This document summarizes an underwater routing protocol called the Void Aware Pressure Routing Protocol (VAPR). VAPR aims to efficiently deliver data packets from underwater sensor nodes to surface stations, even in the presence of "void" nodes that disrupt connectivity. It uses enhanced beacon signals and opportunistic data forwarding based on node depth to determine optimal routing around voids. Simulation results show VAPR performs well, with high packet delivery ratios and low energy consumption compared to other protocols. The protocol supports robust and energy-efficient routing in dynamic underwater environments where voids can occur.
Improved aodv based on energy strength and dropping ratioIJLT EMAS
Wireless Sensor Networks are the latest trends in the
market due to the demand for communication and networking
among the wireless network devices. The routing protocols are
used in the Wireless Sensor Networks for efficient
communication of data between sensor nodes. The designs of
routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks are very concern
because they are influenced by many challenging factors. To
design the networks, the factors needed to be considered are the
coverage area, mobility, energy power consumption,
communication capabilities etc.. Broadcasting is an inevitable
operation in the route discovery phase of AODV protocol. A
probability based AODV is proposed, it uses nodes remaining
energy and threshold random delay to generate the
rebroadcasting of route request packet. The route request packet
of AODV is modified to gather nodes remaining energy strength.
The performance of probability based AODV is compared with
AODV over packet delivery fraction, normalized routing
overhead, delay and average acquisition latency.
NS-2 based simulator is used to evaluate the performance of
routing protocol.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
LBRP: A RESILIENT ENERGY HARVESTING NOISE AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDER WA...ijfcstjournal
Underwater detector network is one amongst the foremost difficult and fascinating analysis arenas that open the door of pleasing plenty of researchers during this field of study. In several under water based sensor applications, nodes are square measured and through this the energy is affected. Thus, the mobility of each sensor nodes are measured through the water atmosphere from the water flow for sensor based protocol formations. Researchers have developed many routing protocols. However, those lost their charm with the time. This can be the demand of the age to supply associate degree upon energy-efficient and ascendable strong routing protocol for under water actuator networks. During this work, the authors tend to propose a customary routing protocol named level primarily based routing protocol (LBRP), reaching to offer strong, ascendable and energy economical routing. LBRP conjointly guarantees the most effective use of total energy consumption and ensures packet transmission which redirects as an additional reliability in compare to different routing protocols. In this work, the authors have used the level of forwarding node, residual energy and distance from the forwarding node to the causing node as a proof in multicasting technique comparisons. Throughout this work, the authors have got a recognition result concerning about 86.35% on the average in node multicasting performances. Simulation has been experienced each in a wheezy and quiet atmosphere which represents the endorsement of higher performance for the planned protocol.
Improvement of crankshaft MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks: a simula...IJECEIAES
Due to the dramatic growth in the use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications ranging from environment and habitat monitoring to tracking and surveillance, network research in WSN protocols has been very active in the last decade. With battery-powered sensors operating in unattended environments, energy conservation becomes the key technique for improving WSN lifetimes. WSN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols address energy awareness and reduced duty cycles. The focus of this study is to investigate, through simulation, the effect of variations in various factors that influence the performance results of WSNs. Using MiXiM framework with OMNeT++ simulator, this simulation study proposes modifications in Crankshaft MAC protocol in order to improve its performance. The impact of duration and number of slots, degree of connectivity among the nodes, mobility speed and mobility update interval and also, the impact of sending data packets without preambles are investigated. Based on the simulation results, an improved version of the Crankshaft protocol for WSN is suggested and a comparative study of the performances of the original and improved protocol is presented. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the improved protocol over its original version.
Adaptive Resource Allocation in MIMO-OFDM Communication Systemijsrd.com
Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to achieve very high capacity depending on the propagation environment. The objective of this paper is the adaptive resource allocation in MIMOOFDM system using the waterfilling algorithm. Water filling solution is implemented for allocating the power in order to increase the channel capacity. The total system capacity is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise ratio, and proportional fairness. Channel is assumed as a flat fading channel and the comparison is made for different 2x2, 2x3, 3x2 and 4x4 MIMO-OFDM systems using waterfilling algorithm with allocated power. Also in order to prove that the MIMOOFDM with waterfilling algorithm provides the best performance a comparison with various SISO - OFDM is done.
Improved aodv based on energy strength and dropping ratioIJLT EMAS
Wireless Sensor Networks are the latest trends in the
market due to the demand for communication and networking
among the wireless network devices. The routing protocols are
used in the Wireless Sensor Networks for efficient
communication of data between sensor nodes. The designs of
routing protocols in Wireless Sensor Networks are very concern
because they are influenced by many challenging factors. To
design the networks, the factors needed to be considered are the
coverage area, mobility, energy power consumption,
communication capabilities etc.. Broadcasting is an inevitable
operation in the route discovery phase of AODV protocol. A
probability based AODV is proposed, it uses nodes remaining
energy and threshold random delay to generate the
rebroadcasting of route request packet. The route request packet
of AODV is modified to gather nodes remaining energy strength.
The performance of probability based AODV is compared with
AODV over packet delivery fraction, normalized routing
overhead, delay and average acquisition latency.
