The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
The effect of gas flaring on the rate of corrosion of metals within Egi kingdom was investigated
in this work. Surface water which has been exposed to gas flares, was taken from Ogbogu flow station in the Egi
kingdom of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria, and was used for this
experiment. The procedure involved soaking one set of the coupons of mild steel and copper in the water taken
from the gas flow station and another set in distilled water and kept for 14 days; after which the metals were
removed and weighed for weight loss as a result of the corrosive effect of both water. This process was repeated
for 56 days and various data obtained was analyzed using empirical correlation. Matlab was used for
computation and simulation. At day 42, corrosion rate for the flare zone water and distilled water were for mild
steel 3.332cm/days and 2.666cm/days and copper 2.562cm/days and 2.277cm/days respectively. The result
obtained showed a higher rate of corrosion for water taken from within the flare zone of Ogbogu Flow station
than distilled water.
A review on nickel(II) adsorption in single and binary component systems and ...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Waterpollutedwithheavy-metalionhasbeenamajorprobleminrecentyears.Amongvariousmetalions,nickel (II) is a priority pollutant commonly found in industrial wastewater. As a highly toxic element at an elevated concentration, Ni(II) can pose a serious threat to our ecological environment as well as human being. Ni(II) adsorption from wastewater is a must for environmental management and sustainability. Remediation of Ni(II) contaminated water is possible through adsorption onto various innovative adsorbents from the aquatic environment. The current review looks at the present status of the research done so far Ni(II) adsorption using various adsorbents from wastewater. Ni(II) adsorption kinetics, edges, isotherm, thermodynamic parameters, and Ni(II) adsorption mechanism have also been talked over. Efforts have also been made to steer out of the advantages and disadvantages of adsorbents and the future research need in Ni(II) adsorption by adsorbents. Agricultural based substrates and nanosized metal oxides have been found a hopeful alternative for Ni(II) adsorption from wastewater. The Ni(II) primarily adsorbed ontoa homogeneous substrate forming a monolayer. Ni (II) generally formed outer-sphere complexes at low pH values while it formed inner-sphere complexes at higher pH. More than one species is being sorbed, or more than one type of surface site is involved in Ni(II) adsorption process or both. However, significant research is needed to understand Ni(II)-surface interaction mechanism at the solid-water interface. This review can fill the lacuna of researchers who would like to do more research in this related area in depth.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
The effect of gas flaring on the rate of corrosion of metals within Egi kingdom was investigated
in this work. Surface water which has been exposed to gas flares, was taken from Ogbogu flow station in the Egi
kingdom of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria, and was used for this
experiment. The procedure involved soaking one set of the coupons of mild steel and copper in the water taken
from the gas flow station and another set in distilled water and kept for 14 days; after which the metals were
removed and weighed for weight loss as a result of the corrosive effect of both water. This process was repeated
for 56 days and various data obtained was analyzed using empirical correlation. Matlab was used for
computation and simulation. At day 42, corrosion rate for the flare zone water and distilled water were for mild
steel 3.332cm/days and 2.666cm/days and copper 2.562cm/days and 2.277cm/days respectively. The result
obtained showed a higher rate of corrosion for water taken from within the flare zone of Ogbogu Flow station
than distilled water.
A review on nickel(II) adsorption in single and binary component systems and ...Dr. Md. Aminul Islam
Waterpollutedwithheavy-metalionhasbeenamajorprobleminrecentyears.Amongvariousmetalions,nickel (II) is a priority pollutant commonly found in industrial wastewater. As a highly toxic element at an elevated concentration, Ni(II) can pose a serious threat to our ecological environment as well as human being. Ni(II) adsorption from wastewater is a must for environmental management and sustainability. Remediation of Ni(II) contaminated water is possible through adsorption onto various innovative adsorbents from the aquatic environment. The current review looks at the present status of the research done so far Ni(II) adsorption using various adsorbents from wastewater. Ni(II) adsorption kinetics, edges, isotherm, thermodynamic parameters, and Ni(II) adsorption mechanism have also been talked over. Efforts have also been made to steer out of the advantages and disadvantages of adsorbents and the future research need in Ni(II) adsorption by adsorbents. Agricultural based substrates and nanosized metal oxides have been found a hopeful alternative for Ni(II) adsorption from wastewater. The Ni(II) primarily adsorbed ontoa homogeneous substrate forming a monolayer. Ni (II) generally formed outer-sphere complexes at low pH values while it formed inner-sphere complexes at higher pH. More than one species is being sorbed, or more than one type of surface site is involved in Ni(II) adsorption process or both. However, significant research is needed to understand Ni(II)-surface interaction mechanism at the solid-water interface. This review can fill the lacuna of researchers who would like to do more research in this related area in depth.
