This document summarizes a study that analyzed heavy metal contamination in river banks and adjacent agricultural soils along a 48 km section of the Ishaqi River in Iraq. Samples were taken from 10 sites and analyzed for zinc, copper, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, chromium, cadmium, vanadium and lead using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed higher concentrations of most metals in river banks compared to soils. Nickel, zinc, manganese and iron exceeded permissible levels in both river banks and soils. The highest metal concentrations were found at sites near residential and industrial areas, indicating pollution from waste discharges.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
"The modern movement quickens contamination of the
biosphere, particularly the soil. These days soil
contamination is getting impressive open
consideration since the size of this issue is developing
quickly. Heavy metals are the most hazardous
substances in the earth because of their abnormal state
of toughness and harmfulness to the biota. Various
examinations have been led around there went for
building up an effective and prudent approach to
remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Regular remediation techniques, for example,
physical, warm and concoction medications are
exceptionally costly. Phytoremediation is a creating
innovation which utilizes plants and their related
organisms for the remediation of soil defilement. This
procedure is practical without making unsettling
influence to the scene. This paper resembles a point of
reference or resource in distinguishing the issues
related with heavy metal contaminated soil and other
term known as Phytoremediation."
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
Talks provided at the Scottish Fisheries Co-ordination Centre/Institute of Fisheries Management MAPPING FISHERIES workshop in Edinburgh on March 1st-2nd 2016
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Trace Metals Concentration in Shallow Well Water in Enugu Metropolispaperpublications3
Abstract: This work assesses the concentration of heavy metals in Enugu Municipal well-water considering the fact that some Enugu inhabitants depend on well-water as their major source of water supply. Water from twenty four (24) different hand dug wells from six locations were investigated for Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn, Cd, and Fe using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result of the study expressed as the means and standard deviations were compared to WHO and EU standards for drinking water, and it was found that well waters from Iva-Valley and Uwani areas suffer from Cd and Mn pollution. The remaining four locations (Emene, Asata, Abakpa Nike and Achara Layout) were all free from Cd and Mn pollution. Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb concentrations were either completely absent or below world threshold limits at all the locations.
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
An Analysis and Study in Light of Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminate...ijtsrd
"The modern movement quickens contamination of the
biosphere, particularly the soil. These days soil
contamination is getting impressive open
consideration since the size of this issue is developing
quickly. Heavy metals are the most hazardous
substances in the earth because of their abnormal state
of toughness and harmfulness to the biota. Various
examinations have been led around there went for
building up an effective and prudent approach to
remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.
Regular remediation techniques, for example,
physical, warm and concoction medications are
exceptionally costly. Phytoremediation is a creating
innovation which utilizes plants and their related
organisms for the remediation of soil defilement. This
procedure is practical without making unsettling
influence to the scene. This paper resembles a point of
reference or resource in distinguishing the issues
related with heavy metal contaminated soil and other
term known as Phytoremediation."
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
Physico-Chemical Evaluation of Wastewater from Abattoir, Brewery, Soap and Oi...IJERA Editor
The discharge of industrial wastewater in the city of Moundou deteriorates the quality of surface and
underground water and soils. In this study the physicochemical quality of industrial effluents was investigated in
different seasons (summer, winter and rainy). Three sampling sites were used (Central Abattoir discharge,
Cotontchad (soap and oil factory) discharge, and Brewery discharge), for sampling from July 2013 to December
2014. The following physico-chemical parameters were determined: pH, Temperature, EC, dissolved oxygen,
COD, BOD5, NO3,PO4,SO4. Also, the heavy metals: Cu, Cd, Mn, Ni, Pb, As, Zn, Cr, Fe, Al, was analyzed on
spectrophotometers and results were compared with World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits.
This study revealed that most parameters were much higher than the permissible limit for wastewater
discharges:some parameters were to higher: pH (12,6), Temperature (37,8 °C), C.E (4270 μS/cm), organic
matters: COD (1200 mg/l), SO4 (1280 mg/l), PO4(4460 mg/l), NO3 (63,6 mg/l), (Fe (63,34 mg/l), Zn (13,27
mg/l), Pb (4,0 mg/l), Cu (25,34 mg/l), Cd (31,78 mg/l), Cr (5,9 mg/l), Ni (39,5 mg/l. The study concludes that
discharge of effluents by the companies; factory and materials from other anthropogenic sources severely
pollute the Logone River with heavy metals and other pollutants. We recommended that each industry recycle
its wastewater and put in place specific treatment plants, because pollutants to eliminate vary depending on the
industry.