NS-2 based simulator is used to evaluate the performance of
routing protocol.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
LBRP: A RESILIENT ENERGY HARVESTING NOISE AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDER WA...ijfcstjournal
Underwater detector network is one amongst the foremost difficult and fascinating analysis arenas that open the door of pleasing plenty of researchers during this field of study. In several under water based sensor applications, nodes are square measured and through this the energy is affected. Thus, the mobility of each sensor nodes are measured through the water atmosphere from the water flow for sensor based protocol formations. Researchers have developed many routing protocols. However, those lost their charm with the time. This can be the demand of the age to supply associate degree upon energy-efficient and ascendable strong routing protocol for under water actuator networks. During this work, the authors tend to propose a customary routing protocol named level primarily based routing protocol (LBRP), reaching to offer strong, ascendable and energy economical routing. LBRP conjointly guarantees the most effective use of total energy consumption and ensures packet transmission which redirects as an additional reliability in compare to different routing protocols. In this work, the authors have used the level of forwarding node, residual energy and distance from the forwarding node to the causing node as a proof in multicasting technique comparisons. Throughout this work, the authors have got a recognition result concerning about 86.35% on the average in node multicasting performances. Simulation has been experienced each in a wheezy and quiet atmosphere which represents the endorsement of higher performance for the planned protocol.
Improvement of crankshaft MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks: a simula...IJECEIAES
Due to the dramatic growth in the use of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) applications ranging from environment and habitat monitoring to tracking and surveillance, network research in WSN protocols has been very active in the last decade. With battery-powered sensors operating in unattended environments, energy conservation becomes the key technique for improving WSN lifetimes. WSN Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols address energy awareness and reduced duty cycles. The focus of this study is to investigate, through simulation, the effect of variations in various factors that influence the performance results of WSNs. Using MiXiM framework with OMNeT++ simulator, this simulation study proposes modifications in Crankshaft MAC protocol in order to improve its performance. The impact of duration and number of slots, degree of connectivity among the nodes, mobility speed and mobility update interval and also, the impact of sending data packets without preambles are investigated. Based on the simulation results, an improved version of the Crankshaft protocol for WSN is suggested and a comparative study of the performances of the original and improved protocol is presented. The results clearly indicate the superiority of the improved protocol over its original version.
Adaptive Resource Allocation in MIMO-OFDM Communication Systemijsrd.com
Multiple Input and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to achieve very high capacity depending on the propagation environment. The objective of this paper is the adaptive resource allocation in MIMOOFDM system using the waterfilling algorithm. Water filling solution is implemented for allocating the power in order to increase the channel capacity. The total system capacity is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise ratio, and proportional fairness. Channel is assumed as a flat fading channel and the comparison is made for different 2x2, 2x3, 3x2 and 4x4 MIMO-OFDM systems using waterfilling algorithm with allocated power. Also in order to prove that the MIMOOFDM with waterfilling algorithm provides the best performance a comparison with various SISO - OFDM is done.
Improving data transmission in the vanet using multi criteria decision making...ijfcstjournal
In vehicular ad
-
hoc networks the packets are sent using multi
-
hop methods and the receiving limit of a
message is gradually extended, but the exponential increment of the number of nodes re
-
broadcasting a
message results in broadcast storm problem in data
broadcasting in this case. Some characteristics like
high speed of nodes, rapid topological changes and repetitive discontinuities have made it difficult
to
design an efficient broadcasting protocol for these networks.
We have offered a novel fuzzy method
based on multi
-
criteria decision
-
making (MCDM) for prioritizing the
vehicles in selection of the most proper neighbor to broadcast data in this paper. With using this f
uzzy
method, the most proper vehicles participate in data broadcasting. The results of
simulation using NS show
that because of selecting the neighboring vehicles with high priority in data broadcasting, the spee
d of
sending the packs is increased and the network load is considerably decreased. This method also
considerably decreases broadca
sting traffic.
An energy efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol for underwa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Underwater sensor network is an emerging technology due to its numerous applications in aqueous environments. However, limitations of these networks include limited bandwidth, high propagation delays and power constraints. Hence, new routing protocols must be designed specifically for USN. Opportunistic routing offers a promising method to overcome these limitations. The proposed protocol is a novel energy-efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing algorithm. The protocol deals with the issue of void holes during transmission while reducing energy consumption and keeping the packet delivery ratio at a satisfactory level. To evaluate the performance, two common metrics have been used for routing protocols in USNs; energy consumption and packet delivery ratio. Simulations were carried out in ns2 with Aqua-Sim. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared to VAPR. The performance evaluation of EEVA-OR indicate its benefit as compared to VAPR in terms of void detection, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio
Abstract: The growing demand on wireless communication service has created the necessity to support higher data rates for multimedia services. .As next generation wireless communication networks are expected to provide broadband multimedia services such as voice, web browsing, video conferencing etc. For high data rate achievement one must enhance the capacity of the wireless communication system. The capacity of a communication system can be enhanced by using OFDM system. OFDM is commonly used for communication system due to its high transmission rate and robustness against multipath fading So as to enhance the capacity of fading channels the OFDM system are combined to form hybrid system. Capacity is the measure of maximum information that can be transmitted reliably over a channel. This paper review on different channel capacity enhancement techniques used in OFDM system is SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), water Filling algorithm.
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Throughput Maximization of Cognitive Radio Multi Relay Network with Interfere...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive multi relay network is investigated to maximize the transmission rate of the cognitive radio (CR) with enhanced fairness among CR users with interference to the primary users (PUs) being managed below a certain threshold level. In order to improve the transmission rate of the CR, optimization of the subcarrier pairing and power allocation is to be carried out simultaneously. Firstly joint optimization problem is formulated and Composite Genetic and Ordered Subcarrier Pairing (CGOSP) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The motivation behind merging genetic and OSP algorithm is to reduce the complexity of Genetic Algorithm (GA). Further, to have a fair allocation of resources among CR users, the Round Robin allocation method is adopted so as to allocate subcarrier pairs to relays efficiently. The degree of fairness of the system is calculated using Jain‟s Fairness Index (JFI). Simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement in transmission rate of the CR, low computational complexity and enhanced fairness.
