The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
Evaluation of some heavy metals in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zari...Innspub Net
This research work was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn) in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zaria, Nigeria. Four sampling locations were selected (ABUTH, NAPRI, Marabar Guga and ABU Dam Quarters in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria main campus which served as the control site). Soil samples were collected at 0, 50, 100 and 200 m distances from the roadside in three replicates, air dried at room temperature, sieved and kept in specimen bottles with appropriate labels pending analysis. Samples were digested and analyzed for concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Concentrations of these heavy metals were observed to be significantly higher at 0 m than the other distances from the roadside and this decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. There was generally no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentration at 50- 200 m from the roadside. Soil lead concentration was mostly observed to be higher than that of all other metals studied. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil samples was in the order of Pb>Mn>Zn >Cd >Cu. The contamination factors for individual heavy metal for the locations showed low to moderate contamination by the metals. Among the locations studied, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) showed the highest concentration of the most heavy metals while ABU Dam Quarters (Control), had the lowest concentration of most of the heavy metals. The study showed that, nearness to the roadside increased the soil heavy metal concentrations and this could invariably influence the same in crops planted or farm produce being dried along the roadside.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Geochemical Survey, Health and Environmental Implication of Trace Elements in...Premier Publishers
This study involves the geochemical assessment of trace elements of surface soil samples from Owo area in Ondo State, Nigeria. In environmental studies, chemical elements are often distinguished as lithogenic and anthropogenic based on their sources. The knowledge about their distribution in soils is thus crucial for the assessment of the environmental hazards due to chemical pollution of urban soils. In this area, fourteen (14) soil samples were collected and analyzed for the following trace elements – Zinc(Zn), Copper(Cu), Lead(Pb), Arsenic(As), Cadmium(Cd), Titanium(Ti), Strontium(Sr), Zircon(Zr), Molybdenum(Mo), Silver(Ag), Rubidium (Rb), and Tin(Sn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The background values as determined were as follows: Zn(8.30-8.70ppm), Cu(1.95-2.19ppm), Pb(0.83-0.87ppm) As(0.052-0.054ppm), Cd(0.06-0.07ppm), Ti(0.12-0.14ppm), Sr(0.04-0.05ppm), Zr(0.04-0.05ppm), Mo(0.13-0.14ppm), Ag(0.12 0.13ppm), Rb(0.013-0.014ppm) and Sn(0.07-0.08ppm).The threshold values in (ppm) were: 9.12, 2.69, 0.93, 0.06, 0.07, 0.20, 0.05, 0.06, 0.20, 0.26, 0.02, and 0.11. The increase above the background concentrations is probably anthropogenic. The Anthropogenic Factor (AF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were determined for Zn, Pb, Cu and As in order to quantify the level of contamination in the soils. The result revealed an average AF of 1.1 and Igeo of -0.44, 1.00, -1.05 and -0.37. This result indicates uncontaminated to slightly contaminated soil condition. The pH values of the soils, ranging from (5.5-7.7) indicate a slightly acidic to slightly alkaline soils owing to the chemical reactions of the anthropogenic additives. Anthropogenic inputs from the few industries in the area were quite minimal, except for municipal and vehicular contributions. Therefore, monitoring programs should be introduced to check the level of environmental degradation that may result from future anthropogenic perturbations.
Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from...ijtsrd
In the present paper, the sodic soil samples were collected from the salt production area of Thakhauttaw, Hanlin, Sataung Gyi and Paline, Shwebo District, Sagaing Region. These samples were studied on the elemental analysis using the energy dispersive x ray fluorescence EDXRF spectroscopy. In order to evaluate the contamination status of metals, assessment indices such as metal pollution index MPI and enrichment factors EFs have been calculated by using the metal concentrations from the EDXRF results. The values of metal pollution index MPI for all samples were less than 1. This indicating the sodic soil was no significant of metal pollution. The results of enrichment factors show that Ca and Mn considerable enriched levels in the soil. According to health physics point of view, the overall study suggests that the sodic soil from salt production area were not metal contaminated and long term consumption cannot be cause potential health risks to consumers. Tin Htun Naing | Kyaw Kyaw Naing | Hla Win Aung | Wunna Ko | Khin Maung Htwe "Calculation of Metal Pollution Index and Enrichment Factor in Sodic Soil from Salt Production Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26771.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/physics/other/26771/calculation-of-metal-pollution-index-and-enrichment-factor-in-sodic-soil-from-salt-production-area/tin-htun-naing
Evaluation of some heavy metals in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zari...Innspub Net
This research work was carried out to evaluate the concentrations of some heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Mn) in roadside soil along Samaru-Giwa road, Zaria, Nigeria. Four sampling locations were selected (ABUTH, NAPRI, Marabar Guga and ABU Dam Quarters in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria main campus which served as the control site). Soil samples were collected at 0, 50, 100 and 200 m distances from the roadside in three replicates, air dried at room temperature, sieved and kept in specimen bottles with appropriate labels pending analysis. Samples were digested and analyzed for concentrations of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Manganese (Mn) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Concentrations of these heavy metals were observed to be significantly higher at 0 m than the other distances from the roadside and this decreased with increasing distance from the roadside. There was generally no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentration at 50- 200 m from the roadside. Soil lead concentration was mostly observed to be higher than that of all other metals studied. The concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil samples was in the order of Pb>Mn>Zn >Cd >Cu. The contamination factors for individual heavy metal for the locations showed low to moderate contamination by the metals. Among the locations studied, Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, (ABUTH) showed the highest concentration of the most heavy metals while ABU Dam Quarters (Control), had the lowest concentration of most of the heavy metals. The study showed that, nearness to the roadside increased the soil heavy metal concentrations and this could invariably influence the same in crops planted or farm produce being dried along the roadside.