Heavy metals contamination of Pakistani soil (zohaib Hussain) sp13bty001Zohaib HUSSAIN
The long-term usage of industrial wastewater makes heavy metals to accumulate in soil and increases the absorption and accumulation by the plants. Heavy metal contamination of soil and water caused by industrialization has become a major environmental issue in Pakistan. Therefore, it is important to determine the level of contamination of soil and water close to industrial areas
Talks provided at the Scottish Fisheries Co-ordination Centre/Institute of Fisheries Management MAPPING FISHERIES workshop in Edinburgh on March 1st-2nd 2016
M.Sc. Chemical Engineering Thesis Defense (Omer Farooqi)Omer Farooqi
This is the presentation for my M.Sc. research thesis. I worked on a novel electrode preparation method to carry out voltammetry in order to detect heavy metals in water.
The term heavy metal refers to any metallic chemical element that has a relatively high density and is toxic or poisonous at low concentrations.
Heavy metals are Globally distributed
pollutants
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Food security in a growing population with limited natural resources is one of
the most important issues of the world. Accumulation of heavy metals in food and
their concentrations increase and reaching to a risk limit can threaten human health.
The purpose of this study, is to study the heavy metals lead and cadmium in
vegetables, cultured on spinach and watercress at 10 Gardens of Ardabil. This study is
cross-sectional and 81 samples in water, soil, and spinach and watercress were
prepared during the months of June, July and August in 2015 and after preparation
according to the standard methods and using atomic absorption spectrophotometer
(Perkin Elmer) for the determination of heavy metals. SPSS software was used for data
analysis. The results showed that the mean level of lead and cadmium in all samples
were less than the EPA standard. Between studied orchards in terms of the amount of
cadmium and lead no statistically significant different was seen. The independent ttest
showed that in terms of cadmium between two species of spinach and watercress
there found a significant difference at the 5% level so that the amount of cadmium in
spinach was more than the watercress. Since the concentration of heavy metals in all
samples at second and third stages in July and August were zero, but in the first step
in June, the amount of heavy metals have been found in some samples showed that
all three samples of first cut had more contamination than second and third cut. And
in this case, the concentration of heavy metal pollution in hibernation at vegetable
gardens Ardabil is possible. The results of spinach cadmium amount in the first cut in
the three garden of viz.,3, 6 and 10 showed that in the garden (3), the amount of
cadmium in water is higher than the standard and is concentrated in spinach and the
gardens of 6 and 10 Cadmium in the soil of the gardens, is slightly higher that is
condensed in spinach thus it can be considered that spinach in terms of cadmium has
bioaccumulation.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
Assessment Of Heavy Metal In Sediment Of Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta State.docxResearchWap
This study was carried out to examine heavy metals concentration in sediment of upstream and downstream of the entry of the sewage to the Orogodo River, Agbor, Delta state Nigeria . Samples were collected from upstream and downstream and were analyzed for Heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Ca, Mg, Co, Mn and Zn) by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. It shows the concentration of iron, cadmium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, nickel, lead and copper in mg/kg in sediments sampled.Some specific physico-chemical characteristics, such as TDS, pH, Temperature and conductivity which are known to influence the interactions and dynamics of metals within the sediment. The mean value of the metals listed above in all the six locations gave 126.09mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.538mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.141mg/kg, 1.789mg/kg, 1.258mg/kg, 9.49mg/kg, 0.000mg/kg, 0.112mg/kg and 0.0827mg/kg respectively.. The result of the analysis It shown that the concentrations of heavy metal like Zn, Pb, Cr, Ca, Cu, Co, Mg, Mn, Cd and Ni in the sediment are low, but require monitoring to prevent an increase. Hence the concentration of Fe is higher when compared with the WHO and FEPA standard for sediment which may constitute risk to the environment. The concentration of heavy metals varies for the different locations. Based on the result of the analysis, recommendations were offered to reduce the concentration of heavy metal of the river.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Heavy metal contamination is a severe environmental problem. Knowledge of the total heavy metals contents of soils is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants [1]. Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. Physicochemical analysis of 35 soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30 cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3) and the soil water content. Results clearly show that soil texture and fine fraction (clay and sand) significantly influence mobility of Pb and Zn in soil.