We make use of the existence of cell-disjoint paths in the 3D grid topology to design a new highly reliable adaptive geographic routing protocol called Grid-based Adaptive Routing Protocol (GARP) for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. In GARP, the underwater environment is viewed as a virtual 3D grid of cells. A packet is forwarded following a pre-constructed routing path from a node in a grid cell to a node in a neighbouring grid cell repeatedly until the destination sink node is reached. When a selected routing path becomes unavailable, GARP adapts to the condition by switching to an alternative path making use of the existing cell-disjoint paths. Since the protocol uses pre-constructed routing paths, it avoids path establishment and path maintenance overheads. Analytical performance evaluation results for GARP are obtained showing its high reliability. In tested cases, the delivery ratio has approached 100% when the network density has reached a minimum number of sensor nodes per grid cell.
Self-Pruning based Probabilistic Approach to Minimize Redundancy Overhead for...IJCNCJournal
The Broadcast storm problem causes severe interference, intense collision and channel contention, which greatly degrades the QoS performance metrics of the routing protocols. So, we suggest a neighbourhood coverage knowledge probabilistic broadcasting model (NCKPB) integrating with AODV protocol with knowledge on 2-hop neighbourhood coverage; a connectivity function to control a node’s forwarding probability of retransmission to alleviate significant overhead redundancy. Our objective is to minimize the broadcast RREQ overhead while ensuring fair retransmission bandwidth. We considered two more important measures called Saved Rebroadcast and Reachability. The outcomes of NCKPB, Fixed probability (FP) and Flooding (FL) routing schemes are examined under three major operating conditions, such as node density, mobility and traffic load. The NS-2 results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed NCKPB model by illustrating its performance superiority over all key metrics such as redundancy overhead, end to end latency, throughput, reachability, saved rebroadcast and collision contrast to FP and FL.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
A secure qos distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networksAAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service
(QoS) requirements in real time transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission
application like military use or emergency recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network
(MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits invalid reservation and race condition problem in
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide distribution of node make vulnerable to
malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure the Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Secure QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol (SQOD) to
upgrade the secure Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid wireless networks. SQOD contain two
contrivances: 1.QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (QOD)-to reduce transmission delay, transmission
time. And also increase wireless network transmission throughput. 2. Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment
(EAACK)-implement a new intrusion-detection system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless
networks from attacks that have higher malicious behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result
based on the real human mobility mode. SQOD can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion detection,overhead, transmission delay.
Performance Analysis of Wireless Networks With MDQOSIJERA Editor
In Wireless/Mobile networks various kinds of encoding schemes were used for transmission of data over a bandwidth. The desired quality and generated traffic varies with the requirement with this bandwidth. A generic video telephony may require more than 40 kbps whereas a low motion video telephony may require about 25 kbps for data transmission. From the designing point of view these requirements demands for an alternative resource planning, especially for bandwidth allocation in wireless networks. In wireless network where bandwidth is a scare resource, the system may need to block incoming user if all of the bandwidth has been used to provide highest quality of service to existing users. However this bandwidth resource planning may be unacceptable for larger application. A degradable approach to multiple users can be made on bandwidth allocation to reduce the blocking probability without degrading the quality of service to existing users.
This work aims towards a realization of a wireless/mobile network using W-CDMA multi access technique supporting multilevel quality of services. The bandwidth allocation to multiple users is adjusted dynamically according to the required network condition so as to increase bandwidth utilization. The work analyze the performance deriving the degradation period ratio, mean degradation time and degradation state for the implemented wireless network.The proposed work is aim to implement on Matlab tool for its functional verification considering various mobility patterns
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CHANNELS USING DYNAMIC GUARD CHANNEL ALLOCATION WITH...cscpconf
User mobility in wireless data networks is increasing because of technological advances and the
desire for voice and multimedia applications. These applications, however, require fast handoffs
between base stations to maintain the quality of the connections. In this paper, the authors
describe the use of novel and efficient data structure which dynamically allocates guard channel
for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing strategy. The proposed scheme
allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the traffic load for
certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Congestion Prediction and Adaptive Rate Adjustment Technique for Wireless Sen...IJORCS
In general, nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are equipped with limited battery and computation capabilities but the occurrence of congestion consumes more energy and computation power by retransmitting the data packets. Thus, congestion should be regulated to improve network performance. In this paper, we propose a congestion prediction and adaptive rate adjustment technique for Wireless Sensor Networks. This technique predicts congestion level using fuzzy logic system. Node degree, data arrival rate and queue length are taken as inputs to the fuzzy system and congestion level is obtained as an outcome. When the congestion level is amidst moderate and maximum ranges, adaptive rate adjustment technique is triggered. Our technique prevents congestion by controlling data sending rate and also avoids unsolicited packet losses. By simulation, we prove the proficiency our technique. It increases system throughput and network performance significantly.
Ergodic capacity analysis for underlay cognitive radio systemijmnct
Cognitive radio technology has been proposed as a viable solution to the spectrum scarcity problem faced
by world today. The technology allows opportunistic spectrum access to the licensed frequency band by
unlicensed user without causing any harmful interference to the licensed primary user. In this paper,
ergodic channel capacity is investigated for underlay spectrum sharing system under maximum and
received power constraint at licensed primary receiver. The time varying discrete time fading channels are
assumed to undergo Rayleigh flat fading environment. Numerical simulations have been done to support
theoretical results
Improving The Performance Of Multiuser OFDM Wireless System With UWB ChannelIJTET Journal
The multi user OFDM system can be used to produce a highly flexible and effective communication
system. In the existing multi user OFDM system, resource allocation to each user is the major problem. Also the existing
multi user OFDM system uses frequency diversity technique that requires sparse bandwidth and multiple receivers
improving the complexity. In order to increase the system performance, the proposed system allows multiple user data to
be multiplexed together to form a single OFDM symbol where the resources are allocated equally to all users. The
proposed multiuser OFDM system achieves double the capacity and better performance in terms of Signal-to-Noise Ratio
and Bit Error Rate of a single user OFDM system and the UWB channel is used to securely transmit the data through the
channel. Also, the proposed system reduces the receiver complexity by using polarization diversity to receive the
multipath components for multiple users.
