This document discusses an optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross-layer design for wireless mesh networks. It proposes monitoring link quality at the MAC layer and notifying the network layer of changes, allowing routes to be automatically updated without a refresh phase. This provides seamless connectivity under varying load and mobility. Traditional routing protocols either have fast but vulnerable proactive routes or add overhead with reactive routes. The proposed cross-layer design monitors links continuously and performs vertical handovers to better links to avoid these issues.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase theKamal Spring
Hybrid wireless networks combining the advantages of both mobile ad-hoc networks and infrastructure wireless networks have been receiving increased attention due to their ultra-high performance. An efficient data routing protocol is important in such networks for high network capacity and scalability. However, most routing protocols for these networks simply combine the ad-hoc transmission mode with the cellular transmission mode, which inherits the drawbacks of ad-hoc transmission. This paper presents a Distributed Three-hop Routing protocol (DTR) for hybrid wireless networks. To take full advantage of the widespread base stations, DTR divides a message data stream into segments and transmits the segments in a distributed manner. It makes full spatial reuse of a system via its high speed ad-hoc interface and alleviates mobile gateway congestion via its cellular interface. Furthermore, sending segments to a number of base stations simultaneously increases throughput and makes full use of widespread base stations. In addition, DTR significantly reduces overhead due to short path lengths and the elimination of route discovery and maintenance. DTR also has a congestion control algorithm to avoid overloading base stations. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the superiority of DTR in comparison with other routing protocols in terms of throughput capacity, scalability and mobility resilience. The results also show the effectiveness of the congestion control algorithm in balancing the load between base stations.
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly...Roopali Singh
Efficient and stable route selection by using cross layer concept for highly mobile network with predictive features by Rupali Singh, Gajendra Singh Dhakad
published in International Journal of Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 4_November_2015
MULTI-HOP BANDWIDTH MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL FOR MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSIJMIT JOURNAL
An admission control scheme should play the role of a coordinator for flows in a data communication network, to provide the guarantees as the medium is shared. The nodes of a wired network can monitor the medium to know the available bandwidth at any point of time. But, in wireless ad hoc networks, a node must consume the bandwidth of neighboring nodes, during a communication. Hence, the consumption of bandwidth by a flow and the availability of resources to any wireless node strictly depend upon the neighboring nodes within its transmission range. We present a scalable and efficient admission control scheme, Multi-hop Bandwidth Management Protocol (MBMP), to support the QoS requirements
in multi-hop ad hoc networks. We simulate several options to design MBMP and compare the performances of these options through mathematical analysis and simulation results, and compare its effectiveness with the existing admission control schemes through extensive simulations.
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase theKamal Spring
Hybrid wireless networks combining the advantages of both mobile ad-hoc networks and infrastructure wireless networks have been receiving increased attention due to their ultra-high performance. An efficient data routing protocol is important in such networks for high network capacity and scalability. However, most routing protocols for these networks simply combine the ad-hoc transmission mode with the cellular transmission mode, which inherits the drawbacks of ad-hoc transmission. This paper presents a Distributed Three-hop Routing protocol (DTR) for hybrid wireless networks. To take full advantage of the widespread base stations, DTR divides a message data stream into segments and transmits the segments in a distributed manner. It makes full spatial reuse of a system via its high speed ad-hoc interface and alleviates mobile gateway congestion via its cellular interface. Furthermore, sending segments to a number of base stations simultaneously increases throughput and makes full use of widespread base stations. In addition, DTR significantly reduces overhead due to short path lengths and the elimination of route discovery and maintenance. DTR also has a congestion control algorithm to avoid overloading base stations. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show the superiority of DTR in comparison with other routing protocols in terms of throughput capacity, scalability and mobility resilience. The results also show the effectiveness of the congestion control algorithm in balancing the load between base stations.
Security Enhancement in AODV Routing Protocol for MANETsidescitation
Adhoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts.
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks with absence of infrastructure
centralized support. Routing in MANETs is challenging task due to mobility of nodes.
Several routing protocols have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. This paper
describes concept of security enhancement in AODV routing protocol by detection and
tolerance of attacks using secure message transmission (SMT) protocol. Present AODV
routing protocol is not secure by malicious nodes. One main challenge in design of these
networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper we study how to make node
malicious and at same we will detect malicious node in AODV protocol using Network
Simulator-2(NS-2) tool.
A Distributed Three-hop Routing Protocol to Increase the Capacity of Hybrid W...1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
4. BE (C.S)
5. MSc (C.S)
6. MSc (IT)
7. MCA
8. MS (IT)
9. ME(ALL)
10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
TECHNOLOGY USED AND FOR TRAINING IN
1. DOT NET
2. C sharp
3. ASP
4. VB
5. SQL SERVER
6. JAVA
7. J2EE
8. STRINGS
9. ORACLE
10. VB dotNET
11. EMBEDDED
12. MAT LAB
13. LAB VIEW
14. Multi Sim
CONTACT US
1 CRORE PROJECTS
Door No: 214/215,2nd Floor,
No. 172, Raahat Plaza, (Shopping Mall) ,Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai,
Tamin Nadu, INDIA - 600 026
Email id: 1croreprojects@gmail.com
website:1croreprojects.com
Phone : +91 97518 00789 / +91 72999 51536
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid w...LeMeniz Infotech
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid wireless networks
Do Your Projects With Technology Experts
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT USING CBF ijwmn
Wireless mesh network has recently received a great deal of attention as a promising technology to provideubiquitous high bandwidth access for a large number of users. Such network may face a significant broadcast traffic that may consequently degrade the network reliability.
In this paper, we have focused interest to wireless mesh network based IEEE 802.11s and we have designed
a self-pruning method to control and reduce the broadcast traffic forwarding. Our scheme, namely Control of Broadcast Forwarding (CBF), defines two behaviours to manage the broadcasting operation. Routing
packets are managed differently from data broadcast messages to avoid afflicting the routing process.