Assessment of remediation Potentials of maize (Zea mays) on sites co-contamin...IJAEMSJORNAL
Phytoremediation is a promising technology for the remediation of sites co-contaminated with inorganic and organic pollutants. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the remediation potential of Z.mays in soil co- contaminated with Pb and antracene. Pristine sandy loam soils were polluted with Pb chloride salt and antracene at three different levels (50mg/kg of Pb, 100mg/kg of Pb, and 100mg/kg of Pb+100mg/kg of antracene) and laid out in completely randomized design with 3 replicates. Shoot dry matter weight was significantly reduced (p≤0.05) when compared with control treatments by 40% when exposed to100mg kg-1 of Pb. There was a 48% inhibition of shoot dry matter of Z.mays relative to control treatments when 100 mg Pb kg-1 was mixed with 100 mgkg-1 antracene. Root and shoot metal concentration in Zea mays increased with increasing concentration of Pb. The average Translocation Factor (TF < 1 (0.69) obtained suggests that Zea mays predominantly retains Pb in the root portion of the plant. There was a 5% increase in shoot Pb concentration when soil was contaminated with Pb and antracene. The extractable antracene decreased significantly (p≤0.05) in soil planted with Z.mays as well as in pots without maize plant. This accounted for 65 and 72% of antracene dissipation in planted soil and 40-46% dissipation in unplanted soil. This result suggested that Zeamays is a promising candidate for uptake Pb and dissipation of antracene in co-contaminated soils.
Similar to Analysis and assessment of essential toxic heavy metals, ph and (20)
Analysis and assessment of essential toxic heavy metals, ph and
1. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.16, 2013
Analysis and Assessment of Essential Toxic Heavy Metals, PH and
EC in Ishaqi River and Adjacent Soil
Dr. NooriKh. Fayad* Dr. Taghreed H. Al-Noor** and Dr. Nadia H. Al-Noor***
*Physical Chemistry and Environmental Pollution, Iraqia University, IRAQ.
**Chemistry Department, Ibn-AI-Haithem College of Education, University of Baghdad,
IRAQ.***Mathematic Department, College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, IRAQ
Abstract
This research was conducted to determine content levels of heavy metal pollution. Samples taken
from Ishaqi River bank and adjacent agricultural soils area, in ten sites, distributed along 48 km
of the Ishaqi River, north Baghdad. The evaluated metals were Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Iron,
Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium, Vanadium and Lead. PH and Electric Conductivity (EC)
were measured to evaluate the acidity and (EC). Results showed that most site were contaminated
with metals evaluated. Among these metals, Zn, Mn, Fe and Ni were consistently higher in all the
samples (both river bank and adjacent soil) followed by PB, CU, V, Cd, Co and Cr. The level
concentrations of river bank were almost higher than that of adjacent soil. As will be reported
later, the concentrations of Nickel, Zinc, Manganese and Iron in river bank and agricultural
adjacent soil were over the permissible levels. The average mean levels were (Ni 66.36 mg/kg,
Zn 42.59 mg/kg, Mn 26.78 mg/kg, Fe 25.15 mg/kg) in river bank and (Ni 46.31 mg/kg, Zn 33.06
mg/kg, Mn 20.78 mg/kg Fe 16.28 mg/kg) in agricultural adjacent soil. Overall, Nickel had the
highest concentrations in the ecosystem.
Keywords: heavy metals, environmental pollution, river bank, adjacent soil, AAS.
Introduction
The increasing consumption and exploitation of the earth’s raw materials (fossil fuel and
minerals) coupled with the exponential population growth over the past years have resulted in
environmental degradation and build up of waste products of which metals is of great concern
(1,2). Rapid industrialization and urbanization in developing countries like Iraq has resulted in
large-scale pollution of the environment, resulting in the enrichment of metals in the soil (3,4).
Rivers have been subject to deterioration in water quality over decades due to bad farming
practices and other land uses.
The Rivers which have been subject to deterioration in water quality over decades due to bad
farming practices, and the land used predominantly agriculture and largely residential (formal and
informal settlements) and industrial, found the rivers to be polluted with a variety of metals (5).
The concern is that industrial and household effluents could be discharging appreciable quantities
of metals into the rivers which may be detrimental to wetland plants, microorganisms, human
health and ecosystem health in general. The objective of this study was to determine the extent of
metal contamination in the river banks and adjacent soil along a section of the Ishaqi River (6).