LBRP: A RESILIENT ENERGY HARVESTING NOISE AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDER WA...ijfcstjournal
Underwater detector network is one amongst the foremost difficult and fascinating analysis arenas that open the door of pleasing plenty of researchers during this field of study. In several under water based
sensor applications, nodes are square measured and through this the energy is affected. Thus, the mobility of each sensor nodes are measured through the water atmosphere from the water flow for sensor based protocol formations. Researchers have developed many routing protocols. However, those lost their charm with the time. This can be the demand of the age to supply associate degree upon energy-efficient and ascendable strong routing protocol for under water actuator networks. During this work, the authors tend to propose a customary routing protocol named level primarily based routing protocol (LBRP), reaching to offer strong, ascendable and energy economical routing. LBRP conjointly guarantees the most effective use of total energy consumption and ensures packet transmission which redirects as an additional reliability in compare to different routing protocols. In this work, the authors have used the level of forwarding node, residual energy and distance from the forwarding node to the causing node as a proof in multicasting technique comparisons. Throughout this work, the authors have got a recognition result concerning about
86.35% on the average in node multicasting performances. Simulation has been experienced each in a wheezy and quiet atmosphere which represents the endorsement of higher performance for the planned protocol.
LBRP: A RESILIENT ENERGY HARVESTING NOISE AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDER WA...ijfcstjournal
Underwater detector network is one amongst the foremost difficult and fascinating analysis arenas that
open the door of pleasing plenty of researchers during this field of study. In several under water based
sensor applications, nodes are square measured and through this the energy is affected. Thus, the mobility
of each sensor nodes are measured through the water atmosphere from the water flow for sensor based
protocol formations. Researchers have developed many routing protocols. However, those lost their charm
with the time. This can be the demand of the age to supply associate degree upon energy-efficient and
ascendable strong routing protocol for under water actuator networks. During this work, the authors tend
to propose a customary routing protocol named level primarily based routing protocol (LBRP), reaching to
offer strong, ascendable and energy economical routing. LBRP conjointly guarantees the most effective use
of total energy consumption and ensures packet transmission which redirects as an additional reliability in
compare to different routing protocols. In this work, the authors have used the level of forwarding node,
residual energy and distance from the forwarding node to the causing node as a proof in multicasting
technique comparisons. Throughout this work, the authors have got a recognition result concerning about
86.35% on the average in node multicasting performances. Simulation has been experienced each in a
wheezy and quiet atmosphere which represents the endorsement of higher performance for the planned
protocol.
RMEER: Reliable Multi-path Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater W...IJECEIAES
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is interesting area for researchers. To extract the information from seabed to water surface the the majority numbers of routing protocols has been introduced. The design of routing protocols faces many challenges like deployment of sensor nodes, controlling of node mobility, development of efficient route for data forwarding, prolong the battery power of the sensor nodes, and removal of void nodes from active data forwarding paths. This research article focuses the design of the Reliable Multipath Energy Efficient Routing (RMEER) which develops the efficient route between sensor nodes, and prolongs the battery life of the nodes. RMEER is a scalable and robust protocol which utilizes the powerful fixed courier nodes in order to enhance the network throughput, data delivery ratio, network lifetime and reduces the end-to-end delay. RMEER is also an energy efficient routing protocol for saving the energy level of the nodes. We have used the NS2.30 simulator with AquaSim package for performance analysis of RMEER.We observed that the simulation performance of RMEER is better than D-DBR protocol.
Improving data transmission in the vanet using multi criteria decision making...ijfcstjournal
In vehicular ad
-
hoc networks the packets are sent using multi
-
hop methods and the receiving limit of a
message is gradually extended, but the exponential increment of the number of nodes re
-
broadcasting a
message results in broadcast storm problem in data
broadcasting in this case. Some characteristics like
high speed of nodes, rapid topological changes and repetitive discontinuities have made it difficult
to
design an efficient broadcasting protocol for these networks.
We have offered a novel fuzzy method
based on multi
-
criteria decision
-
making (MCDM) for prioritizing the
vehicles in selection of the most proper neighbor to broadcast data in this paper. With using this f
uzzy
method, the most proper vehicles participate in data broadcasting. The results of
simulation using NS show
that because of selecting the neighboring vehicles with high priority in data broadcasting, the spee
d of
sending the packs is increased and the network load is considerably decreased. This method also
considerably decreases broadca
sting traffic.
An energy efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing protocol for underwa...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Underwater sensor network is an emerging technology due to its numerous applications in aqueous environments. However, limitations of these networks include limited bandwidth, high propagation delays and power constraints. Hence, new routing protocols must be designed specifically for USN. Opportunistic routing offers a promising method to overcome these limitations. The proposed protocol is a novel energy-efficient void avoidance opportunistic routing algorithm. The protocol deals with the issue of void holes during transmission while reducing energy consumption and keeping the packet delivery ratio at a satisfactory level. To evaluate the performance, two common metrics have been used for routing protocols in USNs; energy consumption and packet delivery ratio. Simulations were carried out in ns2 with Aqua-Sim. The performance of the proposed routing protocol is compared to VAPR. The performance evaluation of EEVA-OR indicate its benefit as compared to VAPR in terms of void detection, energy consumption and packet delivery ratio
Abstract: The growing demand on wireless communication service has created the necessity to support higher data rates for multimedia services. .As next generation wireless communication networks are expected to provide broadband multimedia services such as voice, web browsing, video conferencing etc. For high data rate achievement one must enhance the capacity of the wireless communication system. The capacity of a communication system can be enhanced by using OFDM system. OFDM is commonly used for communication system due to its high transmission rate and robustness against multipath fading So as to enhance the capacity of fading channels the OFDM system are combined to form hybrid system. Capacity is the measure of maximum information that can be transmitted reliably over a channel. This paper review on different channel capacity enhancement techniques used in OFDM system is SVD (Singular Value Decomposition), water Filling algorithm.