Trace Metal Analysis in Soil and Plant Samples of Tirupati Region, Andhra Pra...inventionjournals
Rapid economic and industrial development across Tirupati region in recent decades has necessitated massive construction and building works and resulted in the contamination of environmental compartments. In addition to the disposal of untreated domestic wastes from the nearby villages industrial activities are also increasing in this region. In the present context there is a dire need to know the level of environmental contaminants in the environmental compartments such as soil and plants. The present study investigated the concentrations of trace metals in soil and plants around Tirupati region. Our results indicate that the sites are moderately polluted and potential negative biological effects may occur in the vicinity.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
The Influence of Swine-Waste Biochar on the Early-Age Characteristics of Ceme...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of swine-waste biochar (SB) on the early-age characteristics of cement pastes. Using a water/binder ratio of 0.28, SB modified cement pastes were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), flow, and Vicat setting tests. Notably, SB reduced the flow and initial setting times of SB modified cement pastes. Due to its porous and negatively charged surfaces, capillary water was adsorbed into the pores of the carbonaceous SB and this reduced the flow of the SB modified cement pastes. Furthermore, it is suspected that the reductions in initial setting times may have been because with the addition of water to the dry SB/cement binder mix, chemical reactions between the calcium cations from Portland cement and carboxylate anions from SB resulted in the development of Calcium Polycarboxylate Salts (C-P-S). Improvements in the properties of SB could enhance its applications in rapid-setting and flow-reducing concrete.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
Geotechnical Investigation into the Causes of Cracks in Building: A Case Stu...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
CORROSION OF STEEL IN EMBEDDED CONCRETE WITH VOLCANIC AGGREGATES DUE TO SULFA...IAEME Publication
The experimental tests conducted helps to study the concrete properties of volcanic concrete systems with granite replacement of river sand. The test results show that granite rock aggregates is an alternative construction material to river sand with a beneficial effect of reduced permeability properties. Compression strength, Corrosion potential and polarization resistance test results give an impression that 30% river sand replacement in volcanic concrete system is more resistant to sulfate attack as compared to same systems with no replacement. The reduced permeability property of concrete system could lead to reduced chances of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures hence to increased durability of structures.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
Physical and chemical properties of host environment to concrete structures have serious impact on
the performance and durability of constructed concrete facilities. This paper presents a 7-month study that
simulated the influence of soil contamination due to organic abattoir waste and indiscriminate disposal of spent
hydrocarbon on strength and durability of embedded concrete. Concrete mix, 1:1.5:3 was designed for all cube
and beam specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5 and the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimen
were measured from age 28 days up to 196 days in the host environment. It was found that both host
environments attack the physical and strength of concrete in compression and flexure. However, hydrocarbon
had much greater adverse effect on the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures and hence make
constructed facilities less serviceable and vulnerable to premature failure.
Variation of Heavy Metal Concentration in Soil and Plant with Distance Away f...Premier Publishers
Concentration of eight heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) were studied in the soil and plants along Song – Yola highway. Soil samples were collected at 5 m, 10 m and 15m away from the edge of the road as well as 0 – 10 cm, 10 – 20 cm and 20 cm – 30 cm depth. Plant samples were also collected around the vicinity where the soil samples were taken. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration of heavy metal in the soil and plant display the following decreasing trend Mn > Pb > Co > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd. The concentrations of the heavy metals decreased with increasing distance as well as the depth. However, there was no significant difference in concentrations at P < 0.05 among distances and depths. The concentration of the following metals Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu fall within permissible limit of WHO for all the distances (5 m, 10 m and15 m) while Pb, Mn, Co and Ni were above with the exception of Pb and Ni at the distance of 15m for soil. Also, the concentration of the following metals: Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu were within permissible limit of WHO while Pb, Mn and Co were above at all the distances (5m, 10 m and15 m) for plants.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Periwinkle Shell As...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. The natural lateritic soil sample was gotten from Federal University of Technology, Akure and stabilized with 0, 2,4, 6, 8 and 10% of the periwinkle shell ash and were subjected to tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg's limit, compaction, california bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength. The result of the classification tests shows that the natural lateritic soil is poor for road construction. The engineering value of the soil sample was enhanced by the addition of periwinkle shell ash. The optimum percentage by weight of soil of periwinkle shell ash for improvement of the strength of the lateritic soil is 6%. The periwinkle shell ash enhanced the suitability of the soil sample for its use as subgrade and subbase.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
This work contributes to the monitoring of water pollution of some selected Dams in Katsina
State, North western Nigeria by assessing the degree of heavy metal pollution in the Dams sediment samples.