Heavy metals enter soil from several sources, including wastes from mines and smelters,
25
2. Advances in Physics Theories and Applications www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-719X (Paper) ISSN 2225-0638 (Online)
Vol.16, 2013
atmospheric deposition, animal manures and sewage sludge and in some circumstances inorganic
fertilizer, often contaminated with significant quantities of heavy metals (7). It is believed that the
great majority of heavy metals act as a key components of essential enzyme systems or other
proteins, e.g. . The haemoprotein hemoglobin which performs vital biochemical functions (8,9).
Zinc cadmium ,lead etc are highly toxic for human bio-system even at very low levels of intake
and they are usually present in plants because of the increasing industrialization and associated
pollution at the biosphere, taken up from the soil, water, fertilizers, pesticides treatment and
anthropogenic operations (10,11). Factories and human social and agricultural activities have an
effect on environmental pollution and the ecosystem. The corruption of the ecosystem has a
negative effect on human health and on all living Organisms (10, 11,12). Not all heavy metals
are toxic to humans. In small quantities, metal such as iron, copper, manganese and zinc are
essential for humans, plants and animals, but become toxic at higher concentrations (12,13), the
margins of safety between beneficial and harmful is narrow. Deficiencies of trace elements are
common plant nutritional problems in crop production. While most trace elements in soil are
beneficial to plant growth, a buildup of trace elements may have a negative effect on whoever
eats the plant (14,15).
As we started to measure the contents of heavy metals in river bank and adjacent soil, we expect
the higher level values will be in the adjacent soil due to human activities, fertilizers, atmospheric
fallout(14).Heavy metals can be found generally at trace levels in soil and vegetation, and living
organisms, the need for microelements of these metals. However these have a toxic effect on
organisms at high content levels. Heavy metals toxicity has an inhibitory effect on plant growth,
enzymatic activity, stoma function, photosynthesis activity and accumulation of other nutrient
elements, and also damages the root system (16,17). Cadmium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead
and zinc will continue to accumulate in the soil through irrigation water, fertilizer application and
waste disposal. Under normal conditions, the rate of accumulation is slow and the accumulated
elements are not likely to interfere with the use of the soils in the foreseeable future, even when
wastes such as bio-solids are applied on cropland.
Soil electrical conductivity (EC) measures the ability of soil water to carry electrical current.
Electrical conductivity is an electrolytic process that takes place principally through water- filled
pores (9, 10). Cautions and anions from salts dissolved in soil water carry electrical changes and
conduct the electrical current. Consequently, the concentration of ions determines the EC of soil
(16).Studies of environmental pollution are very limited in Iraq, despite the fact that this country
has passed through harsh wars and destruction of infrastructure, most of the factories. Iraqi cities
and villages are mostly located on both sides of the rivers. The waste water of factories and the
sewage of residential areas are discharged into the rivers without any treatment. Therefore, we
believed that Iraqi rivers are contaminated with heavy elements, chemicals and even animal
manures, which make the rivers and irrigated areas polluted. Zinc, Manganese, Iron, Nickel,
Copper and Lead will continue to accumulate in the soil through irrigation water, fertilizer
application and waste disposal (17).
Under normal conditions, the rate of accumulation is slow and the accumulated elements are not
likely to interfere with the use of the soils in the foreseeable future, even when wastes such as
bio-solids are applied on cropland (18).The sampling sites were selected based on their location
near residential and industrial areas, which may emit a cocktail of metal pollutants to some extent
in the environment.
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Methods and Materials
The samples were taken from ten sites as shown in figure 1. The chemical analysis of soil
samples were carried out on 20 gm sample, air dried and finely ground with an agate mortar and
pestle. A 1 gm subsample was decomposed with concentrated HF - HClO4 - HNO3 mixture. The
water samples were digested, using HNO3 and HCl to get rid of organic materials and minerals.
Following by flame and furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometer for Zinc, Copper,
Manganese, Iron, Cobalt, Nickel, Chromium, Cadmium, Vanadium and Lead, for river bank and
adjacent soil samples.The electrical conductivity (EC) pocket meter is used to take measurements
in the field. The method is described in the Soil Quality Test Kit Guide. The EC meter always
calibrated before use. The pocket meter can be augmented by a probe that is placed directly into
the (1:2 water: soil) to measure subsoil EC. To measure the soil PH-values, we used the method
recommended by (Elsa Sanchez, University Park, and Pennsylvania State University). Place 5
gms of air-dried soil into the paper cup. Add 5 ml of distilled or de-ionized water to the cup, stir
for about 30 seconds and let stand for 30 minutes, place PH strip into the slurry and read within
30 seconds.