Resource Allocation in MIMO – OFDM Communication System under Signal Strength...Kumar Goud
Abstract: - Multiple Inputs and Multiple Output (MIMO) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system have the potential to attain high capability on the propagation setting. The aim of this paper is that the adaptive resource allocation in MIMO-OFDM system uses the water filling formula. Water filling answer is enforced for allocating the ability so as to extend the data rate. The overall system capability is maximised subject to the constraints on total power, signal to noise quantitative relation, and proportionality. Channel is assumed as a flat attenuation channel and therefore the comparison is created for various 2×2, 2×3, 3×2 and 4×4 MIMO-OFDM systems and water filling formula with allotted power. Supported the capability contribution from the relaying terminal, a brand new parameter referred to as cooperation constant is introduced as an operate of the relaying sub channel. This parameter is employed to switch the target parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure. Fairness-oriented [Fading Channel] and throughput-oriented [Near finish Channel] algorithms square measure elite from the literature to check the planned technique. Each algorithms square measure changed to use the mean of cooperation constant within the objective parameter of the subcarrier allocation procedure and shown to own a much better total turnout with none sacrifice.
Keywords - MIMO-OFDM; Water filling Algorithm; Subcarrier Resource Allocation
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Throughput Maximization of Cognitive Radio Multi Relay Network with Interfere...IJECEIAES
In this paper, an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based cognitive multi relay network is investigated to maximize the transmission rate of the cognitive radio (CR) with enhanced fairness among CR users with interference to the primary users (PUs) being managed below a certain threshold level. In order to improve the transmission rate of the CR, optimization of the subcarrier pairing and power allocation is to be carried out simultaneously. Firstly joint optimization problem is formulated and Composite Genetic and Ordered Subcarrier Pairing (CGOSP) algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The motivation behind merging genetic and OSP algorithm is to reduce the complexity of Genetic Algorithm (GA). Further, to have a fair allocation of resources among CR users, the Round Robin allocation method is adopted so as to allocate subcarrier pairs to relays efficiently. The degree of fairness of the system is calculated using Jain‟s Fairness Index (JFI). Simulation results demonstrate the significant improvement in transmission rate of the CR, low computational complexity and enhanced fairness.
We make use of the existence of cell-disjoint paths in the 3D grid topology to design a new highly reliable adaptive geographic routing protocol called Grid-based Adaptive Routing Protocol (GARP) for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. In GARP, the underwater environment is viewed as a virtual 3D grid of cells. A packet is forwarded following a pre-constructed routing path from a node in a grid cell to a node in a neighbouring grid cell repeatedly until the destination sink node is reached. When a selected routing path becomes unavailable, GARP adapts to the condition by switching to an alternative path making use of the existing cell-disjoint paths. Since the protocol uses pre-constructed routing paths, it avoids path establishment and path maintenance overheads. Analytical performance evaluation results for GARP are obtained showing its high reliability. In tested cases, the delivery ratio has approached 100% when the network density has reached a minimum number of sensor nodes per grid cell.
Self-Pruning based Probabilistic Approach to Minimize Redundancy Overhead for...IJCNCJournal
The Broadcast storm problem causes severe interference, intense collision and channel contention, which greatly degrades the QoS performance metrics of the routing protocols. So, we suggest a neighbourhood coverage knowledge probabilistic broadcasting model (NCKPB) integrating with AODV protocol with knowledge on 2-hop neighbourhood coverage; a connectivity function to control a node’s forwarding probability of retransmission to alleviate significant overhead redundancy. Our objective is to minimize the broadcast RREQ overhead while ensuring fair retransmission bandwidth. We considered two more important measures called Saved Rebroadcast and Reachability. The outcomes of NCKPB, Fixed probability (FP) and Flooding (FL) routing schemes are examined under three major operating conditions, such as node density, mobility and traffic load. The NS-2 results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed NCKPB model by illustrating its performance superiority over all key metrics such as redundancy overhead, end to end latency, throughput, reachability, saved rebroadcast and collision contrast to FP and FL.
Improved Algorithm for Throughput Maximization in MC-CDMAVLSICS Design
The Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) is becoming a very significant downlink multiple access technique for high-rate data transmission in the fourth generation wireless communication systems. By means of efficient resource allocation higher data rate i.e. throughput can be achieved. This paper evaluates the performance of group (subchannel) allocation criteria employed in downlink transmission, which results in throughput maximization. Proposed algorithm gives the modified technique of sub channel allocation in the downlink transmission of MC-CDMA systems. Simulation are carried out for all the three combining schemes, results shows that for the given power and BER proposed algorithm comparatively gives far better results .
A secure qos distributed routing protocol for hybrid wireless networksAAKASH S
The succeeding wireless network is Hybrid Wireless Networks. It can provide Quality of Service
(QoS) requirements in real time transmission for wireless application. But it stream including critical mission
application like military use or emergency recovery. Hybrid wireless networks is unified mobile ad-hoc network
(MANET) and wireless infrastructure networks. It inherits invalid reservation and race condition problem in
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET). Whereas open medium and wide distribution of node make vulnerable to
malicious attackers in Hybrid wireless networks. How to secure the Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid
wireless networks. In this paper, we propose a Secure QoS-Oriented Distributed routing protocol (SQOD) to
upgrade the secure Quality of Service (QoS) routing in Hybrid wireless networks. SQOD contain two
contrivances: 1.QoS-Oriented Distributed Routing Protocol (QOD)-to reduce transmission delay, transmission
time. And also increase wireless network transmission throughput. 2. Enhanced Adaptive ACKnowledgment
(EAACK)-implement a new intrusion-detection system for Hybrid wireless networks. It protect Hybrid wireless
networks from attacks that have higher malicious behavior detection rate. Analytical and simulation result
based on the real human mobility mode. SQOD can provide high secure performance in terms of Intrusion detection,overhead, transmission delay.
