Isospora belli
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Morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, symptoms, treatment, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of the parasite, Isospora belli.
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Isospora
This document discusses coccidian protozoa, an obligate intestinal parasite found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene practices.
Isosopora belli
Isospora belli, formerly known as Cystoisospora belli, is a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite. It is found worldwide but especially in tropical and subtropical regions. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause diarrhea and weight loss in immunocompromised individuals like those with AIDS. The life cycle involves both asexual and sexual reproduction within intestinal epithelial cells. Diagnosis is made by identifying oocysts in the feces which contain sporocysts and sporozoites. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole which can clear symptoms within a few days.
1. Entamoeba histolytica
This document provides information about parasites and parasitology. It discusses different types of parasites like protozoa, helminthes, and examples. It then focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its life cycle, morphology, geographical distribution, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology. Key points are that E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery. It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms and is transmitted when cysts from infected feces contaminate food or water. The parasite infects the large intestine where it can cause intestinal lesions or spread to other organs.
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular, parasitic alveolate that causes the disease toxoplasmosis.
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease in humans and livestock by forming hydatid cysts in organs. The adult tapeworm lives in dogs, while humans and livestock act as intermediate hosts. Transmission occurs through ingestion of dog feces containing eggs. Hydatid cysts are most commonly found in the liver and lungs. Symptoms vary depending on the organ affected. Diagnosis involves serological tests and imaging methods like ultrasound and CT scan. Treatment includes surgical removal of cysts and chemotherapy with albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on deworming dogs and properly disposing of infected livestock remains.
Coccidian parasite
coccidian parasite is a very important topic for pg entrance........so every important point about it have been discussed in detail......take a look at it...
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Echinococcus granulosus
species
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Host
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Isospora
This document discusses coccidian protozoa, an obligate intestinal parasite found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene practices.
Isosopora belli
Isospora belli, formerly known as Cystoisospora belli, is a gastrointestinal protozoan parasite. It is found worldwide but especially in tropical and subtropical regions. While most infections are asymptomatic, it can cause diarrhea and weight loss in immunocompromised individuals like those with AIDS. The life cycle involves both asexual and sexual reproduction within intestinal epithelial cells. Diagnosis is made by identifying oocysts in the feces which contain sporocysts and sporozoites. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole which can clear symptoms within a few days.
1. Entamoeba histolytica
This document provides information about parasites and parasitology. It discusses different types of parasites like protozoa, helminthes, and examples. It then focuses on Entamoeba histolytica, describing its life cycle, morphology, geographical distribution, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and epidemiology. Key points are that E. histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebic dysentery. It exists in trophozoite and cyst forms and is transmitted when cysts from infected feces contaminate food or water. The parasite infects the large intestine where it can cause intestinal lesions or spread to other organs.
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular, parasitic alveolate that causes the disease toxoplasmosis.
Echinococcus granulosus
Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic hydatid disease in humans and livestock by forming hydatid cysts in organs. The adult tapeworm lives in dogs, while humans and livestock act as intermediate hosts. Transmission occurs through ingestion of dog feces containing eggs. Hydatid cysts are most commonly found in the liver and lungs. Symptoms vary depending on the organ affected. Diagnosis involves serological tests and imaging methods like ultrasound and CT scan. Treatment includes surgical removal of cysts and chemotherapy with albendazole or mebendazole. Prevention focuses on deworming dogs and properly disposing of infected livestock remains.
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Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Echinococcus granulosus
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Treatment
Wuchereria bancrofti
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic system of humans and is transmitted by mosquitoes. The adult female worms release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream and can be detected via blood smears between 8 PM and 4 AM. Infection leads to swelling of the limbs and genitals known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves blood smears to detect microfilariae while treatment consists of medications like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole. Prevention focuses on mosquito control and public education.