The simulations results show that CBF ameliorates the network capacity by reducing considerably the
number of redundant packets, improving the end to end delay and providing high reachability and packet
delivery ration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routin...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The congestion control within the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) plays a critical role in
amending data rate to evade congestion from happening possibilities. Based on TCP communication sender
not only guarantees the successful packet delivery, but also maintains the correct sequence of packets by
receiving the frequent acknowledgement from the receiver. In this research we proposed a congestion
control scheme with modified TCP and queue length variation with OLSR routing protocol in MANET. The
TCP protocol performance is modified by forwarding busy channel signals to predecessor nodes through
intermediate nodes in network. The congestion is controlled by that novel method of detecting the node is
busy or ready for communication. If the communication is start in network and the possibility if congestion
is arise, then in that case the queue length is handle the possibility of congestion. The congestion is
minimized due to awaring about the channel busy status and nodes buffer status or queue status. The TCP
protocol is able to handle the congestion situation but i.e. completely based on acknowledgement of receiver
and also not very effective to control it. The proposed TCP congestion control OLSR routing is improves
the network performance by reducing packet loss. The performance of network is measure through
performance metrics like throughput, PDF and Routing overhead in different node density scenarios. The
performance of proposed scheme is provides the better results.
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, average end to end delay, throughput by varying number of nodes per sq. km, traffic sources and mobility. Simulation results show that in high
mobility (pause time 0s) scenarios, CBRP outperforms DSR. CBRP scales well with increasing number of nodes.
Quick Routing for Communication in MANET using Zone Routing Protocolijceronline
rnational Journal of Computational Engineering Resaerch 2014, Volume 4 ~ Issue 11 (November 2014)
Abstract
The paper discusses the voltage control of a critical load bus using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in a distribution system. The critical load requires a balanced sinusoidal waveform across its terminals preferably at system nominal frequency of 50Hz .It is assumed that the frequency of the supply voltage can be varied and it is different from the system nominal frequency. The DVR is operated such that it holds the voltage across critical load bus terminals constant at system nominal frequency irrespective of the frequency of the source voltage. In case of a frequency mismatch, the total real power requirement of the critical load bus has to be supplied by the DVR. Proposed method used to compensate for frequency variation, the DC link of the DVR is supplied through an uncontrolled rectifier that provides a path for the real power required by the critical load to flow .A simple frequency estimation technique is discussed which are Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), ANN controller. The present work study the compensation principle and different control strategies of DVR used here are based on DFT, and ANN Controller .Through detailed analysis and simulation studies using MATLAB. It is shown that the voltage is completely controlled across the critical load.
PERFORMANCES OF AD HOC NETWORKS UNDER DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC CHANNEL...IJCNCJournal
Deterministic channel models have been widely used in simulation and modeling of ad hoc network for a long time. But, deterministic channel models are too simple to represent a real-world ad hoc network scenario. Recently, random channel models have drawn considerable attention of the researchers in this field. The results presented in the literature show that random channel models have a grave impact on the
performance of an ad hoc network. A comprehensive investigation on this issue is yet to be available in the
literature. In this investigation, we consider both deterministic and random channel models to investigate their effects on ad hoc networks. We consider two different types of routing protocols namely single path and multipath routing protocols. We choose Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as the single path routing protocols. On the other hand, we choose Ad-hoc On-Demand Multiple Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) as the multipath routing protocol. The results show that some single path routing protocol can outperform multipath routing protocol under both deterministic and random channel conditions. These results surprisingly contradict the popular claim that multipath routing protocol always outperforms single path routing protocol. A guideline for choosing an appropriate routing protocol for adhoc network has also been provided in this work.
OPTIMUM NEIGHBORS FOR RESOURCECONSTRAINED MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
This paper presents an investigation on the optimum number of neighbors for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs). The MANETs are self-configuring and self-organizing networks. In such a network, energyconstrained mobile nodes share limited bandwidth to send their packets to the destinations. The mobile nodes
have a limited transmission range and they rely on their neighbors to deliver their packets. Hence, the mobile
nodes must be associated with the required (i.e., optimum) number of neighbors. As the number of neighbors
is varied, a trade-off exists between the network connectivity and available bandwidth per mobile node. To
investigate this issue, we consider Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) as the routing protocol and IEEE 802.11
as the MAC layer protocol in this work. We consider both static and dynamic scenarios in this work. We
simulated the ad hoc networks via network simulator (NS-2) and the simulation results show that there exists
an optimum number of neighbors for the static case. We also show that mobility has a grave impact on the
performance of the MANETs in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and
packet loss. Hence, we need to increase the number of neighbors under mobility conditions. However, there
is no global optimum number of neighbors for the mobility case.
Security Enhancement in AODV Routing Protocol for MANETsidescitation
Adhoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts.
Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks with absence of infrastructure
centralized support. Routing in MANETs is challenging task due to mobility of nodes.
Several routing protocols have been developed for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks. This paper
describes concept of security enhancement in AODV routing protocol by detection and
tolerance of attacks using secure message transmission (SMT) protocol. Present AODV
routing protocol is not secure by malicious nodes. One main challenge in design of these
networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper we study how to make node
malicious and at same we will detect malicious node in AODV protocol using Network
Simulator-2(NS-2) tool.
A Distributed Three-hop Routing Protocol to Increase the Capacity of Hybrid W...1crore projects
IEEE PROJECTS 2015
1 crore projects is a leading Guide for ieee Projects and real time projects Works Provider.
It has been provided Lot of Guidance for Thousands of Students & made them more beneficial in all Technology Training.