Efficiency of Carbonate Precipitation and Removal of Copper and Nickel Ions f...AnuragSingh1049
The effect of pH and initial concentration on the removal of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent and two-component aqueous solutions using Na2CO3 as a chemical precipitation agent was investigated in this paper. Monocomponent aqueous solutions of Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions with their initial concentrations of 50 and 500 mg/L and two-component aqueous solution with initial concentration of 500 mg/L were prepared. The precipitation was carried out by batch method at room temperature by stirring the solution at 300 rpm for 5 minutes, resulting in the formation of precipitates. The resulting precipitate was separated by filtration from the solution. The experiment proved that Na2CO3 is a good agent for removing Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from their monocomponent water solutions of 50 and 500 mg/L concentration and two-component water solution with initial concentration of each metal 500 mg/L. The percentage of Cu(II) removal was higher at lower pH values compared to Ni(II) removal.
Removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) using fresh water algae (Utricula...Innspub Net
A study was conducted to check the efficiency of different fresh water algae for removing heavy metals (Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb) from contaminated water. The three most abundant indigenous algal species namely Ulothrix tenuissima, Oscillatoria tenuis and Zygogonium ericetorum were collected from fresh water channels of Parachinar, Pakistan and brought to the laboratory of Soil and Environmental Sciences Department at the University of Agriculture, Peshawar Pakistan for proper identification. To check the efficiency for removing heavy metals artificial contaminated water was prepared and was inoculated with mix culture of above mentioned algae and incubated for 10 days. After incubation algal species were removed from water through centrifugation and was dried, digested and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that the concentration of all heavy metals was substantially reduced in the algal inoculated contaminated water. The analysis of algal biomass showed that considerable amount of metals and other elements were recovered in algae. Among the tested algal species, Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal Ni(99.40ug) and Cr(66.84ug) from contaminated water followed by Oscillatoria tenuis with 84ug(Ni) and 64.83ug(Cr) respectively. However Oscillatoria tenuis showed maximum removal of Cd(41.00ug) than the other algal species. Similarly Zygogonium ericetorum showed maximum removal of Pb (451ug) followed by Ulothrix tenuissima where 441ug was recorded. Highest amount Cd, and Ni were recovered in Zygogonium ericetorum biomass while highest amount of Cr and Pb were recorded in the biomass of Oscillatoria tenuis. Finally it could be concluded that algae have efficiently removed heavy metals from contaminated water. Further research is needed to test other algal species for removal of heavy metal and other elements from the contaminated water.
HEAVY METAL POLLUTION AND REMEDIATION IN URBAN AND PERI-URBAN AGRICULTURE SOILSchikslarry
Throughout the world, there is a long tradition of farming intensively within and at the edge of cities (Smit et al., 1996). However, most of these peri-urban lands are contaminated with pollutants including heavy metals, such as Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, and Hg. The major sources of heavy metal contamination in agricultural soils are discharge of effluents from domestic sources, coal-burning power plants, non-ferrous metal smelters, iron and steel plants, dumping of sewage sludge and metal chelates from different industries. Once the heavy metals are released into soils, plants can absorb and bio-accumulate these heavy metals and thereby affect humans and animals’ health upon consumption (Seghal et al., 2014). Hence, there is a great need to develop effective technologies for sustainable management and remediation of the contaminated soils. There are conventionally physicochemical soil remediation engineering techniques, such as soil washing, incineration, solidification, vapour extraction, thermal desorption, but they destroy the plant productive properties of soils. Moreover, they are usually extremely expensive, limiting their extensive application, particularly in developing countries and for remediation of agricultural soils (Kokyo et al., 2014). Phytoremediation has been increasingly receiving attentions over the recent decades, as an emerging, affordable and eco-friendly approach that utilizes the natural properties of plants to remediate contaminated soils (Wang et al., 2003). Phytoremediation includes phytovolatilization, phytostabilization, and phytoextraction using hyper-accumulator species or a chelate-enhancement strategy. The future of this technique is still mainly in the research phase, and many different Hyperaccumulators and crops that can be cultivated in heavy metal contaminated are still being tested.
The Effects of Inhibition on Corrosion of Mild Steel in H2SO4 Using Ethanol E...theijes
In this paper, adsorption and thermodynamic study of the inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in 1M H2SO4 medium using ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina was carried out using weight loss and IR methods of monitoring corrosion. The results reveal that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina inhibited corrosion of mild steel. The inhibition efficiency ranged from 83.91% to 89.11%, 81.09 % to 85.00%, 81.08% to 84.90% and 77.45% to 79.66% at 303, 313, 323 and 333K respectively. The inhibition efficiency of the extract increased as the concentration of the extract increases but decreased as temperature and time of immersion increases. The adsorption of the inhibitor on the surface of mild steel was found to be exothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the mechanism of physical adsorption as the value for heat of adsorption ranged from -35.22 to -42.90J/mol. The adsorption of the inhibitor followed the Langmuir isotherm. IR spectra of the corrosion product (without inhibitor), the extract and the corrosion product (with the inhibitor) confirmed that ethanol extract of vernonia amygdalina is an adsorption inhibitor.