Performance Analysis of Wireless Networks With MDQOSIJERA Editor
In Wireless/Mobile networks various kinds of encoding schemes were used for transmission of data over a bandwidth. The desired quality and generated traffic varies with the requirement with this bandwidth. A generic video telephony may require more than 40 kbps whereas a low motion video telephony may require about 25 kbps for data transmission. From the designing point of view these requirements demands for an alternative resource planning, especially for bandwidth allocation in wireless networks. In wireless network where bandwidth is a scare resource, the system may need to block incoming user if all of the bandwidth has been used to provide highest quality of service to existing users. However this bandwidth resource planning may be unacceptable for larger application. A degradable approach to multiple users can be made on bandwidth allocation to reduce the blocking probability without degrading the quality of service to existing users.
This work aims towards a realization of a wireless/mobile network using W-CDMA multi access technique supporting multilevel quality of services. The bandwidth allocation to multiple users is adjusted dynamically according to the required network condition so as to increase bandwidth utilization. The work analyze the performance deriving the degradation period ratio, mean degradation time and degradation state for the implemented wireless network.The proposed work is aim to implement on Matlab tool for its functional verification considering various mobility patterns
EFFICIENT UTILIZATION OF CHANNELS USING DYNAMIC GUARD CHANNEL ALLOCATION WITH...cscpconf
User mobility in wireless data networks is increasing because of technological advances and the
desire for voice and multimedia applications. These applications, however, require fast handoffs
between base stations to maintain the quality of the connections. In this paper, the authors
describe the use of novel and efficient data structure which dynamically allocates guard channel
for handoffs and introduces the concept of channel borrowing strategy. The proposed scheme
allocates the guard channels for handoff requests dynamically, based on the traffic load for
certain time period. A new originating call in the cell coverage area also uses these guard
channels if they are unused. Our basic idea is to allow Guard channels to be shared between new calls and handoff calls. This approach maximizes the channel utilization. The simulation results prove that the channel borrowing scheme improves the overall throughput.
Congestion Prediction and Adaptive Rate Adjustment Technique for Wireless Sen...IJORCS
In general, nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are equipped with limited battery and computation capabilities but the occurrence of congestion consumes more energy and computation power by retransmitting the data packets. Thus, congestion should be regulated to improve network performance. In this paper, we propose a congestion prediction and adaptive rate adjustment technique for Wireless Sensor Networks. This technique predicts congestion level using fuzzy logic system. Node degree, data arrival rate and queue length are taken as inputs to the fuzzy system and congestion level is obtained as an outcome. When the congestion level is amidst moderate and maximum ranges, adaptive rate adjustment technique is triggered. Our technique prevents congestion by controlling data sending rate and also avoids unsolicited packet losses. By simulation, we prove the proficiency our technique. It increases system throughput and network performance significantly.
Ergodic capacity analysis for underlay cognitive radio systemijmnct
Cognitive radio technology has been proposed as a viable solution to the spectrum scarcity problem faced
by world today. The technology allows opportunistic spectrum access to the licensed frequency band by
unlicensed user without causing any harmful interference to the licensed primary user. In this paper,
ergodic channel capacity is investigated for underlay spectrum sharing system under maximum and
received power constraint at licensed primary receiver. The time varying discrete time fading channels are
assumed to undergo Rayleigh flat fading environment. Numerical simulations have been done to support
theoretical results
Improving The Performance Of Multiuser OFDM Wireless System With UWB ChannelIJTET Journal
The multi user OFDM system can be used to produce a highly flexible and effective communication
system. In the existing multi user OFDM system, resource allocation to each user is the major problem. Also the existing
multi user OFDM system uses frequency diversity technique that requires sparse bandwidth and multiple receivers
improving the complexity. In order to increase the system performance, the proposed system allows multiple user data to
be multiplexed together to form a single OFDM symbol where the resources are allocated equally to all users. The
proposed multiuser OFDM system achieves double the capacity and better performance in terms of Signal-to-Noise Ratio
and Bit Error Rate of a single user OFDM system and the UWB channel is used to securely transmit the data through the
channel. Also, the proposed system reduces the receiver complexity by using polarization diversity to receive the
multipath components for multiple users.
LBRP: A RESILIENT ENERGY HARVESTING NOISE AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDER WA...ijfcstjournal
Underwater detector network is one amongst the foremost difficult and fascinating analysis arenas that open the door of pleasing plenty of researchers during this field of study. In several under water based
sensor applications, nodes are square measured and through this the energy is affected. Thus, the mobility of each sensor nodes are measured through the water atmosphere from the water flow for sensor based protocol formations. Researchers have developed many routing protocols. However, those lost their charm with the time. This can be the demand of the age to supply associate degree upon energy-efficient and ascendable strong routing protocol for under water actuator networks. During this work, the authors tend to propose a customary routing protocol named level primarily based routing protocol (LBRP), reaching to offer strong, ascendable and energy economical routing. LBRP conjointly guarantees the most effective use of total energy consumption and ensures packet transmission which redirects as an additional reliability in compare to different routing protocols. In this work, the authors have used the level of forwarding node, residual energy and distance from the forwarding node to the causing node as a proof in multicasting technique comparisons. Throughout this work, the authors have got a recognition result concerning about
86.35% on the average in node multicasting performances. Simulation has been experienced each in a wheezy and quiet atmosphere which represents the endorsement of higher performance for the planned protocol.