Dot Net
DOTNET Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
Java Project Domain list 2015
1. IEEE based on datamining and knowledge engineering
2. IEEE based on mobile computing
3. IEEE based on networking
4. IEEE based on Image processing
5. IEEE based on Multimedia
6. IEEE based on Network security
7. IEEE based on parallel and distributed systems
ECE IEEE Projects 2015
1. Matlab project
2. Ns2 project
3. Embedded project
4. Robotics project
Eligibility
Final Year students of
1. BSc (C.S)
2. BCA/B.E(C.S)
3. B.Tech IT
4. BE (C.S)
5. MSc (C.S)
6. MSc (IT)
7. MCA
8. MS (IT)
9. ME(ALL)
10. BE(ECE)(EEE)(E&I)
TECHNOLOGY USED AND FOR TRAINING IN
1. DOT NET
2. C sharp
3. ASP
4. VB
5. SQL SERVER
6. JAVA
7. J2EE
8. STRINGS
9. ORACLE
10. VB dotNET
11. EMBEDDED
12. MAT LAB
13. LAB VIEW
14. Multi Sim
CONTACT US
1 CRORE PROJECTS
Door No: 214/215,2nd Floor,
No. 172, Raahat Plaza, (Shopping Mall) ,Arcot Road, Vadapalani, Chennai,
Tamin Nadu, INDIA - 600 026
Email id: 1croreprojects@gmail.com
website:1croreprojects.com
Phone : +91 97518 00789 / +91 72999 51536
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid w...LeMeniz Infotech
A distributed three hop routing protocol to increase the capacity of hybrid wireless networks
Do Your Projects With Technology Experts
To Get this projects Call : 9566355386 / 99625 88976
Visit : www.lemenizinfotech.com / www.ieeemaster.com
Mail : projects@lemenizinfotech.com
WIRELESS MESH NETWORKS CAPACITY IMPROVEMENT USING CBF ijwmn
Wireless mesh network has recently received a great deal of attention as a promising technology to provideubiquitous high bandwidth access for a large number of users. Such network may face a significant broadcast traffic that may consequently degrade the network reliability.
In this paper, we have focused interest to wireless mesh network based IEEE 802.11s and we have designed
a self-pruning method to control and reduce the broadcast traffic forwarding. Our scheme, namely Control of Broadcast Forwarding (CBF), defines two behaviours to manage the broadcasting operation. Routing
packets are managed differently from data broadcast messages to avoid afflicting the routing process.
The simulations results show that CBF ameliorates the network capacity by reducing considerably the
number of redundant packets, improving the end to end delay and providing high reachability and packet
delivery ration.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Comparative Performance Evaluation of Ad-hoc on Demand Distance Vector Routin...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science is an open access peer-reviewed international forum for scientists involved in research to publish quality and refereed papers. Papers reporting original research or experimentally proved review work are welcome. Papers for publication are selected through peer review to ensure originality, relevance, and readability.
Dvr based hybrid routing protocols in mobile ad-hoc network application and c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The congestion control within the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) plays a critical role in
amending data rate to evade congestion from happening possibilities. Based on TCP communication sender
not only guarantees the successful packet delivery, but also maintains the correct sequence of packets by
receiving the frequent acknowledgement from the receiver. In this research we proposed a congestion
control scheme with modified TCP and queue length variation with OLSR routing protocol in MANET. The
TCP protocol performance is modified by forwarding busy channel signals to predecessor nodes through
intermediate nodes in network. The congestion is controlled by that novel method of detecting the node is
busy or ready for communication. If the communication is start in network and the possibility if congestion
is arise, then in that case the queue length is handle the possibility of congestion. The congestion is
minimized due to awaring about the channel busy status and nodes buffer status or queue status. The TCP
protocol is able to handle the congestion situation but i.e. completely based on acknowledgement of receiver
and also not very effective to control it. The proposed TCP congestion control OLSR routing is improves
the network performance by reducing packet loss. The performance of network is measure through
performance metrics like throughput, PDF and Routing overhead in different node density scenarios. The
performance of proposed scheme is provides the better results.
Comparatively analysis of AODV and DSR in MAC layer for Ad Hoc Environmentijsrd.com
In Wireless Adhoc Network is a group of wireless mobile nodes is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Every node operates as an end system and as a router to forward packets. In this paper mainly focused on Mac layer because this layer is most important for the data communication using control the packet loss and we worked on the comparison based performance of wimax802.16 and wireless802.11 networks using Ad hoc on- demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. In this paper we used the different maximum speed for the network. And this comparison based on unicast On-demand routing procedure and our simulation for mobile ad hoc networks discover and maintain only needed the design and follows the idea that each node by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested and compared various parameter packet delivery ratio, normalized routing load and e-e delay. These simulations are carried out using the Network simulator version-2. The results presented in this work illustrate the importance in carefully evaluating and implementing routing protocols in an ad hoc environment.
Mobile ad hoc network is a reconfigurable network of mobile nodes connected by multi-hop wireless links and capable of operating without any fixed infrastructure support. In order to facilitate communication within such self-creating, self-organizing and self administrating network, a dynamic routing protocol is needed. The primary goal of such an ad hoc network routing protocol is to discover and establish a correct and efficient route between a pair of nodes so that messages may be delivered in a timely manner. Route construction should be done with a minimum of overhead and bandwidth consumption. This paper examines two routing protocols, both on-demand source routing, for mobile ad hoc networks– the Dynamic Source Routing (DSR), an flat architecture based and the Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), a cluster architecture based and evaluates both routing protocols in terms of packet delivery fraction, normalized routing load, average end to end delay, throughput by varying number of nodes per sq. km, traffic sources and mobility. Simulation results show that in high
mobility (pause time 0s) scenarios, CBRP outperforms DSR. CBRP scales well with increasing number of nodes.
