Sarcocystis
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Morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, symptoms, treatment, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of the parasite, Sarcocystis.
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Sarcocystis
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the muscles of intermediate hosts such as mammals and birds. It was first discovered in 1843. The parasites have an indirect life cycle involving a transport host and a definitive carnivore host. In the carnivore, the parasites mature and release oocysts that infect transport hosts when consumed. In muscles of transport hosts, sarcocysts form that can infect carnivores, completing the cycle. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some species can cause illness in horses and humans who act as accidental intermediate hosts. No effective treatments exist beyond preventative hygiene measures.
Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis is caused by the largest protozoa and the only cilliated human parasite called B. coli.
Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciolopsis buski, also known as the Asian giant intestinal fluke, is prevalent in Southeast Asia where it lives in human and pig intestines. The fluke causes enteritis and malnutrition by attaching to the intestines and competing with the host for food. Diagnosis is done through stool examination using direct smear or sedimentation methods. Treatment involves administering praziquantel or other drugs to patients, carriers, and pigs. Prevention focuses on health education, sanitation, and avoiding feeding pigs raw water plants to disrupt the fluke's lifecycle.
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania donovani is a parasite endemic to parts of India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Russia. It has both an amastigote stage inside human cells and a promastigote stage in the gut of sandflies. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and sandflies. In humans it causes visceral leishmaniasis with symptoms like fever, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopy of tissues or culture. Treatment is with antimony compounds or pentamidine.
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Trematodes
blood flukes = Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. hematobium.
intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buski
liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis
lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani.
Isospora
This document discusses coccidian protozoa, an obligate intestinal parasite found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene practices.
Coccidian parasites- Cryptosporidiosis
Basic discussion on Coccidian parasites with a focus on Cryptosporidiosis -morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis and management.
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Sarcocystis
Sarcocystis is a genus of protozoan parasites that infect the muscles of intermediate hosts such as mammals and birds. It was first discovered in 1843. The parasites have an indirect life cycle involving a transport host and a definitive carnivore host. In the carnivore, the parasites mature and release oocysts that infect transport hosts when consumed. In muscles of transport hosts, sarcocysts form that can infect carnivores, completing the cycle. Most infections are asymptomatic, but some species can cause illness in horses and humans who act as accidental intermediate hosts. No effective treatments exist beyond preventative hygiene measures.
Balantidium coli
Balantidiasis is caused by the largest protozoa and the only cilliated human parasite called B. coli.
Fasciolopsis buski
Fasciolopsis buski, also known as the Asian giant intestinal fluke, is prevalent in Southeast Asia where it lives in human and pig intestines. The fluke causes enteritis and malnutrition by attaching to the intestines and competing with the host for food. Diagnosis is done through stool examination using direct smear or sedimentation methods. Treatment involves administering praziquantel or other drugs to patients, carriers, and pigs. Prevention focuses on health education, sanitation, and avoiding feeding pigs raw water plants to disrupt the fluke's lifecycle.
Leishmania donovani
Leishmania donovani is a parasite endemic to parts of India, China, Africa, Southern Europe, South America, and Russia. It has both an amastigote stage inside human cells and a promastigote stage in the gut of sandflies. The life cycle involves transmission between humans and sandflies. In humans it causes visceral leishmaniasis with symptoms like fever, enlarged spleen and liver, and anemia. Diagnosis involves microscopy of tissues or culture. Treatment is with antimony compounds or pentamidine.
Classification of cestodes
Tapeworms are flat, segmented parasitic worms that infect the intestines. There are two main types: pseudophyllideans and cyclophyllideans. Pseudophyllideans like Diphyllobothrium latum (the fish tapeworm) have two slit-like grooves and develop through two intermediate hosts. Cyclophyllideans like Taenia saginata have four cup-like suckers and do not require intermediate hosts. Symptoms of infection depend on the tapeworm species and location. Diagnosis involves finding eggs or proglottid segments in stool or removing the worm surgically.
Trematodes
blood flukes = Schistosoma mansoni, S. japonicum and S. hematobium.
intestinal fluke, Fasciolopsis buski
liver fluke, Clonorchis sinensis
lung fluke, Paragonimus westermani.