Statistical Analysis
The statistical analysis was used to comparison between heavy metal (Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni,
Cr, Cd, V and Pb) data in both Ishaqi River and adjacent soil.Table2, shows the average mean,
standard deviation, correlation-test and p values between elements in the river and adjacent soil.
Correlation analysis were made to investigate the relationship between heavy metal content of
Ishaqi River and adjacent soil. t - test was used to access whether heavy metal concentrations
varied significantly among the sites of Ishaqi River and adjacent soil, possibilities less than 0.05
(p- value < 0.05) were considered statistically significant.
As seen in table2, there are positive correlations between river and soil for all metal content in the
investigated region. This relation was not statically significant for vanadium (V) but were
significant for Zn, Cu, Mn , Fe, Co, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb (r=0.937,0.967,0.943, 0.834, 0.724, 0.786,
0.852,0.919 and 0.993 respectively ) positive relationship for metal contents between the Ishaqi
River and adjacent soil are expected results, because all the adjacent soil are irrigated from
Ishaqi River (19). There were significant differences between values of sampling locations for the
elements (Cu, Fe, Co, Ni, Cr and V) (P≤ 0.01, 0.05).
Results and Discussion
Levels of heavy metal contents in Ishaqi River and adjacent soil, supplied from different sites
table 1and figures 1, 2 and 3. Analysis of Ishaqi River and adjacent soil samples are given in
table 2, showing the average mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient (r) and p values of
t-test. The results of heavy metal analysis are given below with the subheadings:
Zinc (Zn)
The concentrations of Zn are given in table 1and figure 1,overall, the river bank samples, in all
sites had significantly higher concentrations of Zn compared with adjacent soil. In river bank the
higher Zn value recorded at site 10 (59.41 mg/kg), and adjacent soil (49.27 mg/kg), at site 9. The
Zn values in the ten sites of adjacent soil are ranged from (19.32 – 49.27)mg/kg with average
mean equal to 33.06 mg/kg ,for river bank the values ranged from 59.41 mg/kg to 28.19 mg/kg
with average mean value equal to 42.59 mg/kg (table 1).
Copper (Cu)
The results that are given in table2, showed that there were significant differences (P<0.05)
between samples average mean values of river bank and adjacent soil .The sample values of
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River bank ranged from 18.49 mg/kg (site7) to 3.87mg/kg (site 5) with average mean value of
(9.08 mg/kg ). Whereas the sample values at adjacent soil ranged from 11.62 mg/kg to 2.63
mg/kg with average mean value (5.25 mg/kg) table 1.
Manganese (Mn)
The Manganese content in river bank samples was higher than those of adjacent soil samples
(table1 and figure 1).Mn in the adjacent soil samples ranged from 30.08 mg/kg (site 10) to 11.49
mg/kg at (site 4), with average mean value (20.78mg/kg) ,whereas for river bank samples ranged
from 35.68 mg/kg (site9) to 16.84 mg/kg (site 3) , with average mean value of (26.78 mg/kg)
table 1 .
Iron (Fe)
The results of t-test of Fe given in table 2, showed that there were signified difference (p<0.01)
between samples average mean values of adjacent soil and river bank .The content values of Fe in
river bank samples had higher concentrations in all sites compared with Fe concentrations in the
adjacent soil samples table 1. The sample values of river bank and adjacent soil ranged (31.84 –
13.92, 27.48 – 7.84) mg/kg at sites 1 and 8 respectively.
Cobalt (Co)
For the adjacent soil samples Co concentrations ranged between (0.09-2.02) mg/kg, and for the
river bank, it ranged from (1.05-3.04)mg/kg table 1 and figure 1. There was statistically
significant difference between river bank and adjacent soil (p<0.01) table2. The highest value for
Co in river bank 3.04mg/kg and adjacent soil 2.02 mg/kg at the same site number 10, table2; this
implies that site 10 had the highest Co metal load.
Nickel (Ni)
Table 1 shows the concentration of Ni. Overall, the content values samples in all sites in river
bank and adjacent soil had significantly highest concentration of Ni compared with other metals
in this study table 1 and figure 1. The highest values recorded for Ni in both river bank and
adjacent soil were (72.64 mg/kg, site 10 and 57.84 mg/kg, site9) respectively. The results of t-test
(table2) showed that there was statistically significant difference (p<0.01), between the average
mean values of river bank and adjacent soil.