A Comparitive Analysis Of Steganography Techniquestheijes
With the increase in rate of unauthorized access and attacks security of confidential data is important. Now a day Cryptography and Steganography are the secure communication media for security purposes. This paper focuses on quantitative comparision of steganography technique such as improved LSB technique for RGB images, pattern based steganography technique and raster scan technique. The simulation has been done on MATLAB 2013 using 20 images and output of few has been shown in this paper. It has been concluded that the on the basis of various factors such as quantitative measures of the three techniques, pattern based steganography technique is the best among the other techniques w.r.t to security , irrespective of the fact that this technique has low capacity.
Effect of Seasonal Variation on Quality of Domestic Water Sources in Central ...theijes
The quality of water sources in the Central Gonja District in the Northern Region of Ghana has been questioned due to activities that pollute water in the area. This research analysed the quality of domestic water sources in the Central Gonja District in terms of pH, EC, Turbidity, Total hardness, Nitrate and Faecal coliform. One hundred and eight (108) water samples were collected from boreholes, rivers, rainwater and dam in the wet and dry seasons within six months. The samples were analysed in the laboratory according to the procedures and protocols outlined in the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater for pH, turbidity, total hardness, nitrate and faecal coliform. Analysis of the water sources showed that the parameters of boreholes measured were seasonally affected except for conductivity which was high in the dry season. All the parameters for river and dam water varied with the seasons. In relation to faecal contamination, the borehole, river water and dam were seasonally affected, and unsuitable for drinking without treatment. Based on the WHO guidelines, rainwater in the area can be regarded as potable owing to its higher quality over the other water sources in the study area. Generally, rainwater can be recommended for drinking, cooking, bathing and washing for the people of Central Gonja District.
The Challenges of Building Maintenance in Nigeria (A Case Study of Ekiti State)theijes
This study examined the challenges of building maintenance in Nigeria. The study embarked on physical inspection of the facilities of some public and private buildings, identified defects in the buildings, determined the causes of the defect and proffered remedies for them. Data for the study were collected through well-structured questionnaire administered to building industryprofessionals. Data collected were analyzed using frequency distribution tables and relative significance index. The findings revealed that in the level of dilapidation of services in the facilities,kerosene cooking system ranked first (68% significance) followed by flush toilet (66%), while the pail system ranked least with (50%) significance. Considering the severity of defects in facilities, peeling of wall surface ranked first (50.8% significance)while foundation failure and sagging of beamswere ranked least with (42.8%). The causes of defects in the facilities were investigated and the use of untested or inferior materials (56.8%) was the most devastating factor. Availability of qualified and competent construction industry professionals was generally believed to be the most significant factor that would impact on the drive to achieve quality of maintenance operations in Nigeria.
Low Peak to Average Power Ratio and High Spectral Efficiency Using Selective ...theijes
A low complexity peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. All pass filters technique used PAPR is reduction but small amount of reduction, So use Selective Mapping (SLM) technique reduce PAPR and SNR increases.
Generation of Electricity by mounting Wind mill on moving vehicles for safe F...theijes
In this fast world the demand for energy is ever increasing. With increase in energy production. There is heavy increase in pollution and depletion of fossil fuels they are going to extinct very soon, So the best way to save our nature and increase energy production is by using renewable energy. In this paper I am going to discuss about production of electricity through wind turbine mounted over a moving vehicle. We are implementing a very advanced H-Bridge converter for this conversion of alternate current produced by permanent magnet moving generator to direct current. The main reason for this paper is to explain about utilization of wind energy on a moving vehicle which is being wasted and to extract electricity without any fluctuations.
Mechanical Characterization of Shape Memory Alloy Based RF MEMS switch using ...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Multi Channel Multi Clock Frequency Speed Rate Real Time Industrial Standard ...theijes
The Aim is for HDL Design Architecture and Implementation of Multi clock frequency synchronized real time industrial standard parallel Hi-tech PRBS CDMA Transceiver Bus Array ASIC SOC /Card for Ultra high Speed real time Industrial Communication Interface Cards/Products like Data Acquisition and Tracking of wireless Data Communication Protocol Interface Cards/SOC’s like Data Serializer, De-serializer, Data Communication Protocol interface ADD on cards/Products, FPGA Cards of Different Data Transfer Baud rate. This Design Consists of multiple parallel C.D.M.A Transmitters and Receiver ASIC I.P Cores , Data Transmission and Reception done by Different Clock Frequencies operated at Mega/Giga / Tera/ Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Clock Frequencies. Data Transmission Speed In terms Mega/Giga/Tera/Peta/Exa/Zetta/Yotta/Xona/Weka Bytes/Frames/Super Frames etc. and also Data transmitter and receiver consists of base band signal and Carrier signal generators, Channel Encoder, Decoder, Modulator and Demodulator generates modulation and Demodulation signal by spreading and dispreading through different communication frequency spread Spectrum techniques DSSS Communication, FH , Chaos for high Bandwidth , the design done through parallel distributed computing technique, data transmission and reception done parallel for various data interface cards of different data transfer speed. In this design transmission and reception done by different PRBS Data Pattern Sequences like 2e7 -1, 2e10 -1, 2e15 -1, 2e23 -1, 2e31 -1, 2e48 -1, 2e52 -1, 2e63 -1 etc. H.D.L FPGA Industrial Software Design Flow Process Implementation Done by either Xilinx/Altera. Programming Done by Verilog /VHDL Software and Simulation, Synthesis, ASIC Floor planning and Placement and routing, Reconfiguration and Debugging Done Xilinx ISE 9.2i/10.1i EDA Software and Xilinx /Altera FPGA Development Board/Kit.