Isospora
This document discusses coccidian protozoa, an obligate intestinal parasite found worldwide in subtropical and tropical regions. It has a complex life cycle involving both sexual and asexual reproduction. Symptoms in humans include diarrhea, abdominal pain, and weight loss. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route due to ingestion of contaminated food or water in areas with poor sanitation. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in stool samples under a microscope. Treatment involves antibiotics like trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Prevention relies on proper sanitation and hygiene practices.
Coccidian parasites- Cryptosporidiosis
Basic discussion on Coccidian parasites with a focus on Cryptosporidiosis -morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and laboratory diagnosis and management.
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and causes diarrhea in livestock and humans. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. There are 18 known Cryptosporidium species that can infect humans and animals. Some species only infect single host types while others can infect multiple species. Cryptosporidium forms oocysts that are resistant to chlorine and can lead to large waterborne outbreaks like the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak that infected 400,000 people. Symptoms in humans and livestock include watery diarrhea. There is no vaccine and treatment involves supportive care. Prevention involves handwashing and avoiding contact with infected individuals and young animals.
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Taenia saginata
This document summarizes Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. It describes the parasite's taxonomy, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. T. saginata has a life cycle involving cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked beef containing the parasite's larval cysticerci stage. The adult worms live in the human small intestine where they can cause abdominal symptoms but often no symptoms. Diagnosis involves finding the parasite's eggs or proglottids in a fecal sample. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide. Thorough cooking of beef can prevent infection.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
Taenia saginata
general characteristics, morphology, history, epidimeology, life cycle, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis.
Taenia spp..
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
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This document summarizes several intestinal and urogenital flagellates including Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas tenax, Chilomastix mesnili, Retortamonas intestinalis, and Trichomonas hominis. It describes the morphology, life cycles, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these parasites. Giardia lamblia is a common cause of parasitic diarrhea and is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated food, water or surfaces. Trichomonas vaginalis causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis through sexual contact.
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite that is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contact with contaminated water. The oocyst stage of its life cycle is very resilient and can survive in water even after treatment. Infection occurs when an oocyst embeds itself in the gut epithelium. There is no cure for immunocompromised individuals who become infected.
Dipylidium caninum.pptx
Dipylidium caninum is a tapeworm that commonly infects dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. It has a scolex with four suckers and hooks and hermaphroditic segments containing eggs. The tapeworm's lifecycle involves fleas as an intermediate host. In humans, infection may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anal itching. Diagnosis is by finding segments or egg capsules in stool and treatment involves the drug praziquantel.
Cestodes
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Schistosoma haematobium
This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
- Clinical manifestations range from transient rashes to hematuria,
Hymenolepis nana- Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepiasis is caused by Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm,a type of intestinal worm or helminth infecting humans, especially children.
Taenitaenia solium
This document describes the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It notes that the adult worm lives in the small intestine of humans and passes eggs in feces. Pigs become intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs, where the larvae (cysticerci) form cysts mainly in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Symptomatic cysticercosis can occur if eggs are ingested, causing lesions in brain, eyes or other tissues. Diagnosis involves serology, imaging and stool examination. Treatment includes praziquantel or albendazole to kill adult worms and cysticerci.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma cruzii, Trypanosoma brucei
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma is a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving transmission between mammalian hosts and tsetse fly vectors. In humans, the parasite initially causes fever and lymphadenopathy before invading the central nervous system and potentially causing coma or death if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood or tissue samples and serological tests. Treatment depends on the stage of infection, with drugs targeting the early acute stage or late central nervous system involvement.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
Coccidiois poultry
Coccidiosis is caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Eimeria that infect the intestinal tract of poultry. There are seven species that commonly infect chickens. The parasite undergoes asexual reproduction within intestinal cells causing damage before being shed in feces. Clinical signs include diarrhea, poor growth, and decreased egg production. Post-mortem examination reveals damage to the intestinal lining. Diagnosis involves finding oocysts in feces. Control is through vaccination, anticoccidial drugs, and biosecurity measures to prevent transmission between flocks.
