quality of rainfall at a specific site. Interactions of atmospheric dust with rainfall have induced weathering at Puebla Cathedral basalt facade. Chemical damage in exposed construction materials becomes evident as crusts, color bleaching, or salt deposits either into the stone or onto its surface. This work presents data on atmospheric dust (2012), rainfall (2009, 2011, 2012 years) and weathered basalt samples collected at downtown Puebla. Samples were characterized by gravimetric and spectrophotometric techniques for anions and metals. Results have provided evidence that atmospheric dust contains carbonates (>300 mg/g), sulfate and chloride (< 10 mg/g); otherwise main anions in rain samples are bicarbonate>chloride>sulfate, this order is reproduced in the results of most weathered basalt samples.
Agricultural by-Products/Waste as Dye and Metal Ions Adsorbents: A Reviewresearchinventy
A major treat to the comfort of human life has been imposed by the unintentional and great increased industrialization and urbanization. Their generations and land disposals of huge amounts of toxic materials and pollutants have contributed in contaminating our environment frighteningly. Synthetic dyes (SD) and heavy metals (HM) are becoming increasingly prevalent in soil and surface water environments, as the most dangerous pollutants. They are present a great concern worldwide, due to their toxicity to many life forms. Environment-friendly utilization of agricultural by-products/waste materials either as raw materials or in production of the so-called activated carbons (AC) is an important issue. Because, it is apparent from our literature review that the main factors characterizing these materials are the inexpensiveness, the local availability and their efficiencies in removal of heavy metals and dyes from contaminated water. A number of different agricultural by-product/wastes as renewable and potential sources for green adsorbent production has been listed in this review. Additionally, the paper has provided the reader with an overview of a number of case studies which were conducted by scientists and researchers. These case studies have pointed out to the efficient removal of SD/HM ions from aqueous solutions by the agricultural by-products/wastes in the form of a raw material, spent tea leaves (STL), spent coffee ground(SCG), and rice husk (RH) wastes were selected as a good examples. Besides, the efficient removal of such ions by AC produced from the same raw materials has been also reviewed. Both kinds are widely used adsorbents in the treatment of wastewaters. High adsorption capacity, cost effectiveness, and environmentally friendly, and their abundance in nature are the important factors which explain why the adsorbent materials derived from an agricultural by-product/wastes is economical for the removal of dye and metal ions from contaminated water. Comparison of different technologies of wastewater treatment especially heavy metals and dyes were also listed in this review
Research Presentation on the Soil Organic Carbon and Diversity Index in the S...Shariful Islam
Abstract
Soil organic carbon is one of the important elements and the major component of the soil. A complex biogeochemical cycle in the soil mostly dependent on the soil organic carbon (SOC). However, this experimental method measure the soil organic carbon in the Chandpai range, Sundarbans. The research has been found the soil organic carbon at very low portion in the study area and the different diversity index of different study plots of the forest. The sampling area contaminated with oil spill and affected by different human activities. Most of the studied focused on the different parameters of the forest soil such as soil pH, soil water holdings capacity, soil moisture etc. However, this study analyzes the soil to measure the soil organic carbon and calculate the biodiversity index in the Sundarbans
The Times of #India recently #reported that #Haryana has become the second state in #India, after #Rajasthan, to have a minimum #qualification for candidates #contesting local body #elections.Similarly some time back a #minimum qualification was #suggested for #journalists.
http://bit.ly/2c4POGu
A case study is one of several ways of doing research whether it is social science related or even socially related. It is an intensive study of a single group, incident, or community. Other ways include experiments, surveys, or analysis of archival information.