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Filariasis ( wuchereria bancrofti)
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and lives in the human lymphatic system. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving microfilariae in human blood that are ingested by mosquitoes during feeding. The mosquito serves as an intermediate host where the microfilariae develop into infective larvae, which are then transmitted to humans during subsequent blood feeding, developing into adult worms in the lymphatics. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic microfilaremia to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs and genitals due to long-term infection and damage.
Entamoeba coli
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1. W. bancrofti and B. malayi are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause lymphatic obstruction and inflammation leading to lymphedema, elephantiasis, and hydrocele.
2. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infections to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs, arms, breasts, and genitals.
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Trypanosoma [1]
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Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
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Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
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- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
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Filariasis ( wuchereria bancrofti)
Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic nematode that causes lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) in humans. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and lives in the human lymphatic system. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving microfilariae in human blood that are ingested by mosquitoes during feeding. The mosquito serves as an intermediate host where the microfilariae develop into infective larvae, which are then transmitted to humans during subsequent blood feeding, developing into adult worms in the lymphatics. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic microfilaremia to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs and genitals due to long-term infection and damage.
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This document discusses Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, the causative agents of lymphatic filariasis. It covers the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, prevention and treatment of these parasitic roundworm infections. The key points are:
1. W. bancrofti and B. malayi are transmitted by mosquitoes and cause lymphatic obstruction and inflammation leading to lymphedema, elephantiasis, and hydrocele.
2. Clinical manifestations range from asymptomatic infections to lymphedema and elephantiasis of the legs, arms, breasts, and genitals.
3. Microfilariae can be detected by blood
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The document discusses coccidian parasites, with a focus on Cryptosporidium parvum. It describes the parasite's morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical features. Cryptosporidium parvum causes cryptosporidiosis, an intestinal illness that typically results in self-limiting diarrhea but can cause serious, chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised patients like those with HIV/AIDS. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples microscopically to identify the parasite's oocysts.
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Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli is the largest protozoan parasite that infects humans. It has two stages - the trophozoite stage, which is actively motile, and the cyst stage, which is the infective stage found in feces. B. coli's natural host is pigs, but it can infect humans through ingestion of contaminated food or water containing cysts. In humans, it causes the disease balantidiasis through invasion and ulceration of the large intestine. Symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and bloody stool. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of stool samples for trophozoites or cysts. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline or metronidazole.
Trypanosoma [1]
Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) in humans. It is transmitted through bites from infected tsetse flies. In the first stage, symptoms may include fever and swollen lymph nodes. Later stages can affect the central nervous system, with symptoms like severe headaches, poor coordination, and changes in sleep patterns or behavior. Diagnosis involves examining blood, lymph node fluid, or spinal fluid under a microscope for the parasites. Treatment depends on the stage of disease and may include drugs like suramin, pentamidine, or eflornithine. Control efforts focus on reducing tsetse fly habitats and quickly treating infected people.
Wuchereria bancrofti
- Wuchereria bancrofti is a parasitic roundworm that causes lymphatic filariasis. It lives in the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes of humans.
- The parasite has a two-host lifecycle, with humans as the definitive host and various mosquito species as the intermediate host. Microfilariae ingested by a mosquito develop into infective larvae that can be transmitted to another human.
- In humans, adult worms cause lymphangitis and lymphadenitis, leading to symptoms like lymph edema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Occult filariasis involves high eosinophilia without microfilaremia. Diagnosis involves microfilariae detection in blood
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Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
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Brugia malayi is a roundworm nematode that is one of three causative agents of lymphatic filariasis in humans, along with Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia timori. It infects 13 million people in parts of Asia, causing lymphatic filariasis which is characterized by swelling of the lower limbs. The life cycle of B. malayi involves transmission via mosquito vectors to humans, where it resides in the lymphatic system and can cause symptoms such as lymphadenitis, lymphangitis, and long term lymphedema known as elephantiasis. Diagnosis involves identification of microfilariae in blood smears taken at night,
PARASITIC WORMS (HELMINTHS)
Helminths, also known as parasitic worms, are multicellular eukaryotic parasites that live in and feed on living hosts. They include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), trematodes (flukes), and monogeneans. Trematodes have two suckers, an oral and ventral sucker, and a simple digestive system without an anus. They reproduce through an intermediate host, often a snail, and then a definitive host, where they can cause disease. One example is Fasciola hepatica, the sheep liver fluke, which uses a snail and water plants as intermediate hosts before infecting the liver of mammals like sheep, cattle, and humans
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This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
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1) Protists and fungi are eukaryotic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. They include protozoans, algae, and fungus-like organisms.