Black Quarter.pdf
Black quarter is an acute disease of cattle characterized by swelling of heavy muscles. It is caused by Clostridium chauvoei bacteria. Clinical signs include fever, lameness, and swelling of hind or forequarters that crackles when rubbed. Untreated, death usually occurs within 24 hours as the bacteria produce toxins that cause muscle necrosis. Diagnosis involves identifying the gram-positive rods in lesions. Treatment includes antibiotics, while prevention relies on vaccination. An outbreak on a South African farm in 2014 resulted in 35 rhinoceros deaths from the disease.
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Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidiosis is caused by Cryptosporidium parasites and causes diarrhea in livestock and humans. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. There are 18 known Cryptosporidium species that can infect humans and animals. Some species only infect single host types while others can infect multiple species. Cryptosporidium forms oocysts that are resistant to chlorine and can lead to large waterborne outbreaks like the 1993 Milwaukee outbreak that infected 400,000 people. Symptoms in humans and livestock include watery diarrhea. There is no vaccine and treatment involves supportive care. Prevention involves handwashing and avoiding contact with infected individuals and young animals.
Balantidium Coli
Balantidium coli is a protozoan parasite that causes the disease balantidiasis in humans. It has two stages - a trophozoite stage where it reproduces and feeds, and an infective cyst stage. Humans typically become infected through ingesting cysts from fecally contaminated food or water. The cysts excyst in the small intestine and trophozoites take up residence in the large intestine, where they can cause symptoms like diarrhea, abdominal pain, and dysentery. Diagnosis is via stool examination or biopsy. Treatment involves antibiotics like tetracycline, metronidazole, or iodoquinol. Prevention focuses on sanitary disposal of human and pig feces to avoid
Taenia saginata
This document summarizes Taenia saginata, the beef tapeworm. It describes the parasite's taxonomy, life cycle, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. T. saginata has a life cycle involving cattle as the intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Humans can become infected by consuming undercooked beef containing the parasite's larval cysticerci stage. The adult worms live in the human small intestine where they can cause abdominal symptoms but often no symptoms. Diagnosis involves finding the parasite's eggs or proglottids in a fecal sample. Treatment involves praziquantel or niclosamide. Thorough cooking of beef can prevent infection.
ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
This document provides information on Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis in humans. It discusses the organism's classification, morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Key points include:
- E. histolytica lives in the large intestine and can cause intestinal amoebiasis or spread to the liver to cause amoebic liver abscess.
- It has three stages - trophozoite, pre-cystic and cystic. Cysts are the infective form passed in feces.
- Infection occurs by ingesting cysts which excyst in the intestine. Trophozoites multiply
Taenia saginata
general characteristics, morphology, history, epidimeology, life cycle, pathogenesis and lab diagnosis.
Taenia spp..
This document summarizes key information about Taenia species, including T. saginata, T. solium, T. asiatica, and T. multiceps. It describes the medically important species, diseases they cause, hosts, morphology, life cycles, transmission, diagnosis and treatment. T. saginata and T. solium cause taeniasis in humans. T. solium can also cause cysticercosis, which can lead to seizures. T. saginata uses cattle as an intermediate host while T. solium uses pigs. Diagnosis involves examining stool for eggs or proglottids. Cysticercosis is diagnosed via imaging, biopsy or serology. Treatment
Intestinal Flagellates notes 2014
This document summarizes several intestinal and urogenital flagellates including Giardia lamblia, Trichomonas vaginalis, Dientamoeba fragilis, Trichomonas tenax, Chilomastix mesnili, Retortamonas intestinalis, and Trichomonas hominis. It describes the morphology, life cycles, transmission routes, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of these parasites. Giardia lamblia is a common cause of parasitic diarrhea and is transmitted through ingestion of cysts from contaminated food, water or surfaces. Trichomonas vaginalis causes the sexually transmitted infection trichomoniasis through sexual contact.
Coccidian parasites -Cyclospora cayetanensis
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is an enteric parasite that is one of the most common causes of diarrhea worldwide. It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contact with contaminated water. The oocyst stage of its life cycle is very resilient and can survive in water even after treatment. Infection occurs when an oocyst embeds itself in the gut epithelium. There is no cure for immunocompromised individuals who become infected.
