Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that include mushrooms, molds, yeasts, and multicellular filaments called hyphae. They have cell walls containing chitin and obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually by fragmentation or budding. Important fungi include sac fungi (ascomycetes) which produce spores called ascospores in sac-like structures. Morels, truffles, yeasts, and molds are examples of sac fungi. Fungi play important ecological roles as decomposers in nutrient cycling, as parasites of plants and animals, and in symbiotic relationships with algae or plants.
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
Lichens are symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The branch of science which deals with the study of lichens is called lichenology. The fungal component of lichen is called mycobiont and algal component is phycobiont. The algae helps in preparation of food materials, whereas the fungi provides protection and shelter to the lichen. The lichens are classified into several types based on the nature of the fungal partner as well as on the basis of thallus morphology. They are also called pollution indicators as they are never seen in polluted areas. Lichen possess both beneficial as well as harmful properties. All these are discussed in the presentation. Hope you all enjoy and don't forget to comment the slides. Enjoy!!!
Agaricus is a genus of mushrooms containing both edible and poisonous species, with possibly over 300 members worldwide. The genus includes the common ("button") mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and the field mushroom (A. campestris), the dominant cultivated mushrooms of the West.
Lichens are symbiotic association between algae and fungi. The branch of science which deals with the study of lichens is called lichenology. The fungal component of lichen is called mycobiont and algal component is phycobiont. The algae helps in preparation of food materials, whereas the fungi provides protection and shelter to the lichen. The lichens are classified into several types based on the nature of the fungal partner as well as on the basis of thallus morphology. They are also called pollution indicators as they are never seen in polluted areas. Lichen possess both beneficial as well as harmful properties. All these are discussed in the presentation. Hope you all enjoy and don't forget to comment the slides. Enjoy!!!
Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
They are Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls. Consist of about 100,000 spp.
As part of our project on educational technology 3/ field study 3
I am asking for your help with regards to the ppt that i made kindly leave a comment on my presentation thanks alot
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
This video is about sexual reproduction in fungi. Sexual reproduction methods like Gametic copulation, Gamete-Gametangial copulation, Gametangial copulation, Somatic copulation and Spermatization are detailed well. Different sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores and oospores, their formation and properties are explained.
Fungus comes from the Greek word mykes “Mushrooms”
They are Eukaryotic organism that digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through its cell walls. Consist of about 100,000 spp.
As part of our project on educational technology 3/ field study 3
I am asking for your help with regards to the ppt that i made kindly leave a comment on my presentation thanks alot
This is an illustrated account for Unit 1 of Coure Course III Mycology and Phytopathology of Bsc Hons Program - Introduction to True fungi including characters, affinities, thallus, cell wall, nutrition and classification
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
This video is about sexual reproduction in fungi. Sexual reproduction methods like Gametic copulation, Gamete-Gametangial copulation, Gametangial copulation, Somatic copulation and Spermatization are detailed well. Different sexual spores like ascospores, basidiospores, zygospores and oospores, their formation and properties are explained.
Animal Kingdom Presentation designed for First Grade viewers and teachers. Presentation covers main animal groups and selective focus on a few specific animals for each animal group.