Chromium (Cr)
In this study, Cr concentrations were higher in samples collected from river bank compared with
those from adjacent soil (table1). The results of t-test (table2) showed that, there was statistically
significant difference (p<0.05), between the average values of river bank and adjacent soil. The
concentrations of Cr in river bank ranged between (0.79 -2.38) mg/kg. In adjacent soil Cr
concentration ranged from (0.38-1.79)mg/kg (table 1).
Cadmium (Cd)
Cd concentration, generally, in the river bank samples in all sites had higher concentration of Cd
than the content values of adjacent soil samples. Cd concentration in river bank ranged from
(1.09-5.72) mg/kg Whereas, Cd concentration in soils sample ranged between (0.37-4.31) mg/kg.
The highest value for both river bank and soil recorded in site1 (table 1and figure 1).
Vanadium(V)
The concentrations of V are given in table 1.Overall, the river bank samples in most sites had
significantly highest concentration of V compared with adjacent sites figures 1 and 2. Highest V
values in river bank and adjacent soil samples were (7.59 and 4.63) mg/kg respectively at site 10.
This implies that site 10 had the highest V metal load. Statistically significant differences
(p<0.01)in the t-test for average mean values of river bank and adjacent soil,(table2).
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Lead (Pb)
The lead content in river bank samples was higher than those of adjacent soil samples (table1).Pb
had the highest concentration of (31.39mg/kg) in the river bank at site 8, followed by
(28.49mg/kg) at site 9. Similarly, the highest concentration in adjacent soil was also recorded at
site 8 (19.67 mg/kg) followed by (15.68 mg/kg) at site 9. This is might be implies that sites 8 and
9 had the highest Pb metal load.
Discussion
Nickel, Zinc, Iron and Manganese had the highest concentration, followed by Copper, Lead,
Vanadium, Cadmium, Cobalt and Chromium had the lowest concentrations, table 1and figures 1,
2 and 3.The mean concentrations of Nickel for all sites in the river bank and adjacent soil (66.36
and 46.31) mg/kg respectively. These levels were higher than those recommended and acceptable
concentration for Ni (30-40) mg/kg for soil (kabata-pendias 2001) (1). Such high levels are
undesirable as they may cause poor root growth and proliferation in the soil (4).Studies on the
concentrations of Mn, Fe and Zn showed that these metals exceeded the recommended and
acceptable values in soil (1, 16).Concentrations of Mn ranged between (11.49 and 30.08) mg/kg
for the adjacent soil and 16.94-35.68 mg/kg for the river bank samples, table 1. Values recorded
from all sites were exceeded the recommended standard of 2.0 -5.0 mg/kg (1, 4, 10).
The concentrations of Fe in the river bank samples ranged from (13.92 – 31.84) mg/kg and for
the adjacent soil samples from (7.84 – 27.48) mg/kg. The mean average values were (25.15 and
16.28) mg/kg for river bank and adjacent soil respectively table 1. These values give a clear
indication, that the sites are heavily polluted with this metal and may cause hazardous effects to
plants and other organisms. The recommended concentration of Fe in the soil for the cultivation
at plants ranged from (0.30 - 10) mg/kg (16; 17).
Zinc an essential micronutrient at many enzymes systems, such as respiration enzymes
activations and the biosynthesis of plant growth hormones, is required in concentration not
exceeding 50 mg/kg for soil (17,19). Concentration of Zinc samples ranged between (28.79 -
59.41) mg/kg for the river bank and for the adjacent soil (19.32 – 49.27) mg/kg (table 1).The
results of this study suggest that the contamination would likely be in sites 9 and 10 as their
values are higher than the permissible values (19,20 22).
Copper levels in the river bank ranged from (3.87 – 18.49) mg/kg and for adjacent soil from (1.17
– 11.62) mg/kg. These results showed that all 10 sites had values which are less than the
Canadian soil quality guideline of (50 – 60) mg/kg for agriculture soil (CCME, 1999). Hence, Cu
is not threat in this ecosystem.
In this study, Co levels ranged from (0.09 – 2.02) mg/kg for adjacent soil, and (1.05 –
3.04) mg/kg for river bank. These levels are below the proposed toxic levels of between 4.1 and
14.0 mg/kg in different ecosystems (18). Therefore, Co levels in the study sites cannot be linked
to causing adverse biological effects to different organisms growing in these habitants (25,26).