2) Protozoans are classified based on their methods of movement, which include pseudopods, cilia, and flagella. Pseudopods allow amoebas to move and engulf food, while cilia and flagella provide locomotion for other protozoans like paramecium.
3) Fungi obtain nutrients by secreting digestive enzymes into their food through threadlike hyphae structures. They reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually by budding or releasing spores
Zygote
- A zygote is formed when a sperm fertilizes an ovum in the fallopian tube. It then undergoes cleavage, dividing rapidly through mitosis as it moves towards the uterus.
- By day 4 it has developed into a morula, a solid ball of 16 cells. It then forms a blastocyst with an inner cell mass and outer trophoblast layer.
- The blastocyst implants in the uterine wall around day 6, and the zona pellucida disintegrates allowing it to hatch out of its protective covering.
Kingdom fungi: THE SAC FUNGI
Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and multicellular filaments called hyphae. They have cell walls containing chitin and obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually by fragmentation or budding. Important fungi include sac fungi (ascomycetes) which produce spores called ascospores in sac-like structures. Morels, truffles, yeasts, and molds are examples of sac fungi. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers in nutrient cycling, as parasites of plants and animals, and in symbiotic relationships with algae or plants.
INTRODUCTION TO EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY-2.pptx
- Fertilization occurs when a sperm fuses with an ovum to form a single cell called a zygote. This begins the process of embryonic development.
- Cleavage involves rapid cell divisions of the zygote over the first few days, forming a solid ball of cells called a morula.
- By day 4, the morula has further developed into a blastocyst containing an inner cell mass that will form the embryo and outer trophoblast cells that will develop into the placenta. Around day 6, the blastocyst implants in the uterine wall.
3 GEN EMBRYOLOGY third Week 3 germ layer .pptx
third wk there is formation of three germ layers. primitive streek and prochordal plate forms the intra embyyonic mesoderm. the epiblast cells replace all the 3 germ layers. iem is converted to paraxial, intermediate and lateral plate mesoderms
Reproduction in FUNGI
Fungi can reproduce both asexually and sexually. Asexual reproduction occurs through binary fission, budding, fragmentation of hyphae, or asexual spore formation. Sexual reproduction involves the fusion of gametes through plasmogamy and karyogamy to form a zygote, which then undergoes meiosis. This results in the formation of sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores, or oospores. Different fungi have varying sexual reproduction processes including isogamy, anisogamy, and oogamy that influence spore and structure formation.
Male reproductive organs
The document summarizes the male reproductive system. It describes the external organs including the scrotum and penis. It then details the internal organs such as the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands including the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. It explains spermatogenesis, the process by which sperm are produced in the testes. Finally, it provides an overview of sperm structure and function, including fertilization.
Reproduction in algae........
There are three main types of reproduction in algae: vegetative, asexual and sexual. Vegetative reproduction occurs through fragmentation, cell division or the formation of specialized structures like hormogones, tubers or adventitious branches. Asexual reproduction happens through the formation of spores like zoospores, aplanospores or autospores which develop into new algae. Sexual reproduction includes isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy where gametes fuse to form zygotes or oospores that develop into new organisms. Sexual reproduction provides benefits like increasing genetic diversity and adaptation to changing environments.