LBRP: A RESILIENT ENERGY HARVESTING NOISE AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UNDER WA...ijfcstjournal
Underwater detector network is one amongst the foremost difficult and fascinating analysis arenas that
open the door of pleasing plenty of researchers during this field of study. In several under water based
sensor applications, nodes are square measured and through this the energy is affected. Thus, the mobility
of each sensor nodes are measured through the water atmosphere from the water flow for sensor based
protocol formations. Researchers have developed many routing protocols. However, those lost their charm
with the time. This can be the demand of the age to supply associate degree upon energy-efficient and
ascendable strong routing protocol for under water actuator networks. During this work, the authors tend
to propose a customary routing protocol named level primarily based routing protocol (LBRP), reaching to
offer strong, ascendable and energy economical routing. LBRP conjointly guarantees the most effective use
of total energy consumption and ensures packet transmission which redirects as an additional reliability in
compare to different routing protocols. In this work, the authors have used the level of forwarding node,
residual energy and distance from the forwarding node to the causing node as a proof in multicasting
technique comparisons. Throughout this work, the authors have got a recognition result concerning about
86.35% on the average in node multicasting performances. Simulation has been experienced each in a
wheezy and quiet atmosphere which represents the endorsement of higher performance for the planned
protocol.
RMEER: Reliable Multi-path Energy Efficient Routing Protocol for Underwater W...IJECEIAES
Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is interesting area for researchers. To extract the information from seabed to water surface the the majority numbers of routing protocols has been introduced. The design of routing protocols faces many challenges like deployment of sensor nodes, controlling of node mobility, development of efficient route for data forwarding, prolong the battery power of the sensor nodes, and removal of void nodes from active data forwarding paths. This research article focuses the design of the Reliable Multipath Energy Efficient Routing (RMEER) which develops the efficient route between sensor nodes, and prolongs the battery life of the nodes. RMEER is a scalable and robust protocol which utilizes the powerful fixed courier nodes in order to enhance the network throughput, data delivery ratio, network lifetime and reduces the end-to-end delay. RMEER is also an energy efficient routing protocol for saving the energy level of the nodes. We have used the NS2.30 simulator with AquaSim package for performance analysis of RMEER.We observed that the simulation performance of RMEER is better than D-DBR protocol.
Survey on Energy-Efficient Routing Algorithms for Underwater Wireless Sensor ...Editor IJCATR
In underwater environment, for retrieval of information the routing mechanism is used. In routing mechanism there are three to four types of nodes are used, one is sink node which is deployed on the water surface and can collect the information, courier/super/AUV or dolphin powerful nodes are deployed in the middle of the water for forwarding the packets, ordinary nodes are also forwarder nodes which can be deployed from bottom to surface of the water and source nodes are deployed at the seabed which can extract the valuable information from the bottom of the sea. In underwater environment the battery power of the nodes is limited and that power can be enhanced through better selection of the routing algorithm. This paper focuses the energy-efficient routing algorithms for their routing mechanisms to prolong the battery power of the nodes. This paper also focuses the performance analysis of the energy-efficient algorithms under which we can examine the better performance of the route selection mechanism which can prolong the battery power of the node
Horizontal trajectory based mobile multi-sink routing in underwater sensor ne...IJECEIAES
Scientific, commercial, exploration, and monitoring applications of underwater sensor networks have drawn the attention of researchers toward the investigation of routing protocols that are robust, scalable, and energy efficient. This has brought significant research in network layer routing protocols. Irrespective of the field of application it is desirable to increase network lifetime by reducing energy consumed by sensor nodes in the network or by balancing energy in the entire network. Energy balancing refers to the uniform distribution of the network’s residual energy such that all nodes remain alive for a long time. It requires uniform energy consumption by each sensor node in the network instead of the same node being involved in every transmission. In this paper, we discuss two routing methods for three-dimensional environments in which the water region under monitor is divided into subregions of equal height and each subregion has a sink. Nodes in the subregion send data to the sink designated for that subregion. The first method called static multi-sink routing uses static sinks and the second method called horizontal trajectory-based mobile multi-sink routing (HT-MMR) uses mobile sinks with a horizontal trajectory. Simulation results show that the proposed HT-MMR reduces average energy consumption and average energy tax by 16.69% and 16.44% respectively. HT-MMR is energy efficient as it enhances network lifetime by 11.11%.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
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The Underwater Sensor Network (UWSN) is main interesting area due to its most valuable
applications like: disaster preventions, distributed tactical surveillance, undersea exploration, seismic
monitoring, environmental monitoring and many more. The design of energy efficient routing protocol
however is a challenging issue because in underwater environment the batteries of the sensor nodes
cannot be recharged easily. Majority of the researchers have adapted the terrestrial WSN methodologies
to overcome this problem but in underwater environment the terrestrial WSN approach is not feasible due
to the acoustic signaling and water current. This research paper focuses the key limitation of the current
energy efficient routing protocols. The simulation results with comparative analysis for energy efficient
routing protocols are also presented in this research article; which helps the researchers to find the further
research gap in the field of energy efficient routing protocols.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
An energy aware scheme for layered chain in underwater wireless sensor networ...IJECEIAES
Extending the network lifetime is a very challenging problem that needs to be taken into account during routing data in wireless sensor networks in general and particularly in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSN). For this purpose, the present paper proposes a multilayer chain based on genetic algorithm routing (MCGA) for routing data from nodes to the sink. This algorithm consists to create a limited number of local chains constructed by using genetic algorithm in order to obtain the shortest path between nodes; furthermore, a leader node (LN) is elected in each chain followed by constructing a global chain containing LNs. The selection of the LN in the closest chain to the sink is as follows: Initially, the closest node to sink is elected LN in this latter because all nodes have initially the same energy value; then the future selection of the LN is based on the residual energy of the nodes. LNs in the other chains are selected based on the proximity to the previous LNs. Data transmission is performed in two steps: intra-chain transmission and inter-chain transmission. Furthermore, MCGA is simulated for different scenarios of mobility and density of nodes in the networks. The performance evaluation of the proposed technique shows a considerable reduction in terms of energy consumption and network lifespan.