Dipylidium caninum.pptx
Dipylidium caninum is a tapeworm that commonly infects dogs, cats, and occasionally humans. It has a scolex with four suckers and hooks and hermaphroditic segments containing eggs. The tapeworm's lifecycle involves fleas as an intermediate host. In humans, infection may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, and anal itching. Diagnosis is by finding segments or egg capsules in stool and treatment involves the drug praziquantel.
Cestodes
Detailed description of Cestode Parasites covering morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, laboratory diagnosis, and management.
Schistosoma haematobium
This document discusses Schistosoma haematobium, a species of blood fluke that causes urinary schistosomiasis. It covers the organism's morphology, life cycle, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Key points include:
- S. haematobium has a leaf-like body with two suckers and an inverted Y-shaped alimentary canal. It lives in venous plexuses and releases eggs that pass in urine.
- Its life cycle involves freshwater snails as an intermediate host and humans as the definitive host. Larval cercariae penetrate the skin and develop into adult worms.
- Clinical manifestations range from transient rashes to hematuria,
Hymenolepis nana- Dwarf Tapeworm
Hymenolepiasis is caused by Hymenolepis nana (the dwarf tapeworm,a type of intestinal worm or helminth infecting humans, especially children.
Taenitaenia solium
This document describes the morphology, life cycle, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of Taenia solium (pork tapeworm). It notes that the adult worm lives in the small intestine of humans and passes eggs in feces. Pigs become intermediate hosts by ingesting eggs, where the larvae (cysticerci) form cysts mainly in muscle. Humans are infected by eating undercooked pork containing cysticerci. Symptomatic cysticercosis can occur if eggs are ingested, causing lesions in brain, eyes or other tissues. Diagnosis involves serology, imaging and stool examination. Treatment includes praziquantel or albendazole to kill adult worms and cysticerci.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma cruzii, Trypanosoma brucei
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Cryptosporidium parvum
Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that causes cryptosporidiosis. It infects the intestinal epithelial cells and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route, often through contaminated water. The parasite undergoes both asexual and sexual reproduction in the small intestine, forming oocysts that are shed in feces and are immediately infectious. Infection causes watery diarrhea that can last for weeks and lead to dehydration, especially in young children and immunocompromised individuals. Diagnosis is through microscopic identification of oocysts in stool samples and treatment options are limited. Prevention involves proper hygiene, water treatment, and food safety practices.
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola hepatica, commonly known as the sheep liver fluke, is a parasitic flatworm that infects the livers of sheep and cattle. It can also infect humans. The adult fluke lives in the bile ducts of the liver and lays eggs that pass in the feces. The life cycle requires an intermediate snail host to continue development. People become infected by ingesting metacercariae encysted on aquatic plants like watercress. Clinical symptoms in humans range from fever and abdominal pain during migration to liver damage and obstruction of the bile ducts in chronic infections. Diagnosis is confirmed by finding characteristic eggs in stool or biopsy samples. Treatment involves medications like triclabendazole.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma is a protozoan parasite that causes sleeping sickness in humans. It has a complex life cycle involving transmission between mammalian hosts and tsetse fly vectors. In humans, the parasite initially causes fever and lymphadenopathy before invading the central nervous system and potentially causing coma or death if left untreated. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of blood or tissue samples and serological tests. Treatment depends on the stage of infection, with drugs targeting the early acute stage or late central nervous system involvement.
Trypanosoma
Trypanosomiasis is caused by pathogenic Trypanosoma and is endemic in Africa and South America. It is transmitted between hosts by blood-sucking insects. Trypanosoma brucei causes African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and exists in the vertebrate host as trypomastigotes, passing between hosts via the tsetse fly vector. The disease occurs in two stages with initial symptoms of fever and swelling followed by neurological involvement if untreated. Diagnosis involves blood, lymph node aspirate, or CSF examination to detect the parasites.