The concentrations of Cr in adjacent soil ranged from (0.38 – 1.79) mg/kg and for river bank
from (0.79 – 2.38) mg/kg (table 1).These values are for below the recommended value of 64
mg/kg in Canada (CCME,1999), implying that they were within the accepted limits for the
growth and development at different organisms. This justifies that Cr is not threat in this
ecosystem.
Considering the established guideline, the permissible values for Cd is 1.4 mg/kg (CCME, 1999).
Therefore, the toxic levels were observed for Cd at site 1 (4.31 mg/kg) in the adjacent soil and
(5.72 mg/kg) in the river bank and site2 (3.49 mg/kg) in the adjacent soil and (3.87 mg/kg) in the
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river bank and in site 10 (3.81 mg/kg) in river bank. The concentration values in all other sites are
lower than or equal to the (1.4 mg/kg) which is recommended in the Canadian soil quality
guidelines (CCME,1999), therefore, considering the established guidelines, it can be suggested
that Cd could jeopardize the life and health of certain plants and other forms of life at sites 1,2
and 10 (table1).
The highest values of V in the 10 sites for both adjacent soil and river bank were (4.63 mg/kg and
7.5 mg/kg) respectively, generally the values of river bank were higher than those of adjacent soil
(table 1 and figures 1 and 2). The t-test of V content of soil and Ishaqi River bank showed
significant differences between sampling sites (P<0.01, table2) Bergmann's investigation,(2004),
shows that a tolerable V level for soil and plant is 50 mg/kg and our findings are lower than this
figure. On the other hand, the same investigation showed V content in plants is between (1.32 –
10.01) mg/kg.
The results of standard deviation showed that there were differences for lead between samples of
adjacent soil and river bank. The concentration of Pb ranged from (2.74 – 31.39) mg/kg in river
bank and from (0.93 – 19.67) mg/kg in the adjacent soil. The proposed soil quality guideline for
Pb in Canada is 70 mg/kg for agriculture soil (CCME, 1999). Our results are lower than this
figure. The highest values measured at sites (7; 8; 9 and 10) were ranged from (11.53 – 19.67)
mg/kg for soil and for river bank from (21.49 – 31.39) mg/kg. These values probable associated
with adverse biological effects on organisms living in the ecosystem and possible negative effect
on the ecosystem health.
Soil with high content of soluble salt and exchangeable sodium; generally exhibit extremely high
EC (table 1). In soil where the water table is high and saline, water will rise by capillarity and
increase salt concentration and EC in the soil surface layers (10, 22, 23). Normally, the EC
decreases sharply when the temperature of soil water is below the freezing point EC decreases
about 2.2% per degree centigrade due to increased viscosity of water and decreased mobility of
ions (10,24,).In Iraq, the temperature ranged between (25 to 6) during winter and autumn and (55
to 35) in summer, generally the high temperature of soils in Iraq, leads to decrease the water
viscosity and increasing mobility of ions, consequently increasing the cation-exchange capacity
(CEC) and the Electric conductivity .
An EC (0 < 2) ds/m is considered good for irrigation water. Beyond this value (table 3 and figure
3), leaching or a combination of leaching and drainage will be necessary if the water is used (9,
18, 24, 25).
Soil PH is acknowledged to be the principal factor influencing concentration of soluble and plant
available metals (21,23). Metal solubility and PH are inversely related, with solubility increasing
at lower PH values and vice versa (24,25).PH effect the ability of plants roots to absorb nutrients.
Plants have difficulty absorbing Copper, Zinc, Manganese, and Iron in basic soil. A PH that’s too
high or low can make disease, insect and weed problems worse.
Our soil needs to be afforded the same protection as is given to air and water. We need to know
the state of our soil, and the pressures placed on them, evaluate the extent of soil degradation and
respond to degradation processes in an informed and structured manner. We need to plan for the
protection of soils to ensure that they can continue to perform the functions we require of them
and to protect against the real risk from climate change. We cannot protect this intrinsically
valuable national resource without the appropriate and essential information and understanding.
We cannot achieve good water or air quality without knowing our soils and how they behave in
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relation to pressures placed on them. Our soils are our life they are intrinsically connected to our
water and air, and we must strive to protect them.
This work will assist in developing strategies for reducing heavy metal inputs to Ishaqi River and
agricultural land and effectively targeting policies to protect soil from long-term heavy metal
accumulation.