Energy efficient load balanced routing protocol for wireless sensor networkscsandit
Telecommunications is increasingly vital to the society at large, and has become essential to
business, academic, as well as social activities. Due to the necessity to have access to
telecommunications, the deployment requires regulations and policy. Otherwise, the deployment
of the infrastructures would contribute to environment, and human complexities rather than
ease of use.
However, the formulation of telecommunication infrastructure deployment regulation and
policy involve agents such as people and processes. The roles of the agents are critical, and are
not as easy as it meant to belief. This could be attributed to different factors, as they produce
and reproduce themselves overtime.
This paper presents the result of a study which focused on the roles of agents in the formulation
of telecommunication infrastructures deployment regulation and policy. In the study, the
interactions that take place amongst human and non-human agents were investigated. The study
employed the duality of structure, of Structuration theory as lens to understand the effectiveness
of interactions in the formulation of regulations, and how policy is used to facilitate the
deployment of telecommunications infrastructure in the South African environment.
Grid Based Priority Routing Protocol for UWSNsIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we devise and evaluate a new Grid-Based Priority Routing (GBPR) protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). GBPR utilizes a 3D logical grid view of the monitored area to deliver
data packets to sink nodes. Particularly, data packets are forwarded on a cell-by-cell-basis using elected sensor nodes called cell-heads. The unique feature in GBPR is the lassification of the neighboring cells in
different priority levels according to their distances to the sink node. Cells closer to the sink are given higher priority to be selected as the next hop. This mechanism helps in reducing the number of hops; thus, reducing the energy consumption and end-to-end delay, and increasing the reliability. The protocol is
evaluated and compared against EMGGR and EEF protocols available in the literature. Simulation results show that GBPR outperforms the other two protocols in terms of energy efficiency, average delay and packet delivery ratio.
GRID-BASED PRIORITY ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR UWSNSIJCNCJournal
In this paper, we devise and evaluate a new Grid-Based Priority Routing (GBPR) protocol for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs). GBPR utilizes a 3D logical grid view of the monitored area to deliver data packets to sink nodes. Particularly, data packets are forwarded on a cell-by-cell-basis using elected
sensor nodes called cell-heads. The unique feature in GBPR is the classification of the neighboring cells in different priority levels according to their distances to the sink node. Cells closer to the sink are given higher priority to be selected as the next hop. This mechanism helps in reducing the number of hops; thus, reducing the energy consumption and end-to-end delay, and increasing the reliability. The protocol is evaluated and compared against EMGGR and EEF protocols available in the literature. Simulation results show that GBPR outperforms the other two protocols in terms of energy efficiency, average delay and
packet delivery ratio.
VHFRP: Virtual Hexagonal Frame Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
As physical and digital worlds become increasingly intertwined, wireless sensor networks are becoming an indispensable technology. A mobile sink may be required for some applications in the sensor field, where incomplete and/or delayed data delivery can lead to inappropriate conclusions. Therefore, latency and packet delivery ratios must be of high quality. In most existing schemes, mobile sinks are used to extend network lifetimes. By partitioning the sensor field into k equal sized frames, the proposed scheme creates a virtual hexagonal structure. Each frame header (FH) is linked together through the creation of a virtual backbone network. Frame headers are assigned to nodes near the centre of each frame. The virtual backbone network enables data collection from members of the frame and delivers it to the mobile sink. The proposed Virtual Hexagonal Frame Routing Protocol (VHFRP) improves throughput by 25%, energy consumption by 30% and delay by 9% as compared with static sink scenario.
VHFRP: VIRTUAL HEXAGONAL FRAME ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJCNCJournal
As physical and digital worlds become increasingly intertwined, wireless sensor networks are becoming an
indispensable technology. A mobile sink may be required for some applications in the sensor field, where
incomplete and/or delayed data delivery can lead to inappropriate conclusions. Therefore, latency and
packet delivery ratios must be of high quality. In most existing schemes, mobile sinks are used to extend
network lifetimes. By partitioning the sensor field into k equal sized frames, the proposed scheme creates a
virtual hexagonal structure. Each frame header (FH) is linked together through the creation of a virtual
backbone network. Frame headers are assigned to nodes near the centre of each frame. The virtual
backbone network enables data collection from members of the frame and delivers it to the mobile sink.
The proposed Virtual Hexagonal Frame Routing Protocol (VHFRP) improves throughput by 25%, energy
consumption by 30% and delay by 9% as compared with static sink scenario.
Priority based energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol for underwate...IJECEIAES
A little change in the environment that goes unnoticed in an underwater communication network might lead to calamity. A little alteration in the environment must also be adequately analyzed in order to deal with a potential crisis. A priority-based routing protocol is required to ensure that the vital data perceived by the sensor about the environment changes. The priority-based routing system guarantees that vital data packets are delivered at a quicker pace to the destination or base station for further processing. In this work, we present a priority-based routing protocol based on the energy efficient hybrid cluster routing protocol (EEHRCP) algorithm. The suggested approach keeps two distinct queues for lower and higher priority data packets. In order to ensure that these packets get at their destination without any information loss and at a quicker rate, all of the crucial sensed data is passed through a higher priority queue. Test findings show that the suggested technique increases throughput, delivery percentage, and reduces latency for the crucial data packets.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.