Classical mechanics analysis of the atomic wave and particulate formstheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Policy Learning of Mineral Mining Managementtheijes
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the policy learning of mineral mining management in PT. Billy Indonesia Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Data gathering techniques used Consultation procedure, public participation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Method of data analysis used qualitative approach. The result of this study showed that through the empowerment of the rural fund management, the actors of the government learned about the authority and how they should carry out their duties and functions. Actors from elements companies and non-governmental learn about rights and obligations in mining management, as well as learn about the development of community-based program and budget in the area of mineral mining, and the development of local institutions to community development and social conflict resolution in a rational and democratic. The company as an investor who is looking for a profit and at the same time be an agent, and actor instrumental policy learning, emphasis on a rational approach in the resolution of the conflict between the company and members of the public. In reconstructing social institutions, PT. Billy Indonesia became the originator of the instrumental learning through the provision of community development which requires the formation of community groups in utilizing the financial assistance provided by the company.
Stochastic Order Level Inventory Model with Inventory Returns and Special Salestheijes
This article deals with a single period inventory model with inventory returns and special sales. The demand is assumed to occur in a uniform pattern during a planning period say, tp. Both non-deteriorating items and deteriorating items are considered for the discussion
Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial studies of uapaca togoensis (pax) s...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
A Computational Study Of Heat Transfer Due To The Inlet Oscillating Condition...theijes
Heat transferis numerically investigated in aconfined oscillating laminar slot jet. The inlet velocity profile is uniform, and oscillating with an angle φ (in radians) as follows:휑 = 휑푚푎푥 ∗ 푠푖푛(2휋푓푡).φmax is the maximum jet angle, and f is the frequency of oscillation. The height-to-jet-width ratio was set to 5, the fluid’s Prandtl number is 0.74 and Reynolds number was fixed at 250.Strouhal’s numberSt, which is the other dimensionless group characterizing this problem, was varied in the range 0.05<st><0.75.The jet hydraulic diameter (2w), was used in the definition of both Strouhal and Reynolds numbers. φmax was defined, based on a solid finding presented later in this paper. At St=0.4, and 0.5, a modest enhancement of heat transfer was noticed in the stagnation region, when compared to a steady jet
Characterization of Aluminum Doped Nanostructured ZnO/p-Si Heterojunctionstheijes
In this study we investigated electrical and optical properties of heterojunctions made of aluminum doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods and 4% Boron doped p-type silicon (p-Si). ZnOnanorods were grown by a chemical bath deposition (CBD) techniqueon a seed layer of ZnOsputtered on p-Si. Aluminum doping was achieved by incorporating 0-20% of aluminum nitrate in the chemical bath precursor solution. Room temperature photoluminescence showed a systematic decrease in the defect peak at 560 nm with increasing doping. Band gap was measured using UV-VIS spectroscopy shows that the band gap increased from 3.31 eV to 3.58 eV as the doping is varied from 0-20%. This increase in band gap could be due to the Burstein-Moss effect previously observed in heavily doped semiconductors. In addition, we also performed current-voltage (I-V), capacitancevoltage(C-V) measurements on Aluminum doped ZnO/p-Si nanorods samples under both dark and illumination conditions. I-V characteristics showed a good rectifying behavior under dark and illumination conditions. The saturation current, diode ideality factor, carrier concentrations, built in potential, and barrier height were calculated from I-V and C-V measurements for each sample. We will discuss the implications of the variations in band gap, I-V, and C-V measurements with variation in aluminum doping
Role conflict and stress effect on the performance of employees working in pu...theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Concept Study for Adaptive Gas Turbine Rotor Bladetheijes
Articulating the pitch angle of a turbine blade can improve performance by maintaining optimum design incidence and thus reduce the probability of flow separation and thermal stresses developed due to aerothermal loads for variable speed gas turbine engine applications. Potential benefits to Army Aviation are highly efficient (aerodynamically) turbine blades, possible reduction of the need for active blade cooling and thermal barrier coatings, increased fuel efficiency, power density, and the ability to fly faster and longer. The goal of this effort is to assess the benefit and feasibility of an adaptable variable pitch turbine blade for maintaining attached flow and optimal thermal design for a gas turbine engine. A technology concept study has been conducted to enable a viable adaptable turbine rotor blade that can enhance the performance and efficiency of future aircraft gas turbine engines. A typical aircraft turbine blade is used for this technology concept study. An adaptable turbine rotor blade, if made feasible, can lead to a leap ahead technology innovation in improving part-load efficiency of gas turbine engines.