The study was conducted in the year 2017 within some selected Dams in the State (Ajiwa, Zobe,
Sabke/Dannakola) that are beehives of fishing and Agricultural activities in Katsina State. Analysis for the
concentration of these heavy metals; Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn was conducted by the use of AAS (by
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry) method. Several indices were used to assess the metal contamination
levels in the sediment samples, namely; Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo), Enrichment Factor (EF),
Contamination Factor (CF), Degree of Contamination (Cd), Pollution Load Index (PLI) and Potential
Ecological Risk Index (PERI). The result of this study has shown that generally among the heavy metals
evaluated, the highest concentration was observed for Fe (range: 2.6718-4.2830 ppm), followed by Zn (range:
0.4265-0.7376 ppm), Cr (range: 0.1106-0.1836 ppm), Cd (range: 0.1333-0.1273 ppm) and Mn (range: 0.1136-
0.1271 ppm). While Pb has the lowest concentration (range: 0.0472-0.0598 ppm). For all the site sampled the
heavy metal Ni was below detection level (BDL). From the results of heavy metals I-geo values, according to
Muller’s classification, all the sediment samples from the selected dams were unpolluted (class 0). The result for
the enrichment factor has shown that for all the selected dam sediment samples the heavy metals show
deficiency to minimal enrichment. Also based on the contamination factors for all sediment samples the heavy
metal Cd has a CF values range of 0.5430-0.6665 (~1), indicating that the sediment samples are moderately
contaminated with Cd. In contrast, the rest of the heavy metals exhibit low contamination in general. The value
of PLI ranges from 0.2408 to 0.4935, indicating unpolluted to moderate pollution. The Eri values for all
samples are all < 40, presenting low ecological risk. The results suggest that the sediment samples from the
selected dams in Katsina state has low contamination by the heavy metals evaluated.
The Influence of Swine-Waste Biochar on the Early-Age Characteristics of Ceme...IJERA Editor
The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of swine-waste biochar (SB) on the early-age characteristics of cement pastes. Using a water/binder ratio of 0.28, SB modified cement pastes were analyzed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), flow, and Vicat setting tests. Notably, SB reduced the flow and initial setting times of SB modified cement pastes. Due to its porous and negatively charged surfaces, capillary water was adsorbed into the pores of the carbonaceous SB and this reduced the flow of the SB modified cement pastes. Furthermore, it is suspected that the reductions in initial setting times may have been because with the addition of water to the dry SB/cement binder mix, chemical reactions between the calcium cations from Portland cement and carboxylate anions from SB resulted in the development of Calcium Polycarboxylate Salts (C-P-S). Improvements in the properties of SB could enhance its applications in rapid-setting and flow-reducing concrete.
Evaluation of Heavy Metals in Soil and Plants along Mubi-Gombi Highway, Adama...Premier Publishers
The concentrations of some selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co) along Mubi- Gombi highway were analysed. Samples of roadside soil and plants were randomly collected from six (6) towns; these include Mubi, Mararaba, Makera, Kala’a, Hong and Gombi. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) . Three samples were taken at each sampling point at a distance of 5 m, 10 m and 15 m from the edge inward. The result revealed that Cd, Pb, Fe, Mg and Co were present in the soil and plant samples. The mean concentration ranged from Cd(0.02±0.01 – 1.50 ±0.11 mg/ kg) Pb(0.02±0.01 – 2.70±0.20 mg/ kg), Co(0.13±0.02 – 0.84±0.06mg/ kg), Fe( 243.80±16.4 – 311.74±22.8mg/ kg) and Mg(1.75±0.03 – 2.35±0.06mg/ kg) in the soil samples. While the mean concentration in plants leaves samples ranged from Cd (0.01±0.00 – 0.04±0.02mg/ kg), Pd( 0.17±0.04 – 0.82±0.10mg/ kg), Co(0.20±0.03 – 0.88±0.88mg/ kg), Fe( 41.56±3.21 - 85.12±5.48mg/ kg) and Mg(2.11±0.18 - 2.32±0.07mg/ kg) . The concentration of Pb,Fe and Co exceeded the permissible limit of WHO. While the concentration of Cd and Mg were found to be within WHO limit. The high levels of Pb, Fe and Co indicate the potential health risk for human. The high level of these metals might be due to anthropogenic activities. However, the values of these metals decreased with increasing distance from the road inward. Also, significant difference in heavy metal concentrations among the sampling locations at p<0.05 level both in soil and plant were observed. Therefore, economic plants should not be planted along the highway to avoid heavy metal contamination.
Geotechnical Investigation into the Causes of Cracks in Building: A Case Stu...inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
CORROSION OF STEEL IN EMBEDDED CONCRETE WITH VOLCANIC AGGREGATES DUE TO SULFA...IAEME Publication
The experimental tests conducted helps to study the concrete properties of volcanic concrete systems with granite replacement of river sand. The test results show that granite rock aggregates is an alternative construction material to river sand with a beneficial effect of reduced permeability properties. Compression strength, Corrosion potential and polarization resistance test results give an impression that 30% river sand replacement in volcanic concrete system is more resistant to sulfate attack as compared to same systems with no replacement. The reduced permeability property of concrete system could lead to reduced chances of corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete structures hence to increased durability of structures.
Efficient Way to Improve Subgrade Property of Pavement by Chemical StabilizationIJERA Editor
There are numerous soil stabilization techniques for improving the strength of the in-situ soil especially in road construction, and one of the techniques is using chemical additive. Chemical improvement is a time saving method that enables subgrade or sub-base layer and otherwise unsatisfactory materials in-situ to obtain higher density and strength, obviating the need for costly excavation and replacement with borrow material. This paper presents some results of the preliminary stages of research program carried out to explicate the mechanism and behavior between the liquid chemical and the engineering properties of three natural residual soils at laboratory scale. Liquid-formed chemical was selected in this research due to scarcity of such findings instead of the prevalent solid chemical additive such as lime, cement or fly ash. The focus on this research is on the improvement of engineering properties of two natural residual soils and mixed with different proportions of liquid chemical. Series of laboratory test on engineering properties, such as Modified Proctor Test, Consistency limits, moisture-density relationship (compaction) and California Bearing Ratio was undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness and performances of this chemical as soil stabilizing agent.