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Table 1:Heavy metals mean contents(mg/kg)in Ishaqi River and adjacent soil-
northBaghdad
Sites Status EC
0-15cm Zn Cu Mn Fe Co Ni Cr Cd V Pb PH
Status depth
ds/m
Adjacent soil 38.51 4.63 15.62 27.48 1.47 32.68 0.74 4.31 4.06 1.08 6.3 4
Site 1
River bank 45.53 7.38 20.81 31.84 1.81 56.27 1.09 5.72 6.74 3.62
Adjacent soil 29.37 2.63 17.39 21.83 2.02 44.83 0.46 3.49 3.42 0.93 6.9 3
Site 2
River bank 34.86 5.84 19.94 29.56 2.95 58.69 0.86 3.87 6.95 2.74
Adjacent soil 42.62 2.97 12.08 14.09 0.23 37.61 0.38 0.62 3.69 1.99 6.2 6
Site 3
River bank 51.28 4.08 16.94 31.56 1.83 65.37 0.79 2.05 7.56 4.37
Adjacent soil 26.87 3.36 11.49 11.81 0.09 41.95 0.92 0.46 4.37 4.18 6.8 3
Site 4
River bank 37.28 6.51 18.09 22.19 1.05 67.72 1.47 1.59 5.38 7.51
Adjacent soil 21.73 1.17 19.62 12.39 0.48 49.38 0.63 1.07 4.47 8.39 6.2 4
Site 5
River bank 31.58 3.87 28.19 19.58 2.13 66.92 1.08 1.82 6.07 14.06
Adjacent soil 36.75 5.84 24.46 20.27 0.81 50.29 1.26 0.37 4.13 7.44 6.2 6
Site 6
River bank 43.17 8.47 33.81 29.93 1.69 71.58 1.83 1.09 6.89 14.06
Adjacent soil 19.32 11.62 21.31 9.17 1.21 42.91 0.81 1.43 3.67 12.52 6.9 3
Site 7
River bank 28.19 18.49 29.93 19.35 1.89 61.42 1.17 2.71 5.84 23.84
Adjacent soil 24.83 7.39 26.49 7.84 1.52 54.18 0.39 1.14 3.39 19.67 6.9 3
Site 8
River bank 37.82 14.18 31.59 13.92 2.07 72.09 1.62 1.87 5.94 31.39
Adjacent soil 49.27 6.85 29.28 18.42 1.06 57.84 1.09 1.51 3.73 15.68 6.3 4
Site 9
River bank 56.78 10.53 35.68 25.68 2.85 70.96 1.86 2.79 6.75 28.49
Adjacent soil 41.39 6.07 30.08 19.51 1.95 51.49 1.79 1.47 4.63 11.53 6.2 6
Site 10
River bank 59.41 11.47 32.82 27.89 3.04 72.64 2.38 3.81 7.59 21.49
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Table 2 : Means, Standard Deviations(S.D.) and Correlation of heavy metal concentrations in
Ishaqi River and adjacent soil - north Baghdad
Heavy Metal Status Mean S. D. Correlation t-test P-value
Adjacent soil 33.066 10.020
Zn 0.937 -2.066 0.053
River bank 42.590 10.583
Adjacent soil 5.253 3.007
Cu 0.967 -2.185 0.042
River bank 9.082 4.653
Adjacent soil 20.782 6.722
Mn 0.943 -1.939 0.068
River bank 26.780 7.110
Adjacent soil 16.281 6.226
Fe 0.834 -3.216 0.005
River bank 25.150 6.105
Adjacent soil 1.084 0.678
Co 0.724 -3.563 0.002
River bank 2.131 0.635
Adjacent soil 46.316 7.755
Ni 0.786 -6.524 0.000
River bank 66.366 5.858
Adjacent soil 0.847 0.142
Cr 0.852 -2.666 0.016
River bank 1.415 0.508
Adjacent soil 1.587 1.301
Cd 0.919 -1.901 0.073
River bank 2.732 1.392
Adjacent soil 3.956 0.440
V 0.024 -9.608 0.000
River bank 6.571 0.740
Adjacent soil 8.341 6.463
Pb 0.993 -1.730 0.101
River bank 15.157 10.653
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Figure 1: Represents concentration variation of each metal in 10
sites
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Table 3: Classes of salinity and EC adapted from NRCS soil survey handbook.
EC (ds/m) Salinity Class
0<2 Non-saline
2<4 Very slightly saline
4<8 Slightly saline
8 < 16 Moderately saline
≥ 16 Strongly saline
Figure 2: Average Mean of Adjacent Soil and River Bank
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Figure 3: PH and EC in Adjacent Soil
37
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