Quick Routing for Communication in MANET using Zone Routing Protocolijceronline
rnational Journal of Computational Engineering Resaerch 2014, Volume 4 ~ Issue 11 (November 2014)
Abstract
The paper discusses the voltage control of a critical load bus using dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) in a distribution system. The critical load requires a balanced sinusoidal waveform across its terminals preferably at system nominal frequency of 50Hz .It is assumed that the frequency of the supply voltage can be varied and it is different from the system nominal frequency. The DVR is operated such that it holds the voltage across critical load bus terminals constant at system nominal frequency irrespective of the frequency of the source voltage. In case of a frequency mismatch, the total real power requirement of the critical load bus has to be supplied by the DVR. Proposed method used to compensate for frequency variation, the DC link of the DVR is supplied through an uncontrolled rectifier that provides a path for the real power required by the critical load to flow .A simple frequency estimation technique is discussed which are Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), ANN controller. The present work study the compensation principle and different control strategies of DVR used here are based on DFT, and ANN Controller .Through detailed analysis and simulation studies using MATLAB. It is shown that the voltage is completely controlled across the critical load.
PERFORMANCES OF AD HOC NETWORKS UNDER DETERMINISTIC AND PROBABILISTIC CHANNEL...IJCNCJournal
Deterministic channel models have been widely used in simulation and modeling of ad hoc network for a long time. But, deterministic channel models are too simple to represent a real-world ad hoc network scenario. Recently, random channel models have drawn considerable attention of the researchers in this field. The results presented in the literature show that random channel models have a grave impact on the
performance of an ad hoc network. A comprehensive investigation on this issue is yet to be available in the
literature. In this investigation, we consider both deterministic and random channel models to investigate their effects on ad hoc networks. We consider two different types of routing protocols namely single path and multipath routing protocols. We choose Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR), and Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) as the single path routing protocols. On the other hand, we choose Ad-hoc On-Demand Multiple Path Distance Vector (AOMDV) as the multipath routing protocol. The results show that some single path routing protocol can outperform multipath routing protocol under both deterministic and random channel conditions. These results surprisingly contradict the popular claim that multipath routing protocol always outperforms single path routing protocol. A guideline for choosing an appropriate routing protocol for adhoc network has also been provided in this work.
OPTIMUM NEIGHBORS FOR RESOURCECONSTRAINED MOBILE AD HOC NETWORKSijasuc
This paper presents an investigation on the optimum number of neighbors for mobile ad hoc networks
(MANETs). The MANETs are self-configuring and self-organizing networks. In such a network, energyconstrained mobile nodes share limited bandwidth to send their packets to the destinations. The mobile nodes
have a limited transmission range and they rely on their neighbors to deliver their packets. Hence, the mobile
nodes must be associated with the required (i.e., optimum) number of neighbors. As the number of neighbors
is varied, a trade-off exists between the network connectivity and available bandwidth per mobile node. To
investigate this issue, we consider Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) as the routing protocol and IEEE 802.11
as the MAC layer protocol in this work. We consider both static and dynamic scenarios in this work. We
simulated the ad hoc networks via network simulator (NS-2) and the simulation results show that there exists
an optimum number of neighbors for the static case. We also show that mobility has a grave impact on the
performance of the MANETs in terms of network throughput, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and
packet loss. Hence, we need to increase the number of neighbors under mobility conditions. However, there
is no global optimum number of neighbors for the mobility case.
Active Path Updation For Layered Routing (Apular) In Wireless Mesh Networkschetan1nonly
Routing is the major research issues in the Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). Ad-hoc networks routing protocols can be applied for WMN, but due to limited success & less efficiency there is need of more efficient routing protocols. In Infrastructure Wireless Mesh Routing Architecture (IWMRA) routing protocol, source node initiates a path establishing process whenever path breaks. This is not an ideal method in WMN where every nodes rather than source and destination in the path are motionless. One way of overcoming this is by initiating the local route repair by destination node. In this paper, we propose an active path updating procedure APULAR for quickly repair the broken path. Moreover, to improve throughput and to reduce the co-channel interference, we use multiple interface with multi channels. We are considering 4-hop as an interference range and will use fixed channel assignment within the mesh routers to reduce the inter flow interference. Our procedure is simulated in NS2 and compared with AODV – MI3 and APULAR-MI2, APULAR-MI3, APULAR-MI5. Simulation results show that our protocol performs better AODV in key performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, control overhead, average throughput and end-to-end delay.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
A Survey of Various Routing and Channel Assignment Strategies for MR-MC WMNsijsrd.com
One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. A WMN node needs to share a common channel with each of its neighbours in the communication range, requiring it to set up a virtual link. Moreover, to reduce network interference, a node should minimize the number of neighbours that it shares a common channel with. The objective of a channel assignment strategy is to ensure efficient utilization of the available channels (e.g., by minimizing interference) while maximizing connectivity in the network. However, since these two requirements are conflicting with each other, the goal is to achieve a balance between these two. The major constraints which need to be satisfied by a channel assignment scheme include fixed number of channels in the network, limited number of radios in mesh nodes, common channel between two communicating nodes, and limited channel capacity. Also, a channel assignment scheme should take the amount of traffic load supported by each mesh node into consideration.
JPN1401 A QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol for Hybrid Wireless Netw...chennaijp
Get the latest IEEE ns2 projects in JP INFOTECH; we are having following category wise projects like Industrial Informatics, Vehicular Technology, Networking, WSN and Manet.
For More Details:
http://jpinfotech.org/final-year-ieee-projects/2014-ieee-projects/ns2-projects/
Quantative Analysis and Evaluation of Topology Control Schemes for Utilizing ...ijsrd.com
By virtue of their robustness, cost-effectiveness, self-organizing and self-configuring nature, WMNs have emerged as a new network paradigm for a wide range of applications, such as public safety and emergency response communications, intelligent transportation systems, and community networks. It is anticipated that WMNs will not only resolve the limitations of wireless ad hoc networks, local area networks (WLANs), personal area networks (WPANs), and metropolitan area networks (WMANs) but also significantly improve such networks’ performance. One fundamental problem of WMNs with a limited number of radio interfaces and orthogonal channels is that the performance degrades significantly as the network size grows. This results from increased interference between nodes and diminished spatial reuse over the network. In this paper, it is proposed to evaluate the performance of two different channel assignment schemes namely common channel assignment (CCA) and centralized tabu-based search algorithm under WCETT routing protocols for varying traffic load in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput, average end to end delay and routing overhead using NS2 network simulator. WCETT protocol uses the weighted sum of the cumulative expected transmission time and the maximal value of efficient channels among all channels.