Read more - http://goo.gl/Dl5zEG
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
Analysis of Cr and Cu in Soils around Selected Automobile Workshops of Kaduna...inventionjournals
In this research, speciation analysis of soil samples from selected automobile workshops of Kaduna Metropolis, Nigeria was carried out. A modified Tessier extraction procedure was employed for the analysis. The concentrations of Cr and Cu in the samples were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The soil samples were digested and extracted using different digestion and extraction media. The results revealed that the concentrations of Cr and Cu in the soils varied from one automobile workshop to another. The result also showed that Cr concentration was minimal in the various extraction media and followed the trend; HNO₃ > MgCl₂ > EDTA > Oxalic acid. Similarly, Cu concentration was found to be highest in the oxide phase, followed by that bound to the exchangeable phase. The distribution followed the trend oxalic acid > MgCl₂ > HNO₃: H₂O₂
Variation of Heavy Metal Concentration in Soil and Plant with Distance Away f...Premier Publishers
Concentration of eight heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) were studied in the soil and plants along Song – Yola highway. Soil samples were collected at 5 m, 10 m and 15m away from the edge of the road as well as 0 – 10 cm, 10 – 20 cm and 20 cm – 30 cm depth. Plant samples were also collected around the vicinity where the soil samples were taken. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration of heavy metal in the soil and plant display the following decreasing trend Mn > Pb > Co > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd. The concentrations of the heavy metals decreased with increasing distance as well as the depth. However, there was no significant difference in concentrations at P < 0.05 among distances and depths. The concentration of the following metals Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu fall within permissible limit of WHO for all the distances (5 m, 10 m and15 m) while Pb, Mn, Co and Ni were above with the exception of Pb and Ni at the distance of 15m for soil. Also, the concentration of the following metals: Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu were within permissible limit of WHO while Pb, Mn and Co were above at all the distances (5m, 10 m and15 m) for plants.
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
Evaluation of some heavy metals in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zari...Innspub Net
This research work was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn) in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zaria, Nigeria. Four sampling locations were selected (ABUTH, NAPRI, Marabar Guga and ABU Dam Quarters in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria main campus which served as the control site). Soil samples were collected at 0, 50, 100 and 200 m distances from the roadside in three replicates, air dried at room temperature, sieved and kept in specimen bottles with appropriate labels pending analysis. Samples were digested and analyzed for concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Concentrations of these heavy metals were observed to be significantly higher at 0 m than the other distances from the roadside and this decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. There was generally no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentration at 50- 200 m from the roadside. Soil lead concentration was mostly observed to be higher than that of all other metals studied. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil samples was in the order of Pb>Mn>Zn >Cd >Cu. The contamination factors for individual heavy metal for the locations showed low to moderate contamination by the metals. Among the locations studied, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) showed the highest concentration of the most heavy metals while ABU Dam Quarters (Control), had the lowest concentration of most of the heavy metals. The study showed that, nearness to the roadside increased the soil heavy metal concentrations and this could invariably influence the same in crops planted or farm produce being dried along the roadside.
Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals is a serious global concern due to their toxicity and bioaccumulation property. The present investigation was aimed to assess heavy metal contamination of agricultural soil around the polluted zone of the Chambal River at Nagda, Ujjain (M.P, India). Soil samples were collected at three sites S1, S2, and S3 alongside of Chambal River in December 2019 and analyzed for heavy metals like Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) methods. The Igeo results revealed that the study area has fallen in the category of uncontaminated and moderately contaminated with Cd and Pb in all study stations. Essential compositions were evaluated through the estimation of geochemical accumulation indices to find out the heavy metal contamination of soil. Significant enrichment of the soil with Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb was observed in all study stations. The S1 station exhibited the highest concentrations of heavy metals in soil. The present outcome is useful for mitigating the impact of metallic pollution on environmental health and required strategies to prevent such effects.
Keywords: Chambal River, Geo-Accumulation Index, Heavy Metals, Industrial Pollution, Soil Quality.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
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In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
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11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
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30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
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at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
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4. An Overview of Sugarcane White Leaf Disease in Vietnam.pdf
Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC)
e-ISSN: 2278-5736.Volume 6, Issue 6 (Jan. 2014), PP 74-78
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 74 | Page
Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in
Maiduguri, Nigeria
Uwah, E. I., John, K. O.
Department of Chemistry, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
Abstract: Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optimal Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Optima 2000, Perkin
Elmer was used to analyze the levels of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in samples from roadside soils of four major roads
namely; Damboa, Baga, Bama and Kano roads in Maiduguri for possible heavy metals contamination due to
anthropogenic activities. The results reveal that the roadside soils Cu levels ranged from 0.21±0.01 mg/kg in
Damboa road to 2.51±0.02 mg/kg in Kano road. Pb was only detected in the road side soils of Kano road in the
range of 0.03±0.00 to 0.11±0.01mg/kg. Mn levels obtained from this study ranged from 0.47±0.02 mg/kg in
Bama road to13.83 ±0.01mg/kg in Baga road. Zn ranged from 0.07±0.02mg/kg in Bama road to 3.68 ±0.02
mg/kg in Damboa road. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the roadside soils were in the order: Mn> Zn
> Cu >Pb. Possible accumulation of these heavy metals in the soils and eventually transfer to plants growing
along the edges of the highways could occur as a result of continual usage of the roads by automobiles. This
can also lead to accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms that feed on the plants growing
along the edges of the highways which can be transferred to other consumers in the food chain. The results
obtained from this study will be used as baseline reference for future studies in the area and its environs.