Physical and chemical properties of host environment to concrete structures have serious impact on
the performance and durability of constructed concrete facilities. This paper presents a 7-month study that
simulated the influence of soil contamination due to organic abattoir waste and indiscriminate disposal of spent
hydrocarbon on strength and durability of embedded concrete. Concrete mix, 1:1.5:3 was designed for all cube
and beam specimens with water-cement ratio of 0.5 and the compressive and flexural strengths of the specimen
were measured from age 28 days up to 196 days in the host environment. It was found that both host
environments attack the physical and strength of concrete in compression and flexure. However, hydrocarbon
had much greater adverse effect on the load-carrying capacity of concrete structures and hence make
constructed facilities less serviceable and vulnerable to premature failure.
Variation of Heavy Metal Concentration in Soil and Plant with Distance Away f...Premier Publishers
Concentration of eight heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu) were studied in the soil and plants along Song – Yola highway. Soil samples were collected at 5 m, 10 m and 15m away from the edge of the road as well as 0 – 10 cm, 10 – 20 cm and 20 cm – 30 cm depth. Plant samples were also collected around the vicinity where the soil samples were taken. Subsequently the concentrations of the following heavy metals Cd, Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu in the samples were analyzed using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentration of heavy metal in the soil and plant display the following decreasing trend Mn > Pb > Co > Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Cd. The concentrations of the heavy metals decreased with increasing distance as well as the depth. However, there was no significant difference in concentrations at P < 0.05 among distances and depths. The concentration of the following metals Cd, Zn, Cr and Cu fall within permissible limit of WHO for all the distances (5 m, 10 m and15 m) while Pb, Mn, Co and Ni were above with the exception of Pb and Ni at the distance of 15m for soil. Also, the concentration of the following metals: Cd, Zn, Cr, Ni and Cu were within permissible limit of WHO while Pb, Mn and Co were above at all the distances (5m, 10 m and15 m) for plants.
Remediation of heavy metals lead, cobalt and copper from industrail wastewate...EditorIJAERD
To fulfil human beings requirement number of industries increases day by day which play important role in
development of country but also causes environment pollution. Effluent of many industries contain heavy metals and
other contaminants. Industrial effluent usually used for agriculture purposes without treatment. Plants take these heavy
metals from industrial water and accumulate it in roots and Arial parts which become the part of animal and human
body through food chain causes various diseases. In this research work plants were grown using wastewater of industrial
effluents. Three sample of wastewater were made of various concentration level of lead, copper and cobalt. Typha
latifoliate was grown in controlled environment. Three sample of wastewater were used. Soil used in pots was of known
concentration of heavy metals. Using x-ray fluorescence spectrometry was used to find concentration of contaminants in
soil before and after plantation and atomic absorption spectrometry was used to find concentration of heavy metals in
industrial effluent. Wastewater of various concentration level was obtained by adding domestic water having no heavy
metals. Extraction percentage performed by plants in various lawn was found by analysis of soil before and after the
maturity of plants. soil which was irrigated by fully contaminated wastewater was remediated by 10%. Soil in which
plants were irrigated by diluted wastewater was remediated by 15 and 21% respectively for copper and cobalt. Plants
matured in seventy-five days in winter season.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes.
Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Periwinkle Shell As...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
This paper investigated the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil stabilized with periwinkle shell ash in road construction. The natural lateritic soil sample was gotten from Federal University of Technology, Akure and stabilized with 0, 2,4, 6, 8 and 10% of the periwinkle shell ash and were subjected to tests such as natural moisture content, specific gravity, atterberg's limit, compaction, california bearing ratio and unconfined compressive strength. The result of the classification tests shows that the natural lateritic soil is poor for road construction. The engineering value of the soil sample was enhanced by the addition of periwinkle shell ash. The optimum percentage by weight of soil of periwinkle shell ash for improvement of the strength of the lateritic soil is 6%. The periwinkle shell ash enhanced the suitability of the soil sample for its use as subgrade and subbase.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The Impacts of Cement Dust Deposits on Soil Available MicronutrientsEditor IJCATR
The impact of cement dust deposits on soils micronutrient around Ashaka cement factory, Nigeria was evaluated by
determining available micronutrient elements in 68 soil samples and some crop plant stalks using acid extraction and atomic absorption
spectrophotometric methods. Soil samples collected in a radius of 6Km from a 0 – 30cm depth and analysed indicated mean
concentrations of 215.30gKg-1 Fe, 7.96 gKg-1 Zn, 0.33 gKg-1 Cu, 80.79 gKg-1 Mn, 2.05 gKg-1 Ni, and 26.91 gKg-1 Co. The concentration
of each element in the soil varies in a decreasing order with increasing distance away from the cement factory and generally occurring
above background levels (Zn, Mn, Ni). The metals in the crop plants were higher than normal levels with sorghum concentrating more
metals than millet, suggesting a reflection of the soil metal concentrations and this might be due to the presence of available mobile
elements and the slightly acidic nature of the soil outside the factory
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Monitoring of Selected Heavy Metals Uptake by Plant around Fagbohun Dumpsite,...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT) multidisciplinary peer-reviewed Journal with reputable academics and experts as board member. IOSR-JESTFT is designed for the prompt publication of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of subject. The journal articles will be accessed freely online
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Gold mines and impact of heavy metals on the environmentIAEME Publication
This research report puts light on the research and the study of gold mining plant in Oman and its assessment and its contribution of gold mining into various other environmental media on the
basis of heavy metals. In this research study, various samples were collected from crop plants,stream waters and soil of the plant area of gold mining.