Natural Convection from Heated Rough Surface at the Bottom of Vented Rectangu...theijes
Natural convection heat transfer from tilted rectangular enclosure heated at the bottom rough surfaces wall and vented by uniform slots opening at top wall experimentally investigated. Rough surfaces of roughness 0.002 m are used to study their effect on the heat transfer characteristics. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of venting ratio, enclosure's tilt angle and Rayleigh number on the cooling of rough surface inside the enclosure. The experiments are carried out at a Rayleigh number ranging from 2 × 108 to 1.52× 109 for enclosure tilt angles ranging from 0º to 90. Top venting arrangement is studied at different venting ratios of 1, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25. Roughness shows a large effect on heat transfer for the rectangular enclosure where the average Nusselt number increases with the increase of venting ratio and decrease enclosure's tilt angle at the same Rayleigh number. This can be attributed to the roughness may increase the blockage effect on the flow that can cause the buoyancy force to decrease, but on the other hand it increases the turbulence intensity resulting in a higher heat transfer. The results are compared with a smooth rectangular enclosure of the same surface area to study the effect of roughness on heat transfer. The average Nu of rough surface in rectangular enclosure is higher than that of smooth surface by the range from 12 % to 21% depending on Ra. Correlations are developed for the top venting arrangement to predict the average Nusselt number of the enclosure in terms of the Rayleigh number, venting ratio and enclosure tilt angle.
The processor caches, main memory and storage system is an integral part of any computer system. As information begins to accumulate, higher density and long term storage solutions are necessary. Due to this, computer architects face some level of challenges in developing reliable, energy-efficient and high performance memories. Also, existing storage devises are degrading in performance, cost, and sizes. Power consumption from the factory has increased, as newer codes are written, and server hardware capabilities are not adequate to handle big data of the future. New emerging memories (NEMs) are presently with its properties likely to open doors to innovative memory designs to solve the problems. This paper looks at the features of the emerging memory technologies, and compares incumbent memories types with the expected future memories.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Quantification of Heavy Metals using Contamination and Pollution Index in Sel...IJEAB
Many sites in urban cities are used for dumping of domestic, industrial and municipal wastes because of high human population density in the area. Most often, people use these dumpsites for growing of crops without knowing the level of heavy metal contamination in soils of these areas. This study evaluated the quantification and contamination level of heavy metals in some refuse dumpsites in communities of the State Nigeria. Three replicate soil samples were collected from the dumpsites and at 20 m away from the non - dumpsite which do not receive sewage water within the root zone of 0 – 40 cm depth using soil auger sampler. Samples were analysed for soil properties and heavy metal concentrations using standard methods. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Cd) were compared with the permissible limits of other countries. Results showed that in the three studied locations, soil pH at dumpsites were 40 .6%, 39.4% and 38.9% higher than the values in the control sites while soil organic carbon were higher in the dumpsites by 50.1%, 31.3% and 41.1% as compared to the control sites. Cu concentrations at the three locations were below the standard limits of United Kingdom, European Union (EU), USA and WHO. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals passed the contamination stage and therefore will pose negative effect on plant and soil environment. Use of the dumpsite for crop cultivation or as compost materials should be avoided and construction of shallow wells near these areas should be discouraged.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Evaluation of Heavy, Toxic and Trace Metals Contamination in Fish, Seawater, ...Dr. Mohamed Saad Seoud
A comprehensive environmental assessment of the Arabian Gulf Coast in the State of
Kuwait was carried out by assessing levels of heavy, toxic and rare mineral pollutants in
coastal sediments, beach sand, shells and sea water collected from the coastline. By
Using (Inductively coupled plasma - Mass spectrometry) ICP-MS technique, we
analyzed (Al, Mn, Mg, Na, K, Ca, Zn, Ba, Sr, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, Ag, Ni, Fe). The results of
potential environmental risks indicated that the study area was heavily enriched with (Al,
Mn, Mg, Na, K, Ca), moderately enriched with (Zn, Ba, Sr, Co), and low levels of (Cu,
Cd, Pb, Ag, Ni, Fe). However, in general, these pollutant levels were not exceed the EPA
and the Canadian ISQG values and still lower than some standardized reference values all
over the world. Furthermore, the bioaccumulation index indicated that gastropod shells
and pelecypod shells had greater ability to concentrate Fe, Na, K and Al, which may be
attributable to the shape of them. Regarding the seawater samples, Na and K levels were
higher than their average oceanic metal concentrations. Moreover, the average
concentrations of heavy metals in the studied area, especially those of Pb, K, Fe, and Zn,
were lower than the coasts of many countries all over the world. The moderate
enrichment of some metals in the studied area could be partially attributed to
anthropogenic activities, notably oil spills from oil tankers and exploration, transportation
and from saline water desalination plants in Kuwait Coast, the nearby nuclear reactors
overlooking the Arabian Gulf and other industrial activities in the region. Results were in
accordance with recommended daily intake allowance by WHO/FAO. From this study, it
was noticed that the concentrations of Heavy, Toxic and Trace Metals for Kuwaiti
Environmental Marine Samples are lower than the worldwide average value. Results
obtained are discussed and compared with the international recommended data.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Heavy metal contamination is a severe environmental problem. Knowledge of the total heavy metals contents of soils is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants [1]. Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. Physicochemical analysis of 35 soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30 cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3) and the soil water content. Results clearly show that soil texture and fine fraction (clay and sand) significantly influence mobility of Pb and Zn in soil.