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T) Unit-III Part-1 Study of morphology, cla...Ms. Pooja Bhandare
PHARMACEUTICAL MICROBIOLOGY (BP303T)Unit-IIIPart-1Study of morphology, classification, reproduction/replication and cultivation of fungi, Introduction fungi. Morphological Characteristics of fungi, CLASSIFICATION: Depending on cell morphology, fungi can be divided into 4 classes:
Moulds Yeasts ,Yeast like fungi and
Dimorphic fungi
Depending on their sexual spores formation fungi are divided into 4 classes:
Zygomycetes Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes Dueteromycetes
Reproduction and sporulation;Vegetative, Asexual
and Sexual
Vegetative reproduction: Fragmentation ,Fission, budding, Sclerotia Rhizomorphs
Asexual reproduction: Zoospores
Sporangiospore, Conidia
Oidia Uredospores ,Basidiospores
Sexual reproduction:Planogametic copulation: Isogamy Heterogamy
Gametangial contact
Gametangial copulation Spermatization Somatogamy CULTIVATION OF FUNGI: Brain Heart Infusion (BHT) agar
Czapek’s agar
Mycobiotic agar Inhibitory mold agar (IMA)
Potato dextrose agar
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (SDA):
Sabouraud’s heart infusion (SABHI) agar
Potato Flake agar
Potato dextrose-yeast extract agar (PDYA)
. Cornmeal agar
Malt extract agar (MEA)
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. Characteristics
•STRUCTURE
• Eukaryotic Heterotrophic
(multi cellular
decomposers)
• with the exemption of YEAST
• Multicellular fungi are
composed of thin filaments
called hyphae
• hyphae tangled together into
a thick mass called a
mycelium
3. • Another feature of fungi is the
presence of chitin in their cell
walls.
• A complex carbohydrate that
makes up the cell walls of fungi
• The reproductive structure
growing from the mycelium in the
soil that you recognize as a
mushroom
• Basilia, a spore making structure
in the gills under the fruiting
body.
Characteristics
5. Asexual Reproduction of FUNGI
• Fungi reproduce asexually by fragmentation, budding, or producing
spores. Fragments of hyphae can grow new colonies.
• Spores allow fungi to expand their distribution and colonize new
environments. They may be released from the parent thallus, either
outside or within a special reproductive sac called a sporangium.
• Mycelial fragmentation occurs when a fungal mycelium separates into
pieces with each component growing into a separate mycelium.
• Somatic cells in yeast form buds. During budding (a type of cytokinesis),
a bulge forms on the side of the cell, the nucleus divides mitotically, and
the bud ultimately detaches itself from the mother cell.
6.
7. Sexual Reproduction of FUNGI
• Sexual reproduction involves two different mating types (+ and -)
• When two hyphae of opposite mating types meet, their nuclei fuse together
• Stages:
• First, during plasmogamy (literally, "marriage or union of cytoplasm"),
two haploid cells fuse, leading to a dikaryotic stage where two haploid nuclei
coexist in a single cell.
• During karyogamy ("nuclear marriage"), the haploid nuclei fuse to form
a diploid zygote nucleus.
• Finally, meiosis takes place in the gametangia organs, in which gametes of
different mating types are generated. At this stage, spores are disseminated
into the environment.
8.
9. Characteristics
•NUTRITION
• Depends on other organisms for their food
• Unlike animals, fungi do not ingest their food, instead they
digest food outside their bodies and then absorb it
• Most are Saprotroph
• Many are saprobes
• Others are parasites
• Others are symbionts
10. Fungi as Decomposers
•Maintains the equilibrium in the
ecosystem
•They recycle nutrients by breaking down
the bodies and wastes of other organisms
by releasing digestive enzymes
ROLE
11.
12. Fungi as Parasites
•As useful as many fungi are others can
infect both animals and plants and cause
diseases
Ex.) Wheat rust, athelets foot, Candida, Cordyceps
ROLE
13.
14. Fungi in Symbiotic Relationships
•Some fungi form symbiotic relationships
in which both partners benefit
ROLE
15. LICHEN
Symbiotic association between a fungus and a
photosynthetic organism
MYCORRHIZAE
Symbiotic relationship between plant roots and fungi
ROLE
Fungi in Symbiotic Relationships
16. LICHENS
• The algae or cyanobacteria - Carries out
photosynthesis providing the fungus with food
• The fungus provides the algae or bacteria with – water
and minerals that it collects and also protects the
delicate algae cell
• Lichens are often the first organisms to enter barren
environments
17.
18. MYCORRHIZAE
•Fungi allow plants to – absorb more water
and minerals
•Fungi also release enzymes that – free
nutrients into the soil
•Plants provide fungi with – the products of
photosynthesis
21. THE SAC FUNGI (Ascomycetes)
• Sac fungi get their names from the fact that they produce
their spores, called ascospores, in special pods or sac-
like structures called asci (singular ascus).