Ascaris lumbricoides
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is a parasitic nematode that infects the small intestine of humans. It has a worldwide distribution, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The adult worms can reach lengths of 20-35 cm in females and 15-30 cm in males. The life cycle involves fertilized eggs passing in feces and developing into infective larvae outside the body. People become infected by ingesting these embryonated eggs. The larvae hatch in the intestine, penetrate the intestinal wall, migrate through the lungs, are swallowed and pass into the intestine where they mature into adult worms. Most infections are asymptomatic, but symptoms can include abdominal pain,
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Parasitology (apicomplexa)
contains Apicomplexa ( Sporozoa),
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM
CYLOSPORA CAYETONENSIS, Sarcocystis spp. and
MICROSPORIDIA
Colysterdum
1. Clostridium species are obligate anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria.
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3. C. botulinum causes botulism by producing a toxin that blocks acetylcholine release at neuromuscular junctions. The toxin is found in improperly canned foods.
4. C. perfringens can cause gas gangrene or food poisoning depending on how its toxins enter the body. Gas gangrene develops from wounds and food poisoning from toxins in food.
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ASCARIASIS.pptx
Ascaris lumbricoides is a parasitic roundworm that infects the small intestine of humans. It is one of the most common helminth infections worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas with poor sanitation. The life cycle involves eggs being passed in feces and infecting a new host if ingested. In the small intestine, adults worms live and females can produce hundreds of thousands of eggs daily. Symptoms range from mild to blockage of the intestines. Ascariasis is treated with anthelmintic drugs and prevention relies on good sanitation and hygiene practices.
Arrested larval development
Arrested larval development or hypobiosis allows nematodes to survive adverse environmental conditions by temporarily ceasing development at a precise stage. This ensures the parasite's survival during periods of adversity. When conditions improve, arrested larvae resume development, increasing environmental contamination and potentially causing disease. The periparturient rise in faecal egg counts occurs around birthing and is caused by a temporary relaxation in immunity, leading to increased parasite establishment, reproduction, and contamination risk for new hosts. Nematodes like Haemonchus contortus are blood-sucking parasites of ruminants that cause anaemia and clinical disease. Dictyocaulus viviparus causes parasitic bronchitis in ruminants and horses through a direct life
Chapter 11 Trematodes.pptx
This document discusses trematodes (flukes) and focuses on schistosomes. It describes the classification, morphology, life cycles, transmission, pathogenesis and clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of schistosomes. The three main schistosome species that infect humans are discussed - Schistosoma haematobium, S. mansoni and S. japonicum. S. haematobium causes urogenital schistosomiasis. S. mansoni causes intestinal schistosomiasis. S. japonicum is the most pathogenic and can infect both humans and other animals.
Bear
This document provides information about different bear species including their taxonomy, habitats, diets, reproduction, and common diseases. It discusses the Himalayan brown bear, polar bear, sun bear, and giant panda. Key points covered include bears going into winter dormancy, common infectious diseases like canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis, and external parasites that can cause mange. The document also provides details on safely handling, immobilizing, and transporting bear species.
Ascariasis in domestic animals
Ascariasis is caused by ascarid worms of the family Ascaridae, including Ascaris, Parascaris, Toxascaris and Toxocara genera. Ascaris suum infects pigs worldwide, causing damage during larval migration and intestinal obstruction in heavy infections. Parascaris equorum infects horses, donkeys and mules. Toxocara species infect cattle (T. vitulorum), dogs (T. canis) and cats (T. cati). Clinical signs include coughing, diarrhea, poor growth, and intestinal obstruction or perforation. Diagnosis is made through history, clinical signs and identifying thick-shelled eggs in feces. Treatment
Schistosomiasisleishmaniasis.ppt
Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease caused by several species of flatworms. It is most commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas where contact with contaminated water can allow transmission from infected snails to humans. The parasites mature in the body and lay eggs that can cause damage to internal organs. Symptoms range from none to acute fever, rash, and organ damage depending on the parasite species and stage of infection. Diagnosis involves finding parasite eggs in stool, urine, or tissue samples. Treatment is with praziquantel which kills the parasites but does not prevent reinfection. Prevention relies on avoiding contact with contaminated freshwater in endemic areas.
A presentation on Ruminant parasites .
This presentation summarizes information about two tapeworm genera that infect ruminants - Avitellina and Stilesia. Avitellina is 3 meters long and infects the gut wall, with Psocopterous insects acting as intermediate hosts. Stilesia is 25-50 cm long and infects the liver, with Oribatid mites as intermediate hosts. Both genera can cause asymptomatic infections but large numbers may impact health. Diagnosis is via fecal examination for eggs. Anthelmintics like praziquantel and fenbendazole are effective treatments but require higher doses for tapeworms. Periodic deworming and meat inspection can aid control.