A New Paradigm for Load Balancing in WMNsCSCJournals
In this paper, we address the problem of load balancing in Wireless Mesh Networks. We consider a Cluster Based Wireless Mesh Architecture in which the WMN is divided into clusters that could minimize the updating overhead during topology change due to mobility of mesh nodes or congestion of load on a cluster. Each cluster contains a gateway that has complete knowledge about group memberships and link state information in the cluster. The gateway is often elected in the cluster formation process. We consider load of gateways and try to reduce it. As a matter of fact when a gateway undertakes to be an interface for connecting nodes of a wireless mesh network to other networks or internet, there would be some problems such as congestion and bottleneck, so we introduce a new paradigm for these problems. For solving bottleneck we use clustering to reduce load of gateways and after that by use of dividing cluster we prevent from bottleneck on gateways. We study how to detect congestion on a gateway and how can reduce loads of it that preventing from bottleneck on gateway and therefore increasing throughput of network to encountering many loads. So we propose an algorithm to detect bottleneck and remedies for load balancing in Wireless Mesh Networks. We also use Ns2-Emultion for implementing and testing the framework. Some qualitative results are provided to prove the correctness and the advantages of our framework.
Clustering effects on wireless mobile ad hoc networks performancesijcsit
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group of mobile devices called cluster, hence clustered network. In a clustered network, protocols used by
these mobile devices are different from those used in a wired network; which helps to save computation
time and resources efficiently. This paper focuses on Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Dynamic Source
Routing. The results presented in this paper illustrates the implementation of Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance
Vector routing protocol for enhancing mobile nodes performance and lifetime in a clustered network and to
demonstrate how this routing protocol results in time efficient and resource saving in wireless mobile ad
hoc networks.
DATA TRANSPARENT AUTHENTICATION USING QOD IN HYBRID NETWORKSEditor IJMTER
Hybrid networks are next generation of wireless networks that could be a
combination of Mobile wireless adhoc (MANET) networks and Wireless Infrastructure
networks. They are increasingly utilized in wireless communications that are extremely
supporting real time transmission with restricted Quality of Service. Invalid reservation and
race condition issues happens in MANET. In existing system, QoS-Oriented Distributed
routing protocol (QOD) is employed to boost the QoS support capability of hybrid networks,
it transforms the packet routing problem to resource scheduling problem that has 5
algorithms. They are, QoS guaranteed neighbor selection algorithm, Distributed packet
scheduling algorithm, Mobility based segment resizing algorithm, Traffic redundant
elimination algorithm and Data redundancy elimination based transmission algorithm. The
main drawback of hybrid networks is so far examined in minimum transmission hops and has
less beneficial feature with restricted number of mobile access points, mobility speeds, and
mobile workloads and with different network sizes. It will extremely perform on random
way point model and less in real mobility model. This paper present Data Transparent
Authentication to authenticates data streams by adjusting interpacket delay. Data Transparent
Authentication while not Communication overhead is an approach which reduces breakdown
of original information or sends out of band authentication data.
Wireless Mesh Networks Based on MBPSO Algorithm to Improvement Throughput IJECEIAES
Wireless Mesh Networks can be regarded as a type of communication technology in mesh topology in which wireless nodes interconnect with one another. Wireless Mesh Networks depending on the semi-static configuration in different paths among nodes such as PDR, E2E delay and throughput. This study summarized different types of previous heuristic algorithms in order to adapt with proper algorithm that could solve the issue. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the proper methods, approaches or algorithms that should be adapted to improve the throughput. A Modified Binary Particle Swarm Optimization (MBPSO) approach was adapted to improvements the throughput. Finally, the finding shows that throughput increased by 5.79% from the previous study.
Wireless mesh networks offer high bandwidth Internet access for mobile users anywhere and at any time.
It is an emerging technology that uses wireless multi-hop networking to provide a cost-efficient way for
community or enterprise users to have broadband Internet access and share network resource. In this paper,
we have tried to give a comparative analysis of various Gateway Placement approaches which can be
helpful in understanding which approach will be useful in which situation.
IRJET-A_AODV: A Modern Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
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Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous wireless network, deploy without any fixed infrastructure and assistance of base stations. Each node in network shares wireless link for interconnections and not only operates as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. Since the network nodes are mobile, can be move in any direction with varying paces that generate high dynamicity of network so the protocols that are developed for general ad hoc networks are unsuitable for such an environment. In addition, on-hand routing protocols performance decreases as size of network increased. In this context, to enhance the recitation of routing in MANETs, we propose a new approach in this paper, named Advanced Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (A_AODV). It is a modified version of traditional AODV routing protocol, shrink the active path whenever optimal pathway is available and switches the traffic on it. Simulation studies are conducted using NS2 to prove that proposed approach enhance network performance when network size, load or the mobility increases
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An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 14, Issue 2 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 06-12
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 6 | Page
An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer
design for wireless mesh network
Prof. Rekha Patil.1
, Abhishek2
1
Associate Professor, Department of computer science and engineering, Poojya doddappa Appa College of
engineering, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India,
2
Department of computer science and engineering, Poojya doddappa Appa College of engineering, Gulbarga,
Karnataka, India,
Abstract: Analysis of routing in Mesh Network reveals that Proactive routes are fast but suffers vulnerability of
route failure under high mobility. Reactive routes on the other hand add extra overhead in the network for
obtaining a route before every communication session. As Link state routing provides a Network Map at each
node, It is well suited for a mesh network. However due to uncertain demand in the mesh network, link states
needs frequent updation and refreshing. A refreshing phase halts current session thus adding latency to the
session. In order to avoid this pitfall we propose a unique Cross layer Based Link State Routing for Mesh
network. Nodes keep monitoring the link quality as an when a packet is received in a link. Signal to Noise Ratio
and Received power is measured at the MAC layer. Any change in the stored value raises an event which is read
directly by the network layer. Once Network layer gets the notification, it automatically updates the route table
entry with new metric values. Thus there is no specific refresh phase and nodes automatically update the links
and route cache. Once a node realizes that the link quality with its next hop has degraded and a better one is
available, it opts a handover of the connection called vertical handover. Thus proposed system provides
seamless connectivity under varying load and mobility.