Remediation of contaminated soil using soil washing-a reviewIJERA Editor
Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, Mn and Cd are heavy metals occur naturally as trace elements in many soils. The present paper
reviews the remediation of heavy metals of contaminated soil by soil washing using different agents. It was
noted that the contact time, pH, concentration of extract ant and agitation speed were affected the process while
remediation, so accordingly select the conditions to obtain efficiency which is mainly depend upon the type of
soil, contaminationtype, contamination period and metals present in it.EDTA is effective when compared with
other chelating agents for heavy metals especially for lead but it has low biodegradation. Because of the nature
of low biodegradability, EDTA can be reusedfurther by membrane separation and electrochemical treatment, or
degraded by advanced oxidation processes
Detection of the Presence of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Eleme Industrial Area ...theijes
The presenceof some heavy metal pollutants which are deposited on soil in the Eleme environment due to the operational activities of some companies in the area have been studied. Some soil samples in areas situated around industrial installations were collected and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results obtained show the presence and concentration distributions of nine heavy metals. The metals are Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Zinc (Zn), Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr), Cobalt (Co) and Cadmium (Cd). It was observed that over 90% of each of the metals was located in communities hosting the industrial corporations while the remaining 10% is distributed to areas away from the source or host communities. This reveals that, a link exists between the pollutants and the activities of these industries.
Heavy Metal Levels in Roadside Soils of some Major Roads in Maiduguri, NigeriaIOSR Journals
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optimal Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES), Optima 2000, Perkin Elmer was used to analyze the levels of Mn, Zn, Cu and Pb in samples from roadside soils of four major roads namely; Damboa, Baga, Bama and Kano roads in Maiduguri for possible heavy metals contamination due to anthropogenic activities. The results reveal that the roadside soils Cu levels ranged from 0.21±0.01 mg/kg in Damboa road to 2.51±0.02 mg/kg in Kano road. Pb was only detected in the road side soils of Kano road in the range of 0.03±0.00 to 0.11±0.01mg/kg. Mn levels obtained from this study ranged from 0.47±0.02 mg/kg in Bama road to13.83 ±0.01mg/kg in Baga road. Zn ranged from 0.07±0.02mg/kg in Bama road to 3.68 ±0.02 mg/kg in Damboa road. The concentrations of the heavy metals in the roadside soils were in the order: Mn> Zn > Cu >Pb. Possible accumulation of these heavy metals in the soils and eventually transfer to plants growing along the edges of the highways could occur as a result of continual usage of the roads by automobiles. This can also lead to accumulation of the heavy metals in the tissues of organisms that feed on the plants growing along the edges of the highways which can be transferred to other consumers in the food chain. The results obtained from this study will be used as baseline reference for future studies in the area and its environs.
Distribution and mobility of lead and zinc atmospheric depositions in industr...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Heavy metal contamination is a severe environmental problem. Knowledge of the total heavy metals contents of soils is a necessary step for making an accurate appraisal and quantitative evaluation of the extent of contamination, indeed, wet and dry atmospheric deposits, plays an important role in the cycle of semi-volatile contaminants [1]. Metallurgical industries release heavy metals into the atmosphere, these last, clump together to form fines particles suspended in the air, these metals can be transported by wind via aerosol or aqueous pathway and deposited in the soil. The main aim of this work was to study the mobility and fate of lead and zinc from atmospheric deposits in contaminated soil from the foundry (ALFET) in industrial zone of Tiaret (Western Algeria) and to determine the effect of physicochemical parameters of the soil on their mobility in the topsoil. Physicochemical analysis of 35 soil samples have shown that zinc and lead levels contents in the surface layer soil (0-30 cm) vary depending on the pH, total limestone (CaCO3) and the soil water content. Results clearly show that soil texture and fine fraction (clay and sand) significantly influence mobility of Pb and Zn in soil.
The Influence of Soil Organic Matter on the Uptake of Silver Nanoparticles in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— The uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles in soil was investigated in the presence of increasing concentrations of soil organic matter. Especially, the effect of Humus component of soil organic matter on the uptake of Ag from silver nanoparticles was studied. Two insect species, Acheta domesticus and Tenebrio molitor, and two plant species, Helianthus annuus and Sorghum vulgare, were exposed to silver nanoparticles(25 ppm in the presence of increasing concentrations of Humus (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20% Humus) in soil (by weight). The techniques of transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and powder X-ray diffraction were used to characterize the silver nanoparticles used in the study. An inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer was used to measure the levels of silver in test samples. Increasing concentrations of Humus in soil has resulted in an increase in the sulfur content and cation exchange capacity of the soil. A general decrease in the concentrations of silver was observed in Acheta domesticus and both the plant species, as a function of increasing concentrations of Humus in soil. In the case of plant species, the accumulation of silver nanoparticles was predominantly observed in the root tissue. Additionally, the translocation of silver from the roots to other plant tissues was observed in the case of Helianthus annuus. Results from this study suggest that the presence of Humus in soil could possibly decrease the uptake of silver from silver nanoparticles by insect and plant species.