1 lec Listeriosis.pptx
Lysteriosis is a bacterial infection caused by Listeria monocytogenes that affects various animals including ruminants and people. It is widespread globally and more common in cooler climates. In ruminants, it most frequently causes encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Clinical signs include depression, disorientation, circling behavior, and drooping ears. The bacteria is found ubiquitously in the environment and spreads via contaminated feed, especially poorly preserved silage. Diagnosis involves microscopic examination of samples and isolating L. monocytogenes in culture. Treatment requires aggressive antibiotic therapy. Control relies on proper feed storage and hygiene to prevent contamination.
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SESSION 4_DISEASES CAUSED BY WORM INFESTATIONS.pptx
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Increasing Resilience And Disaster Risk Reduction.pptx
This document discusses natural and human-caused disasters and approaches to reducing their risks and impacts. It defines disasters and provides examples like tornadoes, hurricanes, floods and earthquakes. It also discusses concepts like resistance, resilience and recovery. Government programs and organizations in the Philippines that work on disaster risk reduction are mentioned. The document notes that biodiversity can help reduce disaster risks and that displaced people and humanitarian operations can impact the environment. It concludes that both human welfare and environmental preservation should be priorities to achieve long-term beneficial results from disasters.
Modelling the Risk of Illegal Forest Activity and its Distribution in the Sou...
A study by Jhun Barit, Kwanghun Choi, and Dongwook Ko. This study discusses the threats to SMMR and how the data gathered by forest rangers can be utilized for much more effective patrolling of the area.
Ethical Issues in Synthetic Biology
Synthetic biology is an emerging discipline that applies rational design principles to produce novel biological systems or organisms. Some key milestones in synthetic biology include creating synchronized bacterial oscillators in 2010, synthesizing the genome of Mycoplasma mycoides in 2010, and fully synthesizing the genome of E. coli in 2019. There are some ethical concerns regarding synthetic biology, such as the idea that it involves "playing God" or could result in entities that are neither fully living nor machines. There are also concerns about potential misuse for biological weapons.
Physcomitrium patens CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biot...
1. The study examined the roles of CAD1 in the moss Physcomitrium patens, which provides an evolutionary link between algae and vascular plants.
2. The researchers investigated CAD1's roles in growth and resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea through gene expression analysis, pathogen inoculation experiments, and lignin detection methods.
3. Their results showed that CAD1 has distinct roles in growth and resistance to biotic stress in P. patens.
Nuclear Envelope
The nuclear envelope has an inner and outer bilayer membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. It contains thousands of nuclear pores that act as channels between the nucleus and cytoplasm. The nuclear envelope provides structure to the nucleus and is made up of an outer membrane continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum, an inner membrane containing nuclear proteins, and a perinuclear space between the membranes.
Acanthamoeba species
Acanthamoeba species are free-living amebae that can act as opportunistic pathogens. They have two stages - trophozoites and cysts. Trophozoites are the infective forms and can enter the body through various means like the eye, nose, or broken skin. When they enter the eye, they can cause Acanthamoeba keratitis with symptoms of severe eye pain and vision problems. When they enter the respiratory system or skin, they can cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis in individuals with compromised immune systems, with symptoms including headaches, seizures, and stiff neck. Treatment has had limited success as most patients with granulomatous amebic
Naegleria fowleri
Naegleria fowleri, also known as the "brain-eating amoeba", is a species of amoeba that can cause a rare brain infection called primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM). It exists in three forms - as a cyst, a trophozoite (amoeboid form), or a biflagellate form with two flagella. When it enters the brain through the nose, its amoeboid trophozoite form can cause PAM, which is usually fatal. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining cerebrospinal fluid under a microscope. While there are no truly effective treatments, prompt and aggressive treatment with amphotericin B may benefit patients
Entamoeba polecki
Entamoeba polecki is an intestinal parasite found primarily in pigs and monkeys. It has two stages in its life cycle - as a trophozoite and as a cyst. While most infections are asymptomatic, some reports have shown symptomatic infections in humans causing diarrhea. Laboratory diagnosis involves examining stool samples for the presence of trophozoites and cysts. Treatment typically involves a combination of metronidazole and diloxanide furoate, or metronidazole alone.