Pra embryonic and post-embryonic development in insect
This document summarizes the key stages of development for insects, including pre-embryonic, embryonic, and post-embryonic development. Pre-embryonic development involves fertilization, where the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus. Embryonic development starts with the egg, and involves cleavage, formation of germ layers, and growth of tissues and organs. Post-embryonic development or morphogenesis occurs after hatching, and involves molting between instar stages as the insect grows and matures, until reaching the final adult form.
Journey of an embryo...development biology
1. Neurulation and organogenesis are key developmental processes in early embryos. Neurulation involves the formation of the neural plate and tube which give rise to the central nervous system. Organogenesis is when specific organs are formed through cell differentiation and tissue interactions.
2. The three germ layers - endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm - produce different organ systems. The endoderm forms lung, thyroid and pancreas tissues. The mesoderm aids in heart, muscle, kidney and blood development. The ectoderm produces skin and neural tissues.
3. Embryonic development proceeds through stages of cleavage, gastrulation, neurulation and organogenesis as the single-celled z
Fasciola hepatica life cycle.ppt
1. The document describes the male and female reproductive systems of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica).
2. It details the developmental stages from egg to miracidium larva, sporocyst larva, redia larva, cercaria larva, and finally the metacercaria larva which can infect the primary host when consumed.
3. The life cycle involves sexual reproduction in the primary host, followed by a complex asexual development within the intermediate snail host, before the infective metacercaria stage can continue the life cycle in a new primary host.
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Structure of Ovum, Oogenesis and menstrual cycle.pptx
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Pra embryonic and post-embryonic development in insect
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Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that applies rational design principles to produce novel biological systems or organisms. Some key milestones in synthetic biology include creating synchronized bacterial oscillators in 2010, synthesizing the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides in 2010, and fully synthesizing the genome of E. coli in 2019. There are some ethical concerns regarding synthetic biology, such as the idea that it involves "playing God" or could result in entities that are neither fully living nor machines. There are also concerns about potential misuse for biological weapons.
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1. The study examined the roles of CAD1 in the moss Physcomitrium patens, which provides an evolutionary link between algae and vascular plants.
2. The researchers investigated CAD1's roles in growth and resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea through gene expression analysis, pathogen inoculation experiments, and lignin detection methods.
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Nuclear Envelope
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Acanthamoeba species
Acanthamoeba species are free-living amebae that can act as opportunistic pathogens. They have two stages - trophozoites and cysts. Trophozoites are the infective forms and can enter the body through various means like the eye, nose, or broken skin. When they enter the eye, they can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis with symptoms of severe eye pain and vision problems. When they enter the respiratory system or skin, they can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis in individuals with compromised immune systems, with symptoms including headaches, seizures, and stiff neck. Treatment has had limited success as most patients with granulomatous amebic
Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria fowleri, also known as the "brain-eating amoeba", is a species of amoeba that can cause a rare brain infection called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). It exists in three forms - as a cyst, a trophozoite (amoeboid form), or a biflagellate form with two flagella. When it enters the brain through the nose, its amoeboid trophozoite form can cause PAM, which is usually fatal. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid under a microscope. While there are no truly effective treatments, prompt and aggressive treatment with amphotericin B may benefit patients
Entamoeba polecki
Entamoeba polecki is an intestinal parasite found primarily in pigs and monkeys. It has two stages in its life cycle - as a trophozoite and as a cyst. While most infections are asymptomatic, some reports have shown symptomatic infections in humans causing diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples for the presence of trophozoites and cysts. Treatment typically involves a combination of metronidazole and diloxanide furoate, or metronidazole alone.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan that infects humans and other primates, causing amoebiasis in around 50 million people worldwide. It has three main morphologic forms - trophozoites, cysts, and its life cycle. Trophozoites are the feeding and multiplying form, while cysts are the infective transmissive form. The life cycle involves ingestion of cysts, excystation in the intestine, trophozoite multiplication and settling in the colon, and cyst passage in feces. Diagnosis is via microscopic examination of fecal specimens for trophozoites or cysts, while blood tests are used for extra-intestinal infections.