The effect of gas flaring on the rate of corrosion of metals within Egi kingdom was investigated
in this work. Surface water which has been exposed to gas flares, was taken from Ogbogu flow station in the Egi
kingdom of Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Government Area of Rivers State Nigeria, and was used for this
experiment. The procedure involved soaking one set of the coupons of mild steel and copper in the water taken
from the gas flow station and another set in distilled water and kept for 14 days; after which the metals were
removed and weighed for weight loss as a result of the corrosive effect of both water. This process was repeated
for 56 days and various data obtained was analyzed using empirical correlation. Matlab was used for
computation and simulation. At day 42, corrosion rate for the flare zone water and distilled water were for mild
steel 3.332cm/days and 2.666cm/days and copper 2.562cm/days and 2.277cm/days respectively. The result
obtained showed a higher rate of corrosion for water taken from within the flare zone of Ogbogu Flow station
than distilled water.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
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"Impact of front-end architecture on development cost", Viktor TurskyiFwdays
I have heard many times that architecture is not important for the front-end. Also, many times I have seen how developers implement features on the front-end just following the standard rules for a framework and think that this is enough to successfully launch the project, and then the project fails. How to prevent this and what approach to choose? I have launched dozens of complex projects and during the talk we will analyze which approaches have worked for me and which have not.
GenAISummit 2024 May 28 Sri Ambati Keynote: AGI Belongs to The Community in O...
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)
1. The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)
||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 9||Pages|| 110-115||2013||
ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 110
Speciation of Some Heavy Metals in Soils around A Cement
Factory In Gombe State, Nigeria
Wufem, M. Buba 1
*, Ibrahim2
, A. Q, Maina3
M. Humphrey., Nangbes, J.
Gungsat 1
, John, B. Nvau1
1
Chemistry Department Plateau State University Bokkos PMB 2012 Jos, Plateau state
2
Environmental Management Technology Programme Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University
PMB 0248 Bauchi, Nigeria
3
Chemistry Department Federal University of Technology Yola
------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT ----------------------------------------------------
The chemical forms of some heavy metals in soils around a cement factory was studied by determining soil Cu,
Ni, and Co species using standard solvent extraction and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric techniques.
The Chemical pools of the metals indicated that the metals were distributed into six fractions with most of the
metals residing in the non-residual fractions, suggesting how readily the metals are released into the
environment. Considering that the metals mostly occur in the most available forms, it is most likely that the
metals must have been derived from anthropogenic source.
KEY WORDS: Metal species, Heavy metals, Farmlands, Cement dust.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date of Submission: 26, June, 2013 Date of Acceptance: 30, September 2013
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I. INTRODUCTION
Industrial processes have been implicated, among many other anthropogenic processes, as a possible
source of hazardous metals in the environment. Industrial processes produce particulate emissions (Fennelly,
1975) even though measures have now been put in place to control these emissions so that there is relatively
little dust escaping from closed processing plants in most of such industries. Nevertheless, quarrying, cement
manufacture, coal processing, etc. have regularly caused serious problems as dust suppression could be very
difficult. With the increasing construction demands, mineral extraction has also increased in many countries
(Harris, 1975: Starton, 1989) such that emissions of particulate matter to the environment from crushing of
limestone and during the manufacture of cement have been of environmental concern. The Dust, because of its
fine particle size, travels over long distances and the total suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere is thus
increased. The deposition of the dust particles may affect the state of the ecosystem as finer particles which
contain various toxic elements (Fox, 1985) are deposited as the dust is transported away from emission source.
The physical and chemical impacts of dust on the environment have been reviewed by Farmer (1993). The
chemical effects on either the soil or directly on plant surface may be more important than any physical effects.
The chemistry of dust may vary depending on their chemical effects. Some dusts are relatively inert while others
are alkaline. The hard acidic rock quarries are inert (Farmer, 1993), but limestone quarry, cement dust and many
road dusts are alkaline (Everet, 1980).
The presence of particulate matter in the atmosphere affects visibility and may add significantly to air
pollution (Aidid, 1988; Ward, 1990). Tijani et al. (2005) showed that the activities of the West African Portland
Cement Company (WAPCO PLC) in its two plants at Sagamu and Ewekoro constitute a source of
environmental pollutants as dust and noise, thus subjecting the inhabitants to suffer from dust laden air, cracking
of walls of structures as well as soil and water polluted by dust. The chemical and mineralogical characteristics
of dry deposition in the surrounding of a cement factory in Jordan showed that lead and copper were statistically
significant in the northwest sector of the city which was attributed to the heavy traffic of trucks carrying raw
materials and cement in and out of the cement factory (Zaidat et al., 2006). Similarly, Cd, Al, Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni,
Mo and Cr concentrations were high in all sampled areas and these were representative of the current cement
industry operations which dominate the air quality of Fuhais city of Jordan. Changes in chlorophyll and
carotenoid content were investigated in Norway spruce needles exposed to alkaline dust by Lepedus et al.
(2003).