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba histolytica is an anaerobic parasitic amoebozoan that infects humans and other primates, causing amoebiasis in around 50 million people worldwide. It has three main morphologic forms - trophozoites, cysts, and its life cycle. Trophozoites are the feeding and multiplying form, while cysts are the infective transmissive form. The life cycle involves ingestion of cysts, excystation in the intestine, trophozoite multiplication and settling in the colon, and cyst passage in feces. Diagnosis is via microscopic examination of fecal specimens for trophozoites or cysts, while blood tests are used for extra-intestinal infections.
Entamoeba hartmanni
Entamoeba hartmanni is a non-pathogenic amoeba found worldwide that does not have an invasive stage and does not ingest red blood cells. It has a similar life cycle to E. histolytica where cysts are ingested and excyst in the small intestine, trophozoites multiply in the large intestine and produce cysts which are passed in stool. Infections with E. hartmanni are typically asymptomatic and it is considered non-pathogenic so treatment is usually not indicated.
Entamoeba gingivalis
Entamoeba gingivalis is a non-pathogenic ameba that inhabits the human oral cavity, residing in gingival pockets near the base of teeth. It feeds on bacteria and debris in the oral cavity but does not cause disease. While often found in patients with periodontal disease, it does not have a causative relationship. Entamoeba gingivalis trophozoites resemble those of the pathogenic E. histolytica but do not form cysts. It is transmitted between people orally but does not typically cause symptoms.
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba coli is a non-pathogenic species of Entamoeba that commonly lives in the human gut. It is important for doctors to distinguish E. coli from the pathogenic Entamoeba histolytica under the microscope since they look similar. E. coli has trophozoites that are 12-55 micrometers and cysts that are 8-35 micrometers, with 1-8 nuclei. It colonizes the intestines after ingesting cysts and the trophozoites produce more cysts that are passed in stool. Stool examination can detect E. coli trophozoites and cysts, but infections usually do not cause symptoms so treatment is not needed.
Endolimax nana
Endolimax nana is a species of amoeba that is commonly found in the intestines of humans. It was originally believed to be non-pathogenic, but some studies suggest it can cause diarrhea. E. nana trophozoites range in size from 5 to 12 micrometers and have a single nucleus. Cysts are spherical to ellipsoid shaped and range from 4 to 12 micrometers, most commonly containing 4 nuclei. The life cycle involves ingestion of cysts which excyst in the small intestine, the trophozoites multiply and produce more cysts which are passed in feces. E. nana infections are usually asymptomatic, but it is significant in medicine as it can cause false positives
Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system consists of all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system and has two main components: cranial and spinal nerves, and sensory receptors. It has two functional subdivisions - the sensory (afferent) division which transmits signals from receptors to the CNS, and the motor (efferent) division which transmits signals from the CNS to effector organs like muscles and glands. The motor division contains the somatic nervous system which controls skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions and contains the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous system, its parts, functions, lobes, and regions. This presentation also identified common diseases that may affect the CNS.
Isospora belli
Morphology, life cycle, epidemiology, symptoms, treatment, laboratory diagnosis, and prevention of the parasite, Isospora belli.
Electrical Conductor
An electrical conductor is a material that allows the flow of electric current. Most metals are good electrical conductors as their atomic structure allows electrons to move freely between atoms when a potential difference is applied. Conductors are classified into different types including plasma, semiconductors, and resistors, with plasma being the best conductor and resistors making electric current flow most difficult. Conductors are contrasted with insulators, which do not allow the passage of electricity. Common good electrical conductors include silver, copper, and aluminum, while materials like rubber, glass, and dry paper are typical electrical insulators.
Cells
This presentation covers cells, its functions, membrane lipids, membrane proteins, and plasma membrane.
The Life Cycle of Trypanosomiasis
This short presentation covers the Life Cycle of Trypanosomiasis and the prevention of the spread of its vector which is the Tsetse fly.
