LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
Hookworm is one of the most important small intestinal nematodes causing iron deficiency anemia. This PPT illustrates hookworms associated with human diseases, life cycle, pathogenesis, laboratory diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hookworm infection.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
Entamoeba histolytica was first discovered by Losch in 1875.
It is worldwide distribution.
It is prevalent in tropical and subtropical countries where sanitary conditions are poor.
In india, it is prevalent in Chandigarh, Tamil Nadu & Maharashtra.
It is found in the colon of man.
It is monogenetic because the whole life cycle completed within a single host, i.e. man.
CONCENTRATIONS TECHNIQUES IN PARASITOLOGY PRESENTATION.pptxShreyayadav91
INTRODUCTION
Concentration procedure separate parasites from fecal debris and increase the chances of detecting parasitic organisms when these are in small numbers.
If number of organisms in stool specimen is low, examination of a direct wet mount may not detect parasites.
Thus, whenever possible, the stool should be concentrated.
Advantages
Maximizes the numbers of organisms detected which may be too scanty to be seen by direct microscopy alone. Worm eggs, larvae, and protozoan cysts may be recovered.
Disadvantages
Destroys trophozoite stages. Most concentration methods destroy trophozoites stages.
Concentration techniques can be classified as the floatation or sedimentation methods.
Floatation technique
Here solutions with higher specific gravity than the organisms to be floated so that the organisms rise to the top and debris sink to the bottom.
Principle
This technique involves suspending the specimen in a medium of greater density than that of the helminthic eggs and protozoan cysts.
Eggs and cysts float to the top and are collected by placing a glass slides on the surface of the meniscus at the top of the tube.
Floatation Methods includes:
Saturated salt solution technique
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Sugar floatation technique
Saturated salt solution technique
Procedure:
About half tea spoon (about 4 gm) of fresh stool or preserved stool in a flat bottomed container with 20 ml capacity.
Now, few drops of saturated salt solution (specific gravity 1.20) is added and stirred to make a fine emulsion.
More salt solution is added with stirring throughout to fill the container up to the brim, until a convex meniscus is formed.
A glass slide (3”*2”) is carefully laid on the top of the container so that the center is in contact with the fluid.
This preparation is allowed to stand for 20 minutes after which the glass slide is quickly lifted and examined under microscope after putting coverslip.
Zinc sulfate centrifugal floatation
Procedure
Make a fine suspension of about 1 g of feces in 10 m L of water and strain through gauze to remove coarse particles.
Collect the liquid in a small test tube and centrifuge for 1 minute at 2,500 revolutions per minute. Pour off the supernatant, add water, resuspend, and centrifuge in the same manner, repeating the process, till the supernatant is clear.
Pour off the clear supernatant, add a small quantity of zinc sulfate solution (specific gravity 1.18- 1.2) and resuspend the sediment well.
Add zinc sulfate solution to a little below the brim and centrifuge at 2,500 revolution per minute for 1 minute.
Take samples care fully from the surface, using a wire loop, transfer to slide and examine under the microscope. A drop of dilute iodine helps to bring out the protozoan cysts in a better way.
This technique is useful for protozoan cysts and eggs of nematodes and small tapeworms, but it does not detect unfertilized roundworm eggs, nematode larvae, and eggs of most trematodes and large tapeworms.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
2. BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND PRINCIPLES
• Symbiosis: Living together
• Commensalism: One symbiont
benefits, other unaffected
• Mutualism: Both symbionts benefit
• Parasitism: One symbiont
benefits, other is damaged
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 2
3. The Reality of Parasites
• 1.3 billion persons infected with
Ascaris (1: 4 persons on earth)
• 300 million with
Schistosomiasis
• 100 million new malaria cases/
year
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 3
4. Laboratory Methods For Parasites In Faeces
• No technique is 100% successful in detecting
parasites by a single stool examination, and at least
three serial stools must be examined before a
patient can be considered free from infections in
which stages of parasites would be expected to be
found in the faeces.