2. Speciation of Some Heavy Metals In Soils…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 111
They reported that all measured pigments were reduced in dust exposed needles compared to needles
harvested from areas not polluted by cement dust and that these could be due to decceleration of biosynthetic
processes rather that degradation of pigments. Recently, Parn (2006) studied the radial growth of conifers in
regions of different cement dust loads and report that cement dusts have a negative effect on the radial growth of
pines. In another study, Kloseiko and Tilk (2006) reported the influence of cement clinker dust on carbohydrates
in needles of Scots pines and show that soil pH and photosynthetic parameters were not increased by the clinker
dust treatment. The potential of metals as pollutants has been attributed to their non-degradability, accumulation
in the ecosystem and toxic effects can last long periods of time. Milford and Davidson (1985) have noted that
many metals occur as small particulates and may form an important part of the smaller fractions of dust
particles. Toxic compounds such as fluoride, magnesium, lead, zinc, copper, beryllium, sulphuric acid and
hydrochloric acid were found to be emitted by a cement manufacturing plant (Andrej, 1987). Traces of toxic
metals such as chromium and copper are common in some varieties of Portland cement and are harmful to
human beings and other living systems (Omar and Jasim, 1990). Exposure to heavy metals can therefore
provoke serious health effect.
Metals are diverse in their chemical and physical forms which change with perturbation of the system.
As such, these metals are distributed among the solid and liquid phases of the soils, which determine their
bioavailability. Much of the micronutrients associated with the solid phase are not available for plant uptake. In
fact, <10% generally are in soluble and exchangeable forms (Lake et al., 1984). However, the redistribution
among forms is brought about by changes in soil properties due to natural and anthropogenic causes (Shuman
1991). The forms are classified as ion exchangeable, adsorbed, organic bound, hydrous oxide segment and
lattice component micronutrients (Pickering, 1981). The fate of metals added to a soil is controlled by a number
of physical and biological processes acting within the soil (de Haan and Zwerman, 1978). Their initial mobility
after addition to soil will largely depend on the form in which the metals are added, which in turn depends on
their sources. The deposition of cement dust on top soil may have potential impacts on human and animal
health, vegetation and soil chemistry. Plants depend so much on soil micronutrient metals for the essential
function of their organs. However, the levels and forms of the metals in the soil can be critical to the plants; this
may in turn affect crop yield and contaminate the food chain. This research is aimed at determining metals
redistribution among extractable fractions caused by changes in soil properties as a result of cement dust
depositions on cultivated lands around a cement factory.
Study Area
The study area is located in Jalingo village of Bajoga, Funakaye Local Government Area North of
Gombe, Gombe State, Nigeria and lies between latitudes 10o
45/
N and 11o
00/
N and longitudes 11o
15/
E - 11o
30/
E.
The company was established in 1976 to meet the needs of construction works in the North-Eastern part of
Nigeria. It has an installed capacity of 500,000 MT per annum (NSE, 2004). The company produced huge
amount of dust and gaseous pollutants to the environment in time past. These constituted serious hazards to
humankind, farmlands and vegetations. However, recently the emissions have been reduced tremendously with
the installation of dust bag filters but, the effects of past deposition may last a long time.
Experimental
In the preparation of reagents, chemicals of analytical grade and de-ionized distilled water were used,
unless otherwise stated.
Sampling and Sample Pre-treatment
Soil samples were collected in polythene bags using auger from cultivated soils around Ashaka Cement
Factory in Funakaye Local Government Area of Gombe State. Samples were taken randomly round the factory
starting from the fence and proceeding away from the factory at 2km intervals in every direction of the cardinal
points until 6km radius was covered round the factory. Soils from depths of 0-15cm and 15-30cm were taken at
each sampling point. A total of 62 soil samples were brought to the laboratory for analysis. Soil samples were
air-dried in the laboratory before being crushed in a ceramic mortar and sieved in a 2mm screen plastic sieve.
Metal Speciation
Metals were fractionated using liquid extraction according to the method of Elsokkary et al. (1995).
The metal species were extracted into six fractions according to the following methods:
3. Speciation of Some Heavy Metals In Soils…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 112
Determination of Exchangeable metal
1g of the soil sample was weighed into a 250cm3
conical flask and 10cm3
of 1M sodium acetate
adjusted to pH 8.7 with acetic acid was added. The mixture was shaken for 2 hours using the Edmund Bahler
Swip mechanical shaker before being filtered into a 100cm3
volumetric flask using a Whatman filter No. 1. The
filtrate was made up to mark with distilled water from where the metals were determined using AAS. The
residue was reserved for further fractionation
Determination of Carbonate bound metals
The residue from the exchangeable metal was leached for 3 hours with each of the sodium acetate
adjusted to pH 5.0 with acetic acid. The leachate was transferred to a 100cm3
volumetric flask and made up to
mark with water. The leachate was then analysed for metals using AAS and the residue reserved for further
analysis.
Determination of Manganese oxide bound metals
The residue from carbonate bound soil was leached with 10cm3
0.1M hydroxylamine hydrochloride
and 0.01M nitric acid (adjusted to pH 2.0 with acetic acid) after shaking for 3 hours using an Edmund Bahler
Swip mechanical shaker. The leachate was transferred quantitatively to 100cm3
volumetric flask and made up to
mark with distilled water. The leachate was then analysed for metals using AAS and the residue reserved for the
next analysis.
Determination of Iron-Manganese oxide bound metals
The residue from the manganese oxide bound soil was extracted with 10cm3
oxalate buffer of pH 3.0
after shaking for 12 hours at 90o
C in a water bath. The extract was filtered into a 100cm3
volumetric flask and
water added to mark. The extract was then analysed for metals using AAS and the residue reserved for another
analysis.
Determination of Organic matter/sulphide bound metals
The residue from the iron-manganese oxide bound soil was extracted by shaking with 10cm3
30%
hydrogen peroxide that has been adjusted to pH 2.0 with drops of nitric acid for 6 hours at 90o
C in a water bath.