Order Siphonaptera
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快速办理(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(UAM毕业证书)马德里自治大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Katherine Romanak - Geologic CO2 Storage.pdf
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
When I was asked to give a companion lecture in support of ‘The Philosophy of Science’ (https://shorturl.at/4pUXz) I decided not to walk through the detail of the many methodologies in order of use. Instead, I chose to employ a long standing, and ongoing, scientific development as an exemplar. And so, I chose the ever evolving story of Thermodynamics as a scientific investigation at its best.
Conducted over a period of >200 years, Thermodynamics R&D, and application, benefitted from the highest levels of professionalism, collaboration, and technical thoroughness. New layers of application, methodology, and practice were made possible by the progressive advance of technology. In turn, this has seen measurement and modelling accuracy continually improved at a micro and macro level.
Perhaps most importantly, Thermodynamics rapidly became a primary tool in the advance of applied science/engineering/technology, spanning micro-tech, to aerospace and cosmology. I can think of no better a story to illustrate the breadth of scientific methodologies and applications at their best.
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
Evaporation step counter work. I have done a physical experiment.
(Work in progress.)
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
represent the most massive star-forming environment that is dominated by the feedback from massive stars and gravitational interactions
among stars.
Aims. In this paper we present the Extended Westerlund 1 and 2 Open Clusters Survey (EWOCS) project, which aims to investigate
the influence of the starburst environment on the formation of stars and planets, and on the evolution of both low and high mass stars.
The primary targets of this project are Westerlund 1 and 2, the closest supermassive star clusters to the Sun.
Methods. The project is based primarily on recent observations conducted with the Chandra and JWST observatories. Specifically,
the Chandra survey of Westerlund 1 consists of 36 new ACIS-I observations, nearly co-pointed, for a total exposure time of 1 Msec.
Additionally, we included 8 archival Chandra/ACIS-S observations. This paper presents the resulting catalog of X-ray sources within
and around Westerlund 1. Sources were detected by combining various existing methods, and photon extraction and source validation
were carried out using the ACIS-Extract software.
Results. The EWOCS X-ray catalog comprises 5963 validated sources out of the 9420 initially provided to ACIS-Extract, reaching a
photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
with 1075 sources located within the central 1 arcmin. We have successfully detected X-ray emissions from 126 out of the 166 known
massive stars of the cluster, and we have collected over 71 000 photons from the magnetar CXO J164710.20-455217.
Pests of Storage_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
InIndia-post-harvestlosses-unscientificstorage,insects,rodents,micro-organismsetc.,accountforabout10percentoftotalfoodgrains
Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
•theirexcretawhichmakefoodunfitforhumanconsumption
About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
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The Petroleum System of the Çukurova Field - the Shallowest Oil Discovery of Türkiye, Adana
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan,kP,Pakistan
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skillsBob Reedy - Nitrate in Texas Groundwater.pdf
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business Meeting
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ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptx
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aziz sancar nobel prize winner: from mardin to nobel
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Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
waterlessdyeingtechnolgyusing carbon dioxide chemicalspdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
Applied Science: Thermodynamics, Laws & Methodology.pdf
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
THEMATIC APPERCEPTION TEST(TAT) cognitive abilities, creativity, and critic...
GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Sarcocystis
- 1. Sarcocystis Report by: Veronica Baje
- 2. Sarcocystis • Sarcocystis is classified in the phylum Apicomplexa, along with species of Eimeria that cause coccidiosis in poultry and livestock. • Common associated disease and condition names: Sarcocystis infection.
- 3. Morphology
- 4. Life Cycle • Oocysts are passed in the feces of an infected definitive host. • The oocyst undergoes sporogony, creating two sporocysts. • Once this is complete, the oocyst itself undergoes lysis, releasing the sporocysts into the environment. • Sporocysts typically contain four sporozoites and measure 15–19 by 8–10 μm.
- 5. Epidemiology • Worldwide • May be found in variety of wild animals
- 6. Clinical Symptoms • Fever • Severe diarrhea • Weight loss • Abdominal pain • Muscle tenderness
- 7. Treatment • Trimethoprim plus sulfamethoxazole • Pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine
- 8. Prevention and Control • Adequate cooking of beef and pork • Proper care and disposal of animal stool