• Whilst clinical symptoms or a case history may
provide clues as to which parasites may be
present, each faecal specimen should be treated as
an unknown, as parasite stages unrelated to the
clinical picture may be present.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
5. Faecal specimens may contain several
stages of Parasites
• Faecal specimens are examined for the presence of
protozoa and helminthes larvae or eggs.
• The stages of protozoa found in stools are
trophozoites and cysts. The stages of helminthes
usually found in stools are eggs and larvae, though
whole adult’s worms or segments of worms may also
be seen. Adult worms and segments of tapeworms
are usually visible to the naked eye, but
eggs, larvae, trophozoites, and cysts can be seen only
with the microscope.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
6. Collection of faecal specimens
1. Because of the fragile nature of many intestinal
parasites, and the need to maintain their
morphology for accurate identification, reliable
microscopic diagnosis can’t be made unless the stool
is collected properly.
2. Approximately 10 grams of fresh faeces
uncontaminated by urine, oil, water, dyes or radio-
opaque into a clean plastic container.
3. The container should be free from antiseptics and
disinfectants.
4. Label all samples clearly with the patient’s
name, reference number, date, and time of
collection.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
7. Collection of faecal specimens
5. All samples should be accompanied by a
requisition form from the physician
giving relevant clinical details and recent
travel history.
6. Samples and forms from patients with a
confirmed or suspected diagnosis of
certain infectious diseases such as AIDS
or hepatitis should be clearly labeled
with “Risk of Infection” or “Biohazard”
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
8. Collection of faecal specimens
• 7.Most viable parasites are susceptible to
desiccation or temperature variation. If time
lapse between collection and observation is
considerable, i.e. more than 4 days, it may be
necessary to add some form of preservative to
the faeces to retain the morphology as near to
the original as possible.
• 8. Formed samples can be kept in a refrigerator at
+ 4c for a short while, but not in incubator.
• 9. Any whole worms or segments passed should
be placed in a separate container
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 8
9. Collect the Information of the
Patient
• History (Age, occupation, residency, previous
infection)
• Complaint Provisional diagnosis
• Clinical examination
• Investigations Confirm the diagnosis
- Laboratory investigations
- Radiology
- Surgical intervention (Exploratory)
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 9
10. The Microscopy in Parasitology
• The Microscope is the parasitologist’s main
tool. If possible the Microscope- should be
binocular; most suitable objectives are the
x10, x40, and x100.
• The Microscope must be covered and
immersion oil removed from the lens -with
xylene or ether when not in use.
• Calibration of the Microscope Eyepiece
Micrometer:
– On many occasions measuring the size of
suspected parasites in faeces is helpful for
identification.(eyepiece micrometer)
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
11. Microscopic Examination of
Wet Mount
• Wet mount is the simplest and easiest
technique for the examination of faeces, and
this method should be performed in all
laboratories at the peripheral level.
• A wet mount can be prepared directly from
faecal material or from concentrated
specimens. The basic types of wet mount that
should be used for each faecal examination
are saline, iodine, and buffered methylene
blue.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
12. The saline wet mount
• Is used for the initial microscopic
examination of stools. It is employed
primarily to demonstrate worm's
eggs, larvae, protozoan trophozoites, and
cysts.
• This type of mount can also reveal the
presence of red blood cells and white
blood cells.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
13. The Iodine wet mount
• Is used mainly to stain glycogen and the
nuclei of cysts, if present. Cysts can
usually be specifically identified in this
mount.
• The buffered methylene blue (BMB) wet
mount should be prepared each time
amoebic trophozoites are seen in a saline
wet mount, or when their presence is
suspected.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
14. Direct saline and iodine mounts
1. With a wax
pencil writes
the patient’s
name or
number and
the date at the
left-hand end
of the slide.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
15. Preparing a faecal specimen
• Place a drop of saline in
the centre of the left
half of the slide and
place a drop of iodine
solution in the centre of
the right half of the
slide.
• Note: If the presence of
amoebic trophozoites is
suspected, warm saline
(37c) should be used.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 15
16. Preparation of Wet film
• With an applicator
stick (match or
tooth pick), pick
up a small portion
of the specimen
(size of a match
head) and mix the
drop of saline.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 16
20. Examination
1. Put the slide with the mounts on the
microscope stage and focus on the mount
with the x10 or low-power objective.