Impact of Abattoir Wastes on the Physicochemical Properties of Soils within P...theijes
The impact of abattoir wastes on the physicochemical properties of soils within Port Harcourt metropolis has been investigated. Soil samples from twelve different abattoir locations within Port Harcourt metropolis labeled ABP1 to ABP12 were analyzed for possible contamination of physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. Theywere equally compared with a control site of no abattoir activities (ABPc) as well as WHO and FEPA standard set limits. The soil temperature which was carried out in-situ gave an average value of 30.00C. The mean values of the physicochemical parameters revealed that pH and electrical conductivity had average values of 7.00 and 78.33µScm-1 respectively. Chloride, salinity and nitrates had average values of 335.00mgKg-1 , 601.74mgKg-1 and 39.30mgKg-1 respectively. These values were slightly higher than both the control site as well as the standard set limit byWHO. Thus, indicating the possibility of contamination/pollution from the abattoir activities. However, average the values for the phosphates, sulphates and heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, Cr) though slightly higher than those of the control site (ABPc) were all within the standard set limits by WHO and FEPA. Statistical correlation equally showed positive correlations between chloride and salinity (1.0000), phosphate and cadmium (0.9939), conductivity and iron (0.9485). Also, negative correlations were equally observed between sulphate/chloride and sulphate/salinity with same values of -0.9192. Therefore abattoir activities within Port Harcourt metropolis imparts negatively on the arable soil and measures should be put in place for proper control.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area of Rivers State, Nigeria
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
|| Volume || 4 || Issue || 9 || Pages || PP -54-58 || 2015 ||
ISSN (e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 54
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme
Industrial Area of Rivers State, Nigeria
*Gbarato Oliver L, **D. C. Okujagu, and ***C .U Okujagu
*Department of Physics, Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
** Centre for Petroleum Geosciences, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
*** Department of Physic, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
--------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT-------------------------------------------------------------
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the
operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated
around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).
Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron
(Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It
was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial
corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This
reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Keywords: Pollutants, heavy metals, industrial, soil, environment
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Date of Submission: 05 September 2015 Date of Accepted: 20 September 2015
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I. INTRODUCTION
The negative impacts of industrialization on the environment and by implication, on the health and
well-being of the inhabitants of the environment have posed some concern to scientists, the world over. In
Nigeria, the oil industries, chemical industries and other industrial settings have also impacted so negatively on
the environment that people now live in perpetual fear of what will happen the next minute. All these are due to
the insensitivity of the operators of these corporations which in most cases result in very severe negative impact
on the environment through oil spills, gas flaring, unguarded and uncontrolled emissions, siltation, and
biodiversity depletion among others. (1) stated that oil exploration and exploitation has over the last four
decades impacted disastrously on the socio-physical environment of the Niger Delta oil bearing communities so
massively threatening the subsistence peasant economy and the environment, and hence, the entire livelihood
and basic survival of the people. The rate at which the immediate environment (air/atmosphere,
water/hydrosphere and land/lithosphere) of this oil rich region that defines wealth and poverty simultaneously is
being affected is quite alarming. (2), revealed that since the exploration of oil in this region, about twenty trillion
dollars have been realized as proceeds leaving several stresses on the environment due to large volume of crude
oil that have been extracted. (3) also shows that over 95% of the volume of oil spilled on the environment in this
region is not recovered. This means serious negative impact on both the environment and the economic
resources of the people. All these are apart from the adverse effects of the reckless emissions and uncontrolled
disposal of wastes and sludge’s on the environment. Among the disturbing pollutants in the environment in this
region that result from the reckless acts mentioned above are heavy metals and the increased level of
hydrocarbon contents in the soil. The persistency and other harmful effects of these metals have attracted
researcher’s attention with a view to ascertaining their concentrations in the environment and their effects on the
inhabitants. Hence, the motivating factor for this research.
II. EFFECT OF PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON AND HEAVY METAL
POLLUTANTS ON THE ENVIROMENT
Petroleum hydrocarbons are complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds such as alkenes (from C1 to C22),
fatty acid, naphthenic acid, ketones, ethers, lactones, anhydrides and petroleum waxes with C78; in most
instances, these exist together with large qualities of hydrocarbon natural gases such as methane (94%), ethane
(1.5 to 4%) and propane (1-2%) and smaller amounts of other gases such as sulphide, nitrogen and carbon
dioxide.
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Another group of soluble organic pollutants arising from the hydrocarbon industry is the
BTEX(Benzene, Toluene, Ethylene and Xylene) group that can pollute air, land and water, and are usually
carcinogenic in nature (4).In addition to these, certain heavy metals such as lead (Pb), Iron (Fe), manganese
(Mn), zinc(Zn), thallium (Ti), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), nickel (N1), silver
(Ag), copper (Cu), Boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), and many other occur together with hydrocarbons as natural
components of the earth’s crust.