Keywords: Cross layer routing, Link state routing protocol, Wireless mesh networks (WMNs).
I. Introduction
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) have emerged as a key technology for next-generation wireless
networking. Because of their advantages over other wireless networks, WMNs are undergoing rapid progress
and inspiring numerous applications. However, many technical issues still exist in this field. In order to provide
a better understanding of the research challenges of WMNs, here author has presented a detailed investigation of
current state-of-the-art protocols and algorithms for WMNs. Open research issues in all protocol layers are also
discussed, with an objective to spark new research interests in this field In WMNs, nodes are comprised of mesh
routers and mesh clients. Each node operates not only as a host but also as a router, forwarding packets on
behalf of other nodes that may not be within direct wireless transmission range of their destinations. A WMN is
dynamically self-organized and self-configured, with the nodes in the network automatically establishing and
maintaining mesh connectivity among themselves (creating, in effect, an ad hoc network). This feature brings
many advantages to WMNs such as low up-front cost, easy network maintenance, robustness, and reliable
service coverage. Conventional nodes (e.g., desktops, laptops, PDAs, Pocket PCs, phones, etc.) equipped with
wireless network interface cards (NICs) can connect directly to wireless mesh routers.
Wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are dynamically self-organized and self-configured, with the nodes
in the network automatically establishing an ad hoc network and maintaining the mesh connectivity. WMNs are
comprised of two types of nodes: mesh routers and mesh clients. Other than the routing capability for
gateway/bridge functions as in a conventional wireless router, a mesh router contains additional routing
functions to support mesh networking. Through multi-hop communications, the same coverage can be achieved
by a mesh router with much lower transmission power. To further improve the flexibility of mesh networking, a
mesh router is usually equipped with multiple wireless interfaces built on either the same or different wireless
access technologies. In spite of all these differences, mesh and conventional wireless routers are usually built
based on a similar hardware platform. Mesh routers have minimal mobility and form the mesh backbone for
mesh clients. Thus, although mesh clients can also work as a router for mesh networking, the hardware platform
and software for them can be much simpler than those for mesh routers. For example, communication protocols
for mesh clients can be light-weight, gateway or bridge functions do not exist in mesh clients, and only a single
wireless interface is needed in a mesh client, and so on. In addition to mesh networking among mesh routers and
mesh clients, the gateway/bridge functionalities in mesh routers enable the integration of WMNs with various
other networks. Conventional nodes equipped with wireless network interface cards (NICs) can connect directly
to WMNs through wireless mesh routers.
2. An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
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Customers without wireless NICs can access WMNs by connecting to wireless mesh routers through,
for example, Ethernet. Thus, WMNs will greatly help users to be always-on-line anywhere, anytime.
Consequently, instead of being another type of ad-hoc networking, WMNs diversify the capabilities of ad-hoc
networks. This feature brings many advantages to WMNs, such as low up-front cost, easy network maintenance,
robustness, reliable service coverage, etc. Therefore, in addition to being widely accepted in the traditional
application sectors of ad hoc networks, WMNs are undergoing rapid commercialization in many other
application scenarios such as broadband home networking, community networking, building automation, high-
speed metropolitan area networks, and enterprise networking.
WMNs support ad hoc networking, and have the capability of self-forming, self-healing, and self-
organization. WMNs are multi-hop wireless networks, but with a wireless infrastructure/backbone provided by
mesh routers. Mesh routers have minimal mobility and perform dedicated routing and configuration, which
significantly decreases the load of mesh clients and other end nodes. Mobility of end nodes is supported easily
through the wireless infrastructure. Mesh routers integrate heterogeneous networks, including both wired and
wireless. Thus, multiple types of network access exist in WMNs. Power-consumption constraints are different
for mesh routers and mesh clients. WMNs are not stand-alone and need to be compatible and interoperable with
other wireless networks.
The paper is organized as follows section I Introduction, section II related work, section III represents
Methodology, system design and implementation algorithm, section IV represents Results and Discussion,
section V finally conclusion.
II. Related Work
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel kind of distributed broadband network architecture, of
which the key idea is that every node in the network can be the access In recent years, the research approach of
integrating cross-layer idea into the WMN routing protocol design has made obvious progress, which can
increase the utilization of network resources to a large extent and enhance the Qos guarantee to users.
Point and the router at the same time [1]. This approach has obtained the recognition of a growing
number of scholars and research institutions. The traditional minimum hop based routing protocol [2 ]has the
flaws that it cannot effectively control congestion, has poor fairness, and cannot realize load balance. Reference
[3] proposed a capacity-aware routing (CAR) protocol, which adopted a routing metric called bottleneck link
capacity (BLC). This metric can increase the network throughput and reduce the end-to-end delay to a certain
degree by the cross-layer operation of considering the link interference, the link load, and other link quality
information.
