This document provides an overview of interfacing concepts and the Intel 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface. It discusses the basic concepts of memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O. It then describes the architecture and functionality of the Intel 8255 PPI chip, including its ports, control word format, operating modes, and pin functions. Example programs are provided to initialize the 8255 ports in different configurations.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a device that converts an analog quantity (continuous voltage) to discrete digital values.
The PIC microcontroller can be used in various electronic devices like alarm systems, electronic gadgets and computer control systems.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is a device that converts an analog quantity (continuous voltage) to discrete digital values.
The PIC microcontroller can be used in various electronic devices like alarm systems, electronic gadgets and computer control systems.
PIC A special purpose integrated circuit that function as an overall manager in an interrupt driven system.
It accepts request from the peripheral equipment,determines which of the incoming request is of the highest priority, ascertains whether the incoming request has a higher priority value than the level currently being serviced, and issues an interrupt to the CPU based on this determination.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Basic Interfacing Concept
• Any application of Microprocessor Based system
Requires the transfer of data between external
circuitry to the Microprocessor and Microprocessor to
the External circuitry. User can give information (i.e.
input) to the Microprocessor using keyboard and user
can see the result or output information from the
Microprocessor with the help of display.
• Hence interfacing is used to exchange information
between two different applications/devices.
3. Memory Mapped I/O
• Device address is of 16 Bit. means A0 to A15 lines are
used to generate device address.
• MEMR and MEMW control signals are used to control
read and write I/O operations.
• Data transfer is between Any register and I/O device.
• Maximum number of I/O devices are 65536.
• Decoding 16 bit address may requires more hardware.
• For e.g. MOV R M, ADD M,CMP M etc.
5. I/O Mapped I/O
• Device address is of 8 Bit. means A0 to A7 or A8 to A15
lines are used to generate device address.
• IOR and IOW control signals are used to control read
and write I/O operations.
• Data transfer is between Accumulator and I/O device.
• Maximum number of I/O devices are 256.
• Decoding 16 bit address may requires less hardware.
• For e.g. IN, OUT etc.
7. 8255 PPI
• The INTEL 8255 is a 40 pin IC having total 24 I/O
pins. consisting of 3 numbers of 8 –bit parallel I/O
ports (i.e. PORT A, PORT B,PORT C). The ports can
be programmed to function either as a input port or
as a output port in different operating modes. It
requires 4 internal addresses and has one logic LOW
chip select pin. Its main functions are to interface
peripheral devices to the microprocessor. Basically
used for parallel data transfer. operates in mainly
two modes.
• (1) Bit Set Reset Mode (BSR Mode).
• (2) I/O Mode.
8. Block Diagram of 8255 PPI
POWER +5V PA
SUPPLIES Ground GROUP A
GROUP A
PORT A (8)
CONTROL PA7-PA0
Bidirectional
Data Bus
D7- D0 GROUP A PCU
DATA BUS
BUFFER PORT C
8 Bit UPPER (4) PC7-PC4
Internal
Data Bus
GROUP B PCL
PORT C
LOWER (4) PC3-PC0
READ/
RD
WR WRITE
GROUP B PB
A0 CONTROL GROUP B
A1
LOGIC CONTROL
RESET PORT B (8)
PB7-PB0
cs
9. Function of Blocks
BLOCK FUNCTION OF BLOCK
It is used to interface the internal data bus of 8255 to the
Data Bus Buffer system data bus by reading and writing operations.
It accepts the input from the address bus and issues commands
Read/write to the individual group blocks. also issues appropriate enabling
Control logic signals to access the required data/control words/status words.
It can be programmed in three modes Mode0, Mode1 and
Port A Mode2.
It can be programmed in three modes Mode0 and Mode1.
Port B
It can be programmed for Bit Set/reset operation.
Port C
11. Function of Pins
PIN FUNCTION OF PIN
These are bidirectional, tri-state data bus lines are connected to the
system data bus. They are used to transfer data and control word
D0-D7 (Data Bus) from microprocessor (8085) to 8255 or receive data or status word
from 8255 to the 8085.
These are 8 Bit bidirectional I/O pins used to send data to output
device and to receive data from input device. It functions as an 8 Bit
PA0-PA7 (Port A) data output latch/buffer when used in output mode and as an 8 Bit
data input latch/buffer when used in input mode.
These are 8 Bit bidirectional I/O pins used to send data to output
device and to receive data from input device. It functions as an 8 Bit
PB0-PB7 (Port B) data output latch/buffer when used in output mode and as an 8 Bit
data input latch/buffer when used in input mode.
12. Function of Pins
PIN FUNCTION OF PIN
These are 8 bit bidirectional I/O pins divided into two groups PCL
(PC3-PC) and PCU (PC7-PC4).these groups can individually transfer
PC0-PC7 data in or out when programmed for simple I/O, and used as
(Port C) handshake signals when programmed for handshake or
bidirectional modes.