These hydrocarbon and their components all affect and devastate (pollute) the environment in their own
rights wherever there is oil spillage, lickage or discharge with concentrations up to 1,000ppm (5). Heavy metals
in hydrocarbons occur in the form of organometals (compounds in which organic groups are linked directly to
the metals through at least one carbon atom either through δ-bond or through a special π-bond (6). Most
organometals are unstable and decompose easily because they are usually unstable in the presence of
temperature, air and water.
Examples of thermal and oxidation decompositions of organometals are shown below, respectively.
Thermal: Me4Pb(s) Pb(s) + 2C2 H6(g): ∆H = - 360 K J / mole
Oxidation: Zn(CH3)2 (g) + 4O2(g) ZnO(s) + 2CO2(g) +3H2O(l)
These instabilities can lead to the deposition of metal contents of the compound in the environment on exposure
to unstable conditions like sunlight after spill. This further complicates and aggravates the negative impacts of
the heavy metals.
Under natural conditions, oreganometalloids tend to move from one location to another either by
purely physiochemical (abiotic) or through the inter mediations of organisms (biotic) and reduction processes.
Higher concentrations of organometallics in the environment are possible due to their usage as biocides or as
gasoline additives. This makes it imperative to focus attention on their toxicity not just in the immediate
environment but at other farther points. Hence it will also be necessary to study the transport of the decomposed
products which tend to persist for considerable length of time under natural conditions and which can also form
new organnometallics by alkylation in the environments.
III. MONITORING AND TRACKING OF HEAVY METALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
The monitoring and tracking of heavy metal pollutants in the immediate environment and at farther points is
normally carried out either experimentally or theoretically. Many researchers have used these methods to study
and determine the presence, types and quality of contamination in the environment they studied. Some
experimental studies that have been carried out to determine the types and concentrations of heavy metals
contaminations of various environments are as follows:
(7) used the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis to study the impact of heavy – metals contaminant
of Archean communities. The study revealed that there are differences in the soil structure with increasing heavy
metals contamination. (8) did a spectrophotometric determination of some trace metals in Aquatic fauna from
Bonny terminal in Rivers state, and found that the level of contamination was on the average. (9) and (10)used
Atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique to determine trace metals concentration in shell fish dog whelk
(thais haemostoma) from Brass River in Bayelsa state, and on paved roads in Ilorin and Lagos Areas,
respectively. The results show more than average level of contamination. Also, (11) used flame atomic
absorption spectrophotometry technique to study the distribution of heavy metals in water and sediments of the
lower Ikpoba River, Benin City. Result shows higher concentration of metals during the dry session than the
raining session.
In this study, the authors have used spectrometric analysis technique to study the types and
concentration of metal pollutants in various sites in the Eleme Industrial Area.
The Study Area
The study area is located in Rivers State (Niger Delta) between longitude 7o
10' and 7o
30'E and latitude 4o
30'
and 4o
50'N. The area is bounded in the North by Obio/Akpor LGAs, in the South by Opobo/Nkoro, Andoni and
Bonny LGAs, in the East by AkwaIbom State and in the West by Ogu/Bolo and Okrika LGAs.
The area of study comprise of the Eleme Petrochemicals Company Limited (EPCL), Port Harcourt
Refining Company (PHRC), and national fertilizer Company of Nigeria Limited (NAFCON). These industries
are targeted because they could be the primary sources of these metals. Nine heavy metals that could pose
serious negative impact on the environment within their host communities will be investigated. These are Zinc
(Zn), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Dc), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and
Chromium (Cr).
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Fig. 1: Map of the Study Area.
IV. METHODOLOGY
The study area has three potential sources of heavy metals pollutants, namely; the Eleme Petrochemical
Company limited (EPCL), Port Harcourt Refining Company (PHRC) and the defunct National Fertilizer
Company of Nigeria limited (NAFCON). The sites (communities) were characterized and delineated
according to their nearness to the companies as follows:
EPCL : Akpajo, Agbonchia and Aleto communities
PHRC: Alese, Alode and Ogale communities
NAFCON: Onne, Ebubu, Eteo and Ekporo communities.
Samples were carefully collected from the study sites by taking about three auger boring at random around the
area with a 9cm Dutch auger (12) to give representative soil samples (0 – 30cm ) of each industrial site.
Samples collected were placed in well labeled plastic bags and taken to the laboratory for the acid digestion
analysis with hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid. After the digestion, the sample was filtered
through a No. 44 filter paper and trace metal, extraction were performed using the powder pillows supplied by
HACH company for the DR/2000 spectrophotometric procedure manual (13). The final determination of the
trace elements from the digest was performed using the DR/2000 spectrophotometer.
V. RESULTS
The result of the experimental tests from the ten locations is shown in table (1) below. This table presents the
result in milligram per milliliter (mg/m1). This is because; it is the result of the liquid digests of the various
samples.