It was then re-extracted at room temperature with 10cm3
1M ammonium acetate that has been adjusted to pH
2.0, after shaking for 3 hours, into the first extract in a 100cm3
volumetric flask and made to mark with water.
The extract was then analysed for metals using AAS and the residue reserved for the final analysis.
Determination of Residual metals
The residue from the organic and sulphide bound extraction was digested with 10cm3
aqua regia by
heating in a digestion tube at a digester temperature of 250o
C. The clear digest was removed and allowed to cool
before transferring quantitatively into a 100cm3
volumetric flasks. It was made up to mark with water and the
solution analysed for the metals.
Elemental Analysis and Instrumentation
The concentration of Cu(=324.8nm)
, Ni(=232.0nm)
, and Co(=240.7nm)
was determined from the soil extracts
using a BUCK SCIENTIFIC Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Model 210 VGP. The spectrophotometer
was calibrated by aspirating standard solutions of Cu, Co and Ni nitrates at their various wavelengths and
Acetylene-air mixtures in the ratio of 6:8 was used. Measurements were made after calibration, instrument
settings optimized and blue flame obtained.
II. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Results of Cu, Ni and Co fractions expressed as percentage of the sum of individual fractions for the
overall (0-30cm) soils revealed principally the partitioning of these metals among six fractions, F1 – F6,
(Exchangeable, F1; Carbonate bound, F2; Manganese oxide bound, F3; Iron-Manganese oxides bound, F4;
Organic Matter and Sulphide bound, F5; Residual Fractions, F6). The distribution of the metals varies greatly
among fractions. On average, the order of partitioning for the metals are shown in figures 1 – 9.
4. Speciation of Some Heavy Metals In Soils…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 113
Fig.1: Relative distribution of copper among six fractions (F1-F6) of soil
Fig.2: Relative distribution of nickel among six fractions (F1-F6) of soil
Fig.3: Relative distribution of cobalt among six fractions (F1-F6) of soil
Manganese oxide bound was the dominant fraction for copper while carbonate bound was the least
dominant fraction (Fig.1) for the 0 – 30 cm depth soil. There is variation in the distribution of copper among the
different fractions. Nevertheless, the non-residual form accounts for 84.74%. The low Cu in the carbonate
fraction might be due to increased manganese oxide and Fe/Mn oxides activity in concentrating Cu, thereby
reducing co-precipitation reactions with carbonates (Stone and Droppo, 1996). Earlier, Stone and Droppo (1996)
had reported that there was strong association between Cu and Pb, and carbonates. The residual fraction
5. Speciation of Some Heavy Metals In Soils…
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 114
constitutes 15.26% thus suggesting that the Cu must have, to a great extent, been derived from anthropogenic
sources. On average, the distribution of Cu among the chemical fractions occur in the following order,
F3>F4>F1>F6>F5>F2
The non-residual form binds 86.41% and this indicates the quantity of Cu that could readily be
available. The anthropogenic source might be the cement dust that deposits on the soils around the factory and
later gets leached down the soil gradient. The order of distribution in various chemical fractions is
F1>F3>F6>F5>F4>F2.
The dominant fraction for nickel in soils around the cement factory was the exchangeable phase (fig.2).
This chemical form was closely followed by the Fe/Mn oxide phase. The partitioning of Ni varies among all the
fractions. More than 80% of Ni was held in the non-residual form, which indicates the potential bioavailability
of Ni. The stability of metals bound to sediments as inorganic compounds (metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonate
and sulphides) is controlled primarily by the system pH (Poulton et al., 1988). The acidic nature of the soil must
have influenced the high retention of Ni in the exchangeable phase. The order of the partitioning of Ni in the
soils around the cement factory is
F1>F4>F6>F3>F5>F2
The pattern indicates the influence of anthropogenic Ni on the non-residual forms.
The partitioning of cobalt among the six chemical phases of the soil around the cement factory
decreases from the exchangeable fractions down to the residual fractions (fig.3). The dominant form was found
in the exchangeable phase. Greater than 80% of Co was held in the non-residual fraction. This indicates the
potential bioavailability of Co. The source of the Co may be anthropogenic since the geochemical form (residual
fraction) was about 12%. The order of the chemical partitioning of Co in the soils around the cement factory is
F1>F3>F2>F4>F5>F6
The chemical pools of the Heavy metals shows that they are distributed among six soil fractions.
Nevertheless, most of the metals resided in the non-residual fraction, suggesting how readily the metals are
released into the environment. Considering that the metals mostly occur in the most available forms, it might be
assumed that the metals must have been derived from anthropogenic sources. This also buttresses the points that
people living around the factory stand a risk of being exposed to high levels of micronutrient metals. The metals
may be taken up by plants or leached into water bodies and their accumulation may have serious consequences,
since their consumption from these sources forms the principal pathway by which metals enter the food chain.
III. CONCLUSION
Fractionation of the metals species in soils around the cement factory shows higher percentages of the metals
residing in the non-residual fractions. This suggests potential bioavailability of copper, nickel, and cobalt in the
soils around the cement factory, indicative of their anthropogenic source. The knowledge of the chemical
speciation of metals in the soil may assist in determining the behaviour of the metals since they occur in
different forms in the soil, and may influence their mobility and bioavailabity. The rapidly mobilizable metals in
the soil indicate the potential health hazards of cultivated agricultural lands around the factory.
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