Keywords: Accumulation, heavy metals, levels, roadsides, soils, transfer, food chain
I. Introduction
Roads play a major role in stimulating social and economic activities. Roads constructions have
resulted in heavy environmental pollution [1]. Cases of environmental pollutions, especially those that are
caused by heavy metals are of great concern to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Heavy metals are
natural components of soil. Most elements are only present in minimal or insignificant eco-toxicological
concentration in undisturbed area. Most heavy metals that are essential to the body are toxic above certain
levels. Heavy metals can persist and accumulate in the environment, especially soils. These metals especially
lead, zinc, copper, manganese, iron are potentially toxic and environmentally important [2]. Heavy metals in
roadside soils may come from various human activities, such as industrial and energy productions,
constructions, vehicle exhausts, waste disposals as well as coal and fuel combustions [3]. In developing
countries like Nigeria, improved road accessibility creates a variety of ancillary employments such as vehicle
repairers, vulcanizers and welders, auto-electricians and battery chargers. These activities may lead to
deposition of heavy metals into nearby soils, which are absorbed by plants on such soils [4]. [5] Reported that
there is a close relationship between heavy metal concentrations in roadside soils and those in the dust falls.
Heavy metals in the soils can also generate airborne particles and dusts, which may affect the air quality [6].
Heavy metals are of environmental importance because there are various ways through which they find
their ways into the environment. These include; increased industrializations, traffic road users and extensive
agricultural practices or activities. Soil tends to accumulate metals on a relatively long term basis since many
metals in the soil are mobile. This explains the overall higher contamination level of metals in the soil and why,
in sampling, the top layer of soil should be taken [7]. Heavy metals such as iron, copper, zinc, manganese are
essential components of many alloys, pipes, wires and tyres in motor vehicles and are released into the road side
environment as a result of mechanical abrasion and normal wear and tear [8]. Even though urban soils are rarely
used for food production they receive higher than normal loads of contaminants from traffic and industrial
activities in heavily industrialized cities. As a result of increasing anthropogenic activities, the heavy metals
pollution of soil, water and atmosphere represent a growing environmental problem affecting food quality and
human health.
Excessive accumulation of heavy metals in roadside soils may result in heavy metal contaminations of
road side vegetations, wildlife, domestic animals and the human settlements. A number of studies have been
carried out on the concentrations of heavy metals in roadside soils in developed countries with long histories of
industrializations and extensive use of leaded gasoline since 1935 [9]. In developing countries such as Nigeria
the opposite is the case. Maiduguri is the capital of Borno State. Borno State is the only state in Nigeria that is
bordering three (3) countries (Chad, Niger and Cameroun), therefore a lot of cross border activities such as
movement of all forms of vehicles and other human activities take place along the major roads in the area
thereby leading to heavy metals pollution of the roadside soils. Borno State is one of the areas that have been
2. Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 75 | Page
poorly studied in terms of environmental pollution; hence, the determination of heavy metals in environmental
samples is very important. This study was carried out to ascertain the concentration levels of zinc, copper,
manganese and lead in the roadside soils of four major roads (Damboa, Baga, Bama, Kano roads) in Maiduguri
with a view to establishing baseline data that will serve as references for future studies in Maiduguri and it
environs.
II. Materials and Methods
Sample collection and treatment
The sampling locations were chosen to give a good geographical coverage of Maiduguri Metropolis.
Four sites were selected for study as designated below:
Locations Sites codes
Damboa Road Da1 – Da2
Baga Road Ba1 – Ba2
Kano Road Ka1 – Ka2
Bama Road Bm1 – Bm2
Samples were collected in November, 2012. From each site, six replicate samples were taken from the surface
soil (about 5cm deep) in two rows from the tarred road. The first row (Da1, Ba1, Ka1, Bm1) of three replicate
were taken at about 20cm from the tarred roads, while the second row (Da2, Ba2, Ka2, Bm2) of three replicates
were taken about 40cm. The distance between points of collections along each of the roads was about 100 m.