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba hartmanni is a non-pathogenic amoeba found worldwide that does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells. It has a similar life cycle to E. histolytica where cysts are ingested and excyst in the small intestine, trophozoites multiply in the large intestine and produce cysts which are passed in stool. Infections with E. hartmanni are typically asymptomatic and it is considered non-pathogenic so treatment is usually not indicated.
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba gingivalis is a non-pathogenic ameba that inhabits the human oral cavity, residing in gingival pockets near the base of teeth. It feeds on bacteria and debris in the oral cavity but does not cause disease. While often found in patients with periodontal disease, it does not have a causative relationship. Entamoeba gingivalis trophozoites resemble those of the pathogenic E. histolytica but do not form cysts. It is transmitted between people orally but does not typically cause symptoms.
Endolimax nana
Endolimax nana is a species of amoeba that is commonly found in the intestines of humans. It was originally believed to be non-pathogenic, but some studies suggest it can cause diarrhea. E. nana trophozoites range in size from 5 to 12 micrometers and have a single nucleus. Cysts are spherical to ellipsoid shaped and range from 4 to 12 micrometers, most commonly containing 4 nuclei. The life cycle involves ingestion of cysts which excyst in the small intestine, the trophozoites multiply and produce more cysts which are passed in feces. E. nana infections are usually asymptomatic, but it is significant in medicine as it can cause false positives
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system consists of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system and has two main components: cranial and spinal nerves, and sensory receptors. It has two functional subdivisions - the sensory (afferent) division which transmits signals from receptors to the CNS, and the motor (efferent) division which transmits signals from the CNS to effector organs like muscles and glands. The motor division contains the somatic nervous system which controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
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Electrical Conductor
An electrical conductor is a material that allows the flow of electric current. Most metals are good electrical conductors as their atomic structure allows electrons to move freely between atoms when a potential difference is applied. Conductors are classified into different types including plasma, semiconductors, and resistors, with plasma being the best conductor and resistors making electric current flow most difficult. Conductors are contrasted with insulators, which do not allow the passage of electricity. Common good electrical conductors include silver, copper, and aluminum, while materials like rubber, glass, and dry paper are typical electrical insulators.
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Isospora belli
- 1. Isospora belli Report by: Veronica Baje
- 2. Isospora belli • Isospora belli is a protozoan parasite in the Phylum Apicomplexa. • This group of parasites are referred to as coccidia.
- 3. Oocysts
- 4. Laboratory Diagnosis • Fresh feces • Duodenal contents
- 5. Life Cycle • An oocyst with one sporoblast is released in stool of infected person • After the oocyst has been released, the sporoblast matures further and divides into two • After the sporoblasts divide they create a cyst wall and become sporocysts • The sporocysts each divide twice, resulting in four sporozoites • Transmission occurs when these mature oocysts are ingested • The sporocysts excyst in the small intestine where sporozoites are released • The sporozoites then invade epithelial cells and schizogony is initiated • When the schizonts rupture, merozoites are released and continue to invade more epithelial cells • Trophozoites develop into schizonts, containing many merozoites • After about one week, development of male and female gametocytes begin in the merozoites • Fertilization results in the development of oocysts, which are released in the stool.
- 6. Clinical Symptoms • Asymptomatic – A number of infected individuals remain asymptomatic. • Isosporiasis – Infected patients may complain of a number of symptoms: • Mild gastrointestinal discomfort to severe dysentery • Weight loss • Chronic diarrhea • Abdominal pain • Anorexia • Weakness • Malaise
- 7. Pathogenesis • Marked villous atrophy • Crypt hyperplasia in the small intestine
- 8. Epidemiology • Africa • Southeast Asia • Central America • Chile
- 9. Treatment • Bland diet • Plenty of rest • Combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole • Perimethamine and sulfadiazine
- 10. Prevention and Control • Proper personal hygiene • Adequate sanitation practices • Protected sex
Editor's Notes
- Unprotected oral-anal sexual contact has been suggested as the mode of parasite transmission