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Table 1: Metal Test Result in (mg/m1)
The results of the metal tests in table (1) were also converted to milligrams per Kilograms (mg/kg) for
convenience, suitability and for the fact that our samples were actually soil samples and not water. Table (2)
below, however presents the results of the metal experimental tests in mg per kg. This table and its preparation
are based on the fact that one gram (1g) of soil from the samples was used to prepare twenty five (25)
milligrams of the digest for high sensitivity.
Table 2: Metal Test Result in (mg/kg)
VI. DISCUSSION
The dispersion trends observed in this study are shown in the categories below.
Category 1
For most of the metals, there was a decrease in concentration with increasing distances from the host
communities from the source.
Category 2
Some of the metals tested for, showed a reversal of the observed trend in category 1. This means that there was
an increase in the concentration as the distances of the host communities’ increase from the source of the
pollutant.
Category 3
Few of the metals were also found to show no change in the concentration distribution irrespective of the
increase/decrease in the distances of the host communities form the source of the pollutant.
NAFCON
Category 1: The trend observed around NAFCON, showed that the metals Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, had
uniformity in their dispersion pattern with increased distance from the source. This implies that from the
location of the industrial area to other communities, heavy metal concentration decreased significantly, with the
industrial area having the highest concentration.
Category 2: The only reversal in the concentration order with increased distance was seen in the concentration
levels between Onne and Ebubu community for Ni. Thus, Ebubu community, a distance of 3.2k from the source
has a concentration of Ni (16.5mg/kg as against Ni (15.3omg/kg) for the Onne community itself, a distance of
1.1km from the source. This could be attributed to the presence of other sources of the metal within the Edubu
community, such as the various flow stations within the community.
Category 3: Partial uniformities in the concentration of metals like Cu, Ni, Cd and Cr between Ebubu and Eteo
communities as well as between Eteo and Ekporo communities were observed. For instance, the concentrations
of Cd (5.3mg/kg) and Cr (1.80mg/kg) were uniform between the Ebubu and Alode communities. Those of Cu
(0.25mg/kg) and Ni (2.5mg/kg) were also observed to be uniform between Eteo and Ekporo communities. This
observational trend may be due to the preserve of other minor sources of Cd and Cr in the Eteo community as
well as of Cu and Ni in the Ekporo community.
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PHRC
Category 1: Around the PHRC, most of the metals show uniformity in their dispersion pattern. This is because
they have decreased level of concentration with increased distance of the host communities. These may be due
to wind and water as a result of topographical effects of the host communities. Thus, the metals Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd,
Co, Mn and Cr decreased from the highest levels in the concentration trend of Fe (12975mg/kg) >Mn
(258.8mg/kg) > Co (8.0mg/kg)> Cd (2.3mg/kg) to values as low as Fe (4275mg/kg), Zn (31.omg/kg), Pb
(1.30mg/kg), Cr (2.5mg/kg(, Mn (8.80mg/kg), Co (2.5mg/kg) and Cd (0.50mg/kg). This observational trend
shows that this source (PHRC) could be the major contributor to the levels of concentrations of these metals for
Cu and Ni. The observation also shows a partial dispersion in the levels of concentrations of these metals
between the Alesa and Alode communities as well as Alesa and Ogale communities. This observation shows
that there could be other activities or establishments within the Ogale community that contributed to the
increased concentration of these two metals in Ogale community as against the concentration in Alode
community.
Category 2: While the situation in and around the PHRC show majorly that category 1 is predominant, two
cases were observed in the concentrations of Cu and Ni that support category 2 especially, as seen between
Alode and Ogale communities. Evidently, the concentrations of these two metals between Alode and Ogale
communities show an increase of the concentration of these metals with increased distance from the source. This
could be attributed to the preserve of other possible source of the metal within Ogale community or an overlap
of the concentrations from other primary source due to the effect of the topography.
EPCL
Generally, categories 1, 2 and 3 trends which were well established for NAFCON and PHRC did not seem to
apply exactly to the EPCL. Thus, disruption in trend around the EPCL was observed as against those of PHRC
and NAFCON. This anomaly could be due to the decentralization of the plants. The variations in the
concentrations of these metals at the different areas of the three host communities could be reflections of the
type of operations and materials inputs that take place at the different parts of plants bordering on the lands of
each of these communities of the EPCL. For instance, within this source, the olefins plant is at the Akpajo axis,
Ethylene plant is at the Agbonchia axis while the polypropylene plant is sited towards the Aleto axis of the
complex. Thus the observed anomaly may be due to the operation and material inputs of each of the plants. That
is the concentrations observed in the metals Zn, Fe and Cd show that the operations around the polypropylene
plant may produce more of metals like Cu, Ni, Mn and Cr, while the concentration of Pb and Co show a
balancing of material inputs to the three plants.
VII. CONCLUSION
This study has in the foregoing detected the presence and quantity of nine (9) heavy metals which comprise of
zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn) and Chromium
(Cr). These metals are found to have higher concentrations around industrial installation and its neighborhood as
compared to concentrations in areas farther away. This revealed that, there is a link between the operations
and/or material inputs to these industries and the concentration of the pollutants (metals) around these areas.
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