The three replicate samples for each site/road were homogenized to obtain two composite and representative
samples (Da1 – Da2, Ba1 – Ba2, Ka1 – Ka2, Bm1 – Bm2). In all a total of eight (8) samples were obtained. The
samples were properly labeled and carried in clean polyethene bags to the laboratory for subsequent analyses.
III. Methodology
The samples were dried in an oven and later grinded using an acid pre-washed mortar and pestle and
then sieved by passing them through a 1mm mesh. 1g of each samples were accurately weighed and treated with
20 ml of concentrated HNO3.The mixture was place on a hot plate until the sample was almost dried and then
cooled. This procedure was repeated with another 20 ml concentrated HNO3 followed by 20 ml of 2M HCl. The
digested soil samples were then warmed in 20ml of 2M HCl to dissolve the metal salts. The extracts were
filtered through filter papers and the volumes were adjusted to 25ml with distilled water. The heavy metal
concentrations were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optimal Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES),
Optima 2000, Perkin Elmer.
IV. Results And Discussion
The results of this study are as shown in Tables 1 to 4. Table 1 showed the Concentration (mg/kg) of
some heavy metals in road side soils of Damboa Road, Maiduguri. Table 2 showed the Concentration (mg/kg)
of some heavy metals in road side soils of Baga Road, Maiduguri. Table 3 showed the Concentration (mg/kg) of
some heavy metals in road side soils of Kano Road, Maiduguri and Table 4 showed the Concentration (mg/kg)
of some heavy metals in road side soils of Bama Road, Maiduguri. The road side soils Cu levels ranged from
0.21±0.01 mg/kg in Damboa road to 2.51 ±0.02 mg/kg in Kano road. Pb was only detected in the road side soils
of Kano road with the values of 0.03±0.00 and 0.11±0.01mg/kg. Mn levels obtained from this study ranged
from 0.47 ±0.02 mg/kg in Bama road to 13.83 ±0.0.01 mg/kg in Baga road. Zn ranged from 0.07±0.02 mg/kg in
Bama road to 3.68 ±0.01 mg/kg in Damboa road. From the results, it is seen that the concentrations of the heavy
metals detected in the sites decrease as we move away from the edges of the highways into the bush. This could
be due to lots of cross border activities such as movement of all forms of vehicles and other human activities
that take place along the major roads in the area, taking into considerations that there is no major industry in the
area. Statistical tests of significance using the t-test indicate that the values of some of the heavy metals in each
of the study sites were statistically different, P< 0.05 between the two sample spots. The values of Cu reported
in this study were less than 27, 61, 24 and 29.7µg/g reported in literature [10]. This could be attributed to little
or lack of industrial activities in the area.
Table 1: Concentration (mg/kg) of some heavy metals in roadside soils, of Damboa Road, Maiduguri
Site codes Heavy metals
Cu Pb Mn Zn
Da1 0.88a
±0.02 BDL 13.57a
±0.02 3.68a
±0.02
Da2 0.21b
±0.01 BDL 5.55a
±0.02 1.74a
±0.01
Results of triplicate determinations ±S.D; Within Columns Mean with different letters are
statistically different, P< 0.05; BDL = below detection limits
3. Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 76 | Page
Table 2: Concentration (mg/kg) of some heavy metals in roadside soils, of BagaRoad, Maiduguri
Site codes Heavy metals
Cu Pb Mn Zn
Ba1 1.66a
±0.01 BDL 13.83a
±0.01 2.01a
±0.01
Ba2 0.71a
±0.02 BDL 6.76a
±0.02 0.56a
±0.01
Results of triplicate determinations ±S.D; Within Columns Mean with different letters are statistically
different, P< 0.05; BDL = below detection limits
Table 3: Concentration (mg/kg) of some heavy metals in roadside soils, of Kano Road, Maiduguri
Site codes Heavy metals
Cu Pb Mn Zn
Ka1 2.51a
±0.02 0.11a
±0.01 0.96a
±0.02 0.56a
±0.01
Ka2 1.80a
±0.01 0.03b
±0.00 0.88b
±0.01 0.15b
±0.02
Results of triplicate determinations ±S.D; Within Columns Mean with different letters are statistically
different, P< 0.05
Table 4: Concentration (mg/kg) of some heavy metals in roadside soils, of Bama Road, Maiduguri
Site codes Heavy metals
Cu Pb Mn Zn
Bm1 0.91a
±0.01 BDL 0.62a
±0.03 0.08a
±0.02
Bm2 0.14a
±0.02 BDL 0.47b
±0.02 0.07a
±0.02
Results of triplicate determinations ±S.D; Within Columns Mean with different letters are statistically different,
P< 0.05; BDL = below detection limits
The fact that Pb was almost absence in the results obtained from this study is obvious as the issue of Pb
contamination or Pb poisoning has never been reported in Maiduguri. Manganese (Mn) forms the composition
of soils in northern Nigeria. The availability of Mn in a trace amount as obtained in this study could be due to
local condition of soil weathering [11]. The levels of Zn obtained are low compared with other studies like [12]
and [1]. However, since no major industry such as smelting operations exists in the study areas, we may assume
that the primary sources of Zn are probably the attrition of motor vehicle tire cause by poor road surfaces, and
lubricating oils in which Zn is found as part of many additives such as zinc dithiophosphates [11].