Proposed a QoS-aware routing with a congestion control and load balancing protocol (QRCCLB) [4],
which, by introducing the cross-layer operation, takes dynamic source routing protocol in an Ad hoc network as
the prototype and can make the network traffic bypass the network‟s business hotspot, thus achieve the effect of
congestion control and load balance. In [5], a wireless fidelity Ad hoc on-demand distance vector (WiFi-
AODV) routing protocol was proposed, which fully exploits the adaptive rate switching mechanism of
IEEE802.11 by introducing the cross-layer mechanism, in which nodes use the data transmission rate of the
physical layer as a metric and are able to establish a route with a high data rate and low transmission delay.
proposed an integrated metrics based extended dynamic source routing method (EDSR) [6], which uses
the cross-layer design to provide the frame delivery rate, extra bandwidth, and the node load of the media access
control (MAC) layer for the network layer routing algorithm, thus improving the throughput rate and load
balance capability of the network and satisfying users‟ QoS requirements by promoting the network‟s overall
performance. These routing protocols are all proposed based on existing on-demand routing protocols of Ad hoc
network, such as dynamic source routing, and Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing. But for WMN, the
network node is relatively fixed. Only node failures, as well as joining, leaving, and the uncertainty of wireless
links will result in changes in the network topology. The change rate of network topology is far below the
arrival rate of the data flow and the main business in WMN is the Internet business with certain delay
requirements. These routing protocols have jumped out of the traditional route of taking the minimum hop as the
routing metric and introduced the idea of cross-layer design. But there is a lack of systemic knowledge for the
cross-layer design of WMN, in which the implementation process is complex and the practicality is low
The design of a CL-OLSR protocol for WMN based on optimized link state routing (OLSR) protocol.
CL-OLSR based on [6] refines the idea of cross-layer design, and proposes a brand-new routing metric CLM
applicable to WMN. This routing metric [7] takes into account four cross-layer factors: node available
bandwidth, node balance, link delivery rate, and link interference by introducing the cross-layer operation
mechanism. Through considering these four factors, the route selection is optimized to a large extent, the
network throughput is improved and the goal of load balance is achieved. Compared with the on-demand
routing, CL-OLSR is a proactive routing protocol[8] of hop-by-hop forwarding, which is more suitable for
3. An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
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approximately static topological properties of WMN, and satisfies the requirements of low delay of the traffic
flow. Moreover, the algorithm is relatively simple and practical.
III. Methodology
The overview of the project methodology is explained in brief as follows.
Every Node Measure the SINR and Received signal strength for every received packet. This value is
updated in Neighbor Table by Network layer if there is a significant variation with past value.
A route is established using OLSR which takes into account of current state of links
In the Middle of a session if a node tracks that better access point/relay node is available with better link
quality, then requests for a change in connection.
Transmission starts through this path upon link switch over.
Thus routing is through the best link. Best link is always maintained without rerouting. MAC layer
parameter like Packet Rate. In physical layer calculate Power Loss.
Fig. 1 Cross-layer module
Proposed Work
Routing is simply the function of knowing which path to take in order to deliver the data from one end
to another. It must include an addressing scheme and a routing protocol. To put it most simply, if the addressing
scheme consisted of house addresses, then a knowledgeable postman would be the routing protocol. Routing
protocols are worked hard in a mesh, particularly if it is mobile. We can imagine our postman‟s job if houses
were regularly to disappear and re-appear somewhere else, or if they are all moved constantly in different
directions. This is the nature of the mobile routing protocol challenge. Routing protocols must be efficient and
must either keep their knowledge proactively up-to-date, or be quickly reactive when routes are required. Which
of these two routing approaches is better depends on the behaviour of the mesh users. And the traffic which
must be carried. Each mesh node must participate in the routing and relay of other‟s traffic. Every node is a
router In an Mesh network environment, each node participates within the network not only as a possible source
and sink of traffic but, also as a relay and a router, enabling the forwarding of traffic between nodes in the
network. Thus, in a mesh, each and every node needs to know what the route traffic needs to follow in order to
reach its destination. This is directly analogous to router behaviour in the internet, although the big difference is
that not all internet nodes need to be routers. It follows mobility adds volatility to the routing problem.
Every node is a relay It is always necessary for nodes to act as relays to form a mesh. This is essential but has
several consequences.
Firstly, by acting as a relay, anode takes on a workload over and above that needed to support its user‟s
requirements. This accepted consensus from both academic and commercial published work is that nodes often
need to be able to relay traffic of a volume a few times above that of their own service, i.e. they must handle not
only their user generated traffic but potentially that of several other users as well. This implies that meshes will
require more capable user nodes than otherwise equivalent cellular systems. Secondly, a consequence of having
a service level which depends on the performance of user nodes is an increased difficulty in maintenance and
upgrade. For example with the introduction of EDGE onto GSM it was possible to upgrade base stations, and
then allow subscribers to sign up to the new services as and when required, if at all. With a mesh system, users
are dependent on the installed base of fellow subscribers and so new services cannot be provided unless all or at
least a substantial fraction of existing users are persuaded to upgrade their units. Proactive and reactive routing
Mesh routing protocols are used in environments where there is not necessarily a well-controlled infrastructure
network but where there is a common routing policy. There are two main categories of routing: proactive and
reactive. Proactive routing protocols are based on the „normal‟ routing protocols used in wired networks, such as
today‟s internet. Algorithms based on distance vector and link state are common. Distance vector often uses the
number of hops as a metric to minimise when selecting the best route, but can also go beyond this to consider
more parameters, for example link bandwidth and delay. This is used to construct a route table, which is shared
with other routers.
4. An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
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Link state operation is more complex and requires each router to build its own map of the network.
Thus, in proactive protocols, there is an attempt to build locally, at each node, a picture of roots within the
network before they are required for use. The routing tables are usually built periodically through the normal
operation of the protocol exchanging routing update packets. In normal operation, this has advantage that the
routes are already pre-computed and so packet forwarding can take place as soon as a packet for a particular
destination appears at a node. The drawback is that routes may be calculated and re-calculated (for e.g. due to
node mobility) when they are actually not required for data. This wastes bandwidth and, for mobile nodes, also
waste battery power via the sending and receiving of unnecessary routing updates. Reactive routing takes an
alternative approach by building routes only upon demand. It may also cache route information according to
some short time-out or stale-ness policy. Cached routes can be used as required, but if a route is not known then
it has to be „discovered‟. This has advantage that routes are only evaluated when needed, although this approach
adds latency to packet forwarding when routes are not already known. Generally, the reactive routing approach
is the one that has received most attention in the adhoc networking community.