22. • Most are blue-green, red
and brown molds that cause
food spoilage
• Non motile
• Penicillium
23. Life cycle of Ascomycete
•The mycelium grows out from a germinating
ascospore
•Mycelium begins to reproduce asexually by forming
conidia
•Many conidia are produced
•Conidia are responsible for propagating and
disseminating the fungus
24.
25. Sexual Reproduction
• Occurs on the same mycelium that produces conidia
• The formation of multinucleate gametangia called antheridia
(male) and ascogonia (female) precedes sexual reproduction
• Male nuclei pass into the ascogonium via the trichogyne which is
an outgrowth of the ascogonium
• Genetically different nuclei pair but do not fuse
• Ascogenous hyphae now begin to grow
• Compatible pairs of nuclei migrate and cell division occurs and
creates dikaryotic cells- two compatible haploid nuclei
26. Ascomycetes growth
• Most have either unicellular or
filamentous growth forms
• Hyphae have perforated septa
• Hyphal cells of Vegetative
mycelim may be either
uninucleated or multinucleated
27. Morel mushroom
• Morels are famous because they are edible and are
delicious!
• Common in many parts of North America, they grow in
rich soil and though there are several species.
• The largest and most commonly known ascomycetes
include the morel and the truffle.
• NOTE:
• There are some "false morels," which are not so good for eating.
• The depressions in false morels are shallow or nonexistent. Spore-
producing sacs, or asci, are borne in palisadelike layers lining the
cap's depressions.
28. YEAST
• Reproduce asexually by budding –Only
unicellular fungi
• Many yeasts are sac fungi, including the
common yeast used to make bread.
Yeast uses sugar (as food) to produce
CO 2 and alcohol. Trapped Carbon
Dioxide bubbles cause dough to rise
• Dutch Elm Disease (caused by parasitic
yeast)
• Zygote Fungi Bread Molds, a shapeless &
fuzzy are a type of zygote fungi. The
hyphae of a zygote fungus grow over
materials, such as bread, dissolving the
material and absorbing nutrients.
29. YEAST
• Zygote Fungi Tiny stalks called
zygosporangia form when the
fungus undergoes sexual
reproduction and release spores
called zygospores.
• Reproduce asexually- –Zygoporangia
break open and release spores Can
reproduce sexually- –Two hyphae
join and develop zygosporangia
• Bread mold- under the microscope
Hyphae Sporangia (spore cases)
30. BLUE GREEN MOLDS
• They are species of the genus Penicillium. This is the
same genus from which the powerful antibiotic
penicillin is derived.
• Other use of Penicillium
as blue cheese flavoring
31. Candlesnuff fungus (Xylaria)
• Most people would never notice this
little being unless they were specifically
looking for small things, poking around
on fallen logs. This species isn't
illustrated in most mushroom field
guides.
• Xylaria contains about 100 species
of cosmopolitan fungi. X.
polymorpha produces a club-shaped or
fingerlike fruiting body (stroma)
resembling burned wood and common on
decaying wood or injured trees.
32. Mildew
• Is defined as thin, superficial, usually
whitish growth consisting of minute
hypae (fungi filaments) produced
especially on living plants or organic
matter such as wood, paper and etc.
33. Truffles
• Is a fruiting body of a subterranean
Ascmycete fungus, predominantly
one of the many secies of the genus
tuber.
• Some of the truffle species are
highly prized as food.
CHITIN - This is a long carbohydrate polymer that also occurs in the exoskeletons of insects, spiders, and other arthropods. The chitin adds rigidity and structural support to the thin cells of the fungus, and makes fresh mushrooms crisp.
Cytokinesis is the physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells. It occurs concurrently with two types of nuclear division called mitosis and meiosis, which occur in animal cells.
Read the pattern, but the illustration is on the previous slide
In case you don't like to throw food away you will be happy to know that when you find Penicillium covering your favorite jam, the fungus itself is not poisonous and if the mold layer is removed the food will still be edible, assuming that something else hasn't spoiled it