The results of correlation analysis between the levels of the heavy metals obtained from each of the
sampling sites are as presented in Figures 1 to 4. A correlation tells us whether the two variables vary together,
i.e. as one goes up the other goes up (or goes down). The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (r)
was adopted in this study. In all the cases, there were strong positive correlations, p < 0.05 except for one
(Figure 4) which was a rather low positive correlation. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the soils were
in the order: Mn> Zn > Cu >Pb. Possible accumulation of these heavy metals in the soils and eventually
transfer to plants growing along the edges of the highways could occur as a result of continual usage of the
roads by automobiles. This can also lead to accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms that
feed on the plants growing along the highways which can be transferred to other consumers in the food chain
[13].
V. Conclusion
Based on the analyses, the following conclusions were arrived at:
i. The results of this study generally revealed the presence of some of the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn)
in the roadside soils of some major roads (Damboa, Baga, Bama, Kano roads) in Maiduguri, Nigeria due
to human activities.
ii. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the road side soils were in the order of Mn> Zn > Cu >Pb. Pb
was however not detected in three of the sampling sites.
iii. Possibilities of accumulation of these heavy metals in the soils and eventually transfer to plants growing
along the edges of the highways could occur as a result of continual usage of the roads by automobiles.
This can also lead to accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms that feed on the plants
growing along the highways which can be transferred to other consumers in the food chain.
iv. The results obtained from this study could be used as baseline reference for future studies in the area and
its environs.
4. Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 77 | Page
Figure 1: Correlation analysis between the levels of the heavy metals obtained from Damboa Road
Figure 2: Correlation analysis between the levels of the heavy metals obtained from Baga Road
Figure 3: Correlation analysis between the levels of the heavy metals obtained from Kano Road
y = 2.414x + 0.000
R² = 0.995
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Da1:ValuesforCu,MnandZn
Da 2: Values for Cu, Mn and Zn
y = 1.956x + 0.596
R² = 0.997
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Ba1:valuesforCu,MnandZn
Ba2: Values for Cu, Mn and Zn
y = 1.243x + 0.143
R² = 0.954
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Ka1:ValuesforCu,Pb,MnandZn
Ka2: Values for Cu, Pb, Mn and Zn
5. Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, Nigeria
www.iosrjournals.org 78 | Page
Figure 4: Correlation analysis between the levels of the heavy metals obtained from Bama Road
Since these heavy metals pose a great health problem to humans at concentrations greater than the
recommended standards, it is recommended that the levels of heavy metals in soils should be constantly
monitored. There is therefore the need to study the contamination of heavy metals in different dimensions such
as; determining their levels in plants, animals and aquatic organisms which served as the routes through which
heavy metals gets to man.
References
[1] J. Bai, B. Cui, Q.Wang, H. Gao, and Q. Ding. Assessment of heavy metal contamination of roadside soils in Southwest
China.Stoch.Environ. Res. Risk Ass.2008, DOI 10.1007/s00477-008-0219-5.
[2] M.S. Dauda. Levels of Cadmium and Lead metals in soil sample collected along Abuja Lokoja Road in Gwagwalada Area Council
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y = 0.651x + 0.389
R² = 0.109
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Bm1:ValuesforCu,Pb,MnandZn
Bm2: Values for Cu, Mn and Zn