Sequence Numbers
A difficulty with flooding, as described so far, is that when all routers have received all LSAs, the
flooding must stop. A time-to-live value in the packets could simply be relied on to expire, but it is hardly
efficient to permit LSAs to wander the network until they expire. Take the network in Figure 2. Subnet
172.22.4.0 at Router A has failed, and A has flooded an LSA to its neighbors B and D, advertising the new state
of the link. B and D dutifully flood to their neighbors, and so on.
Fig. 2 When a topology change occurs, LSAs advertising the change will be flooded throughout the network.
Look next at what happens at Router C. An LSA arrives from Router B at time t1, is entered into C's
topological database, and is forwarded to Router F. At some later time t3, another copy of the same LSA arrives
from the longer A-D-E-F-C route. Router C sees that it already has the LSA in its database; the question is,
should C forward this LSA to Router B? The answer is no because B has already received the advertisement.
Router C knows this because the sequence number of the LSA it received from Router F is the same as the
sequence number of the LSA it received earlier from Router B. When Router A sent out the LSA, it included an
identical sequence number in each copy. This sequence number is recorded in the routers' topological databases
along with the rest of the LSA; when a router receives an LSA that is already in the database and its sequence
number is the same, the received information is discarded. If the information is the same but the sequence
number is greater, the received information and new sequence number are entered into the database and the LSA
is flooded. In this way, flooding is abated when all routers have seen a copy of the most recent LSA.
As described so far, it seems that routers could merely verify that their link state databases contain the
same LSA as the newly received LSA and make a flood/discard decision based on that information, without
needing a sequence number. But imagine that immediately after Figure 2‟s network 172.22.4.0 failed, it came
back up. Router A might send out an LSA advertising the network as down, with a sequence number of 166;
then it sends out a new LSA announcing the same network as up, with a sequence number of 167. Router C
receives the down LSA and then the up LSA from the A-B-C path, but then it receives a delayed down LSA
from the A-D-E-F-C path. Without the sequence numbers, C would not know whether or not to believe the
delayed down LSA. With sequence numbers, C's database will indicate that the information from Router A has a
sequence number of 167; the late LSA has a sequence number of 166 and is therefore recognized as old
information and discarded.
5. An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
www.iosrjournals.org 10 | Page
Algorithm
Step 1: The number of nodes are initialized over an area of a=X*Y mts.
Step 2: Any node is represented by layer L={A,N,P,LL,NB}
Where,
A= application layer
N= network layer
P= physical layer
LL=link layer
NB=notification board.
Step 3: At the time of initialization each node Ni broadcast its equal li to its neighbours. Upon receiving li by
Nj. Nj calculates link quality Qij makes an table entry P.IJ= {i. j, li Qij}
Step 4: At the saturation state any routes RI finds a path to all the nodes either directly or through any other
arbitrary router Rj by iterating in T.
Step 5: Every router RI exchanges every possible route with every other route RJ.
Step 6: Association phase – where NI closure to RI request for an association which is replied by RI.
Step 7: Request phase – NI generates data packets for destination d.
Step 8: Forwarding phase – upon receiving packet from NI to d
.RI finds route from T and forwards to the next hop.
Step 9: Topology change phase – any node NI moves to a next location Xi2, Yi2 from its current location Xi1
,Yi1 at a speed Vi using linear mobility model.
Step 10: Link quality change –The above event results in change of link quality measured at llj of a node J
initiating RE routing request.
Step 11: Node updates T and goes to saturation phase for obtaining new route. Further packets are forwarded
through new path
IV. Results And Discussion
wmn is composed of mesh routers and clients. The mobility of the node have significant impanct on the
performance of the system.global route cache keeps a record of the network map based on the signal to noise
ratio and the received power. Later routing is done to achive max throughput and to reduce the delay.
Fig. 3 Hand over networks
Fig. 4 Hand over networks with airframe packets
6. An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
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Fig. 5 Performance measurement at each node upon receiving packet
Here delay refers to the time taken for a packet to be transmitted across a network from source to destination
Speed Vs proposed delay is plotted in the above fig.The different delays are queuing delay, propagation delay,
processing delay, processing time. The delay is calculated for different number of nodes. As shown in figure the
end to end delays compared with existing ETX method, which shows that the delay is less for the proposed
bandwidth system as the speed is increased in regular interval
Jitter is the variation in time between packets arriving, caused by network congestion, time drift, or route
changes. A jitter buffer can be used to handle jitter. The types of jitter are random jitter and deterministic jitter.
Jitter is defined as a variation in the delay of received packets. At the sending side, packet are sent in a
continuous stream with the packets spaced evenly apart. Due to network congestion, improper queuing , or
configuration errors, this steady stream can become lumpy, or the delay between each packet can vary instead of
remaining constant. The data packets forwarding overhead increases as numbers of node increases. The jitter
occurs because of traffic, interference etc. also while sending more data in the routing path the data packet
overhead is occurred. Since jitter is less for the proposed system.
Threshold is the minimum, of the maximum value to be achieved, here the sinr gradually decreases.
7. An optimized link state routing protocol based on a cross layer design for wireless mesh network
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V. Conclusion
In this paper we show that link quality in WMN varies Due to factors like mobility, energy
consumption, and power losses. Variation in link quality results in fluctuations in packet delivery ration, latency
and other performances. So under link variations, routes cannot be considered as stable. Therefore incorporating
link quality and deriving a suitable technique to include the same as cost metric in routing is essential. There are
several techniques which estimates the link quality based on either movement or power loss. As SINR and
received power directly or indirectly affects all the other parameters, we have considered SINR based link
quality metric for Link State routing and vertical handoff in WMN
Here in this work we measure link stability as consistency of data and control packet rate in the links.
Links with consistent rates irrespective of high or low are considered as more stable Links. Through OLSR we
find the routes that incorporate the most stable links. Further if the current router's link fails or degrades, the
next best router is selected. Result shows that the technique results in better routing, energy, Control Overhead
under different link variability constraints like high mobility.
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