Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Soils give a mechanical support to plants from which they extract nutrients. soil provides shelters for many animal types, from invertebrates such as worms and insects up to mammals like rabbits, moles, foxes and badgers. It also provides habitats colonised by a staggering variety of microorganisms. This module is about the microbial life in soils.
he rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
The phyllosphere is a term used in microbiology to refer to the total above-ground portions of plants as habitat for microorganisms.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Microbial interaction and its relationshipJateenSinha
Microbial interaction and its relationship, Fate of Viral infection, Positive Interaction and Negative Interaction, Syntrophism, Protocooperation, Quorum sensing, Biofilm formation, Plastisphere.
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
INTERACTIONS :Interaction is relationship between two organisms.
Also called as BIOLOGICAL OR ECOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS.
In a ecosystem, living (biotic) things have to interact with one another as well as with non -living components of their environment.
All the vital process of living such as growth, nutrition & reproduction requires such interactions between individuals in same species or between species.
The interaction between organisms may not be always beneficial to all the interacting counter parts. Based on whether, the interaction is beneficial to both interacting species or harmful to at least one interaction species, the ecological of biological interactions are classified into two categories.
It can BENEFIT an organisms
It can HARM an organisms
It can NO EFFECT an organisms
POSTIVE INTERACTIONS
In positive interactions, the interacting populations help one another.
The positive interaction may be in one way or reciprocal.
The benefit may be in respect of food, shelter, substratum or transportation.
The positive association may be continuous, transitory, obligate or facultative.
The two interacting partners may be in close contact in such a way that the tissues intermixed with each other; or they may live within a specific area of the other; or attached to its surface.
NEGATIVE INTERACTIONS
In negative interactions, one of the interacting populations is benefited and the other is harmed.
In negative interaction one population may eat members of the other population, compete for foods or excrete harmful wasters.
SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Such relationship between living organisms when they live in close association of each other is called as SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP
Mutualism, also called as symbiosis, is also a positive type of ecological interaction.
Mutualism is a symbiotic association between two organisms in which both the interacting partners are mutually benefitted.
Mutualism is different from proto-cooperation in the sense that mutualism is obligatory and none of the partners of mutualism can survive individually.
In mutualism, the organisms enter into some sort of physical and physiological exchange
"Bio - Warfare During Host Pathogen Interactions in Indigenous Crop Plants" b...Md. Kamaruzzaman
This is a analysis of some collected information of the subject of my M.S. theory semester. Course title was Plant Pathogenesis and Genetics of Plant Pathogens
Microorganisms cause virtually all pathoses of the pulp and periapical tissues.
Once bacterial invasion of pulp tissues has taken place, both non-specific inflammation and specific immunologic response of the host have a profound effect on the progress of the disease.
Endodontic infection develops in root canals devoid of host defenses,
pulp necrosis (as a sequel to caries, trauma, periodontal disease,or iatrogenic operative procedures)
or pulp removal for treatment.
Biofilm-induced oral diseases.
ROUTES OF ROOT CANAL INFECTION
Caries
• Trauma-induced fractures
• Cracks
• Restorative procedures
• Scaling and root planing
• Attrition
• Abrasion
• Gaps in the cementoenamel junction
at the cervical root surface
• Dentinal tubules
• Direct pulp exposure
• Periodontal disease
• Anachoresis
Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors
Pathogenicity : The ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism.
Some microorganisms routinely cause disease in a given host and are called primary pathogens.
Other microorganisms cause disease only when host defenses are impaired and are called opportunistic pathogens by changing the balance of the host–bacteria relationship.
Bacterial strategies that contribute to pathogenicity include the ability to coaggregate and form biofilms.
In the pathogenesis of primary apical periodontitis
Bacteria in caries lesions form authentic biofilms adhered to dentin.
Diffusion of bacterial products through dentinal tubules induces pulpal inflammation
After pulp exposure, the exposed pulp tissue is in direct contact with bacteria and their products
and responds with severe inflammation. Some tissue invasion by bacteria may also occur.
Bacteria in the battlefront have to survive the attack from the host defenses and at the same time acquire nutrients to keep themselves alive.
In this bacteria–pulp clash, the latter invariably is “defeated” and becomes necrotic, so bacteria move forward and “occupy the territory”—that is, they colonize the necrotic tissue.
These events advance through tissue compartments, coalesce, and move toward the apical part of the canal until virtually the entire root canal is necrotic and infected.
At this stage, involved bacteria can be regarded as the early root canal colonizers or pioneer species (play an important role in the initiation of the apical periodontitis disease process, modify the environment, making it conducive to the establishment of other bacterial groups)
Microbiology of Endodontic Infection.Mechanisms of MicrobialPathogenicity and Virulence Factors
Biofilm and Community-Based Microbial Pathogenesis
Biofilm and Bacterial Interactions
Biofilm Community Lifestyle
Quorum Sensing—Bacterial Intercommunication
Methods for Microbial Identification
Diversity of the Endodontic Microbiota
Primary Intraradicular Infection
Spatial Distribution of the Microbiota
Microbial Ecology and the Root Canal Ecosystem
Secondary/Persistent Infectionsand Treatment Failure
Fungi and Ecosystem interaction, presentation .pptxbsf2105942
Ecosystem of funji
Similar to Interaction involving microorganisms(competitions, amensalism, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism) and fundamental of microbial Ecology (20)
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
1.4 modern child centered education - mahatma gandhi-2.pptx
Interaction involving microorganisms(competitions, amensalism, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism) and fundamental of microbial Ecology
1. Presentation of Environmental
Biology
Submitted to: Dr. Sagheer Ahmed
Submitted by: Amna Azam Javied
Roll no. : 857
Semester: 8th
Department: Zoology
Topic: Interaction between microorganisms
2. The inter- and intra-relationships between various
microorganisms which can include both positive
(like SYMBIOSIS) and negative (like ANTIBIOSIS)
interactions.
Examples include virus - bacteria and bacteria -
bacteria.
The associations are very important biologically.
6. NEUTRALISM
Microorganisms have no effect on each
other.
o Observed in natural communities if,
Culture density is low.
Nutrient level is high.
Each culture has distinct
requirements.
Example: Bread mold penicillium
7. Mutualism
•An obligatory relationship.
•Highly specific.
•They operate as a single organism.
•Both organisms benefit.
•For Eeg.Diatom(Climacodium)
•and cyanobacteria(Epithemia turgida)
•Lichen-Fungi with Cyanobacteria.
8.
9. Cooperation
• Positive but not obligatery symbiosis.
• Can be separated from one another.
• For eg-Desulfovibrio & Chromatium,Cellulomonas &
Azotobactor.
10. Commensalism
One partner(commensal) benefits.
while other(host) remains unaffected.
– Common among organisms, not obligatory
– Unidirectional
– Usually, unaffected population modifies the
environment in a way that other population
benefits.
For eg-during Nitrification ,oxidation of NH4+ ions
get convert into nitrate.
Nitrosomonas convert NH4+ Ions to nitrite and
nitrobacter oxidise nitrite into nitrate.
11. Parasitism
One speices is dependent on a another for
nutrition