When this pin is low, the CPU can read data in the ports or the status
RD word through the data bus buffer.
When this pin is low, the CPU can write data on the ports or in the
WR control register through the data bus buffer.
This pin can be enabled for data transfer operation between the CPU
CS and 8255.
This pin is used to reset 8255.i.e control register gets cleared and all
RESET the ports are set to the input mode.
13. Function of Pins
PIN FUNCTION OF PIN
A0-A1 The selection of input port and control word register is done by
using A0 and A1 pins In conjunction with RD and WR pins.
A1 A0 RD WR CS Operations
0 0 0 1 0 PORT A TO DATA BUS
0 1 0 1 0 PORT B TO DATA BUS
1 0 0 1 0 PORT C TO DATA BUS
0 0 1 0 0 DATA BUS TO PORT A
0 1 1 0 0 DATA BUS TO PORT B
1 0 1 0 0 DATA BUS TO PORT C
1 1 1 0 0 DATA BUS TO CONTROL REGISTER
x x x x 1 DATA BUS TRI STATED
1 1 0 1 0 ILLEGAL CONDITION
x x 1 1 0 DATA BUS TRI STATED
14. Operating Modes Of 8255
• There are two main operational modes of 8255:
(1) Input/output mode,
(2) Bit set/reset mode (BSR Mode).
I/O mode again classified into three types
• (1) Mode 0,
• (2) Mode 1,
• (3) Mode 2.
15. MODE 0
• In this mode, the ports can be used for simple input/output
operations without handshaking.
• If both port A and B are initialized in mode 0, the two halves
of port C can be either used together as an additional 8-bit
port, or they can be used as individual 4-bit ports.
• Since the two halves of port C are independent, they may be
used such that one-half is initialized as an input port while the
other half is initialized as an output port.
The mode 0 has following features:
• O/p are latched.
• I/p are buffered not latched.
• Port do not have handshake or interrupt capability.
16. MODE 1
• When we wish to use port A or port B for handshake
(strobed) input or output operation, we initialize that port in
mode 1.
• For port B in this mode (irrespective of whether is acting as
an input port or output port), PC0, PC1 and PC2 pins function
as handshake lines.
The mode 1 has following features:
• Two ports i.e. port A and B can be use as 8-bit i/o port.
• Each port uses three lines of port c as handshake signal and
remaining two signals can be function as i/o port.
• Interrupt logic is supported.
• Input and Output data are latched.
17. MODE 2
• Only group A can be initialized in this mode.
• Port A can be used for bidirectional handshake data
transfer. This means that data can be input or output on
the same eight lines (PA0 - PA7).
• Pins PC3 - PC7 are used as handshake lines for port A.
• The remaining pins of port C (PC0 - PC2) can be used as
input/output lines if group B is initialized in mode 0.
• In this mode, the 8255 may be used to extend the
system bus to a slave microprocessor.
18. Control Word Format in I/O Mode
0 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 GROUP B
PORT C (LOWER)
1=I/P, 0=O/P
PORT B
1=I/P, 0=O/P
MODE SELECTION
0 = MODE 0
1 = MODE 1
GROUP A
PORT C (UPPER)
1=I/P, 0=O/P
PORT A
1=I/P, 0=O/P
MODE SELECTION
00 = MODE 0
MODE SET FLAG 01 = MODE 1
1 = ACTIVE 1X = MODE 2
19. Control Word Format in BSR Mode
0 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
BIT SET/RESET
1 = SET
2 = RESET
DON’T CARE
BIT SELECT
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 B0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 B1
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 B2
BIT SET/RESET FLAG
0 = ACTIVE
20. Write a program to initialize 8255 in the configuration
below.(assume address of the CW register as 83H).
(1) Port A: simple input (2) Port B: simple output
(3) Port CL: output (4)Port CU: input
• Solution:
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
= 98H
Program:
MVI A,98H ; LOAD CONTROL WORD
OUT 83H ; SEND CONTROL WORD
21. Write a program to initialize 8255 in the configuration
below.(assume address of the CW register as 23H).
(1) Port A: output with handshake
(2) Port B: input with handshake
(3) Port CL: output (4)Port CU: input
• Solution:
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0
= AEH
Program:
MVI A,AEH ; LOAD CONTROL WORD
OUT 23H ; SEND CONTROL WORD
22. Find the control word for the register arrangement
of the ports of intel 8255 for mode 0 operation.
• Port A: Output, Port B: Output,
• Port CU: Output, Port CL: Output
Solution:
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
= 80H
The control word register for the above ports of intel
8255 is 80H.
23. Find the control word for the register arrangement
of the ports of intel 8255 for mode 0 operation.
• Port A: Input, Port B: Input,
• Port CU: Input, Port CL: Input
Solution:
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
= 9BH
The control word register for the above ports of intel
8255 is 9BH.