2. Regulate the light in the microscope field with
the sub stage diaphragm. You should be able
to see objects in the field distinctly. Too much
or too little light is not good.
3. Examine the entire coverslip area with the
x10 objective; focus the objective on the top
left-hand corner and move the slide
systematically backwards and forwards, or up
and down.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
21. Examination Cont.
4. When organisms or suspicious material are
seen, switch to the high-dry objective, and
increase the light by opening the sub stage
diaphragm to observe the detailed
morphology.
-This is a systematic examination. If mounts are
examined in this way, any parasites present
will usually be found. If the mount is not
examined systematically, parasites may be
missed. Examine each microscope field
carefully, focusing up and down, before
moving to the next field.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
24. Need for Concentration Methods for
Faecal examination
• A concentration
procedure is performed
mainly to separate the
parasites from faecal
debris. The concentration
procedure not only
increases the numbers of
parasites in the sediment
but it also unmasks
them, making them more
visible by removing
organic and inorganic
debris
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 24
25. STOOL EXAMINATION
Scanty infection
Concentration techniques
Sedimentation Floatation
• Heavy eggs (Ascaris egg) • Non Operculated eggs
• Operculated eggs (Trematodes) Trematodes ( S. m.)
• Larvae (Strong sterc.) Cestode
Nematode(Hookworms,Trichostong)
• Cysts
• Cysts
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 25
27. STOOL EXAMINATION
Kato technique
Mesh screen
Hole
Template
Remove the template
Cellophane soaked by glycerin
(clears faeces
Egg count/ g stool
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 27
Egg quant. Of: Ascaris, T. trich., Hookworms, S. mansoni
28. Stool examination other
Texhniques
• Stoll’s technique for eggs of
Ascaris, T.
trichiura., Hookworms, S. mansoni
• Baermann’s technique Detec. Of
Nematode L. /stool, soil
• Cultures for Nematode larvae using Filter
paper culture for Larvae of: St. stercoralis
(A,L) and Hookworms
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 28
29. Artifacts
• Artifacts other things, living or
artificial, present in the stool that are
not parasites and could mislead the
laboratory worker.
• Note: “Artifacts not to be mistaken
for cysts”.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
39. QBC Method is used in ….
• The QBC Malaria method is the simplest and
most sensitive method for diagnosing the
following diseases.
• Malaria
• Babesiosis
• Trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease, Sleeping
Sickness)
• Filariasis (Elephantiasis, Loa-Loa)
• Relapsing Fever (Borreliosis)
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 39
40. QBC A QUICKER ALTERNATIVE IN
MALARIA
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 40
41. How to read the QBC results ….
• When the operator looks
through the wall of the
tube, the nucleus of the
parasite fluoresces bright
green, and the cytoplasm
shows up as yellow-orange.
The shape and colours are
quite characteristic, and
since the parasites are
concentrated up to
1000X, there are usually a
large number of them in
any field of view in this area
of the tube.
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 41
43. URINE EXAMINATION
Membrane filtration technique
air
10 ml urine
Nucleopore filter
+ Saline
Eggs of Schistosoma
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 43
44. URINE EXAMINATION
HELMINTHES PROTOZOA ARTHROPODES
• S. haem.egg
• E. vermic. egg
• Pthirus pubis
• S. mansoni egg • T. Vag troph
• Mf (Ov, Wb)
• H sand
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD
45. Indirect immunological diagnosis
• Serology – All tests
available
• Skin Tests –
– IHA Specificity low,
– ELISA
• More useful in
cross reactions
– Amoebiasis common
– Leishmaniasis
– Malaria
–Casoni’s test
– Toxoplasmosis –Leishmanin test
– Trichinosis
– Filariasis
– Echinococcosis
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 45
46. • Programme Created by Dr.T.V.Rao MD
for Basic learning in Human Parasitology
for Undergraduate Medical Students
• Email
• doctortvrao@gmail.com
12/10/2012 Dr.T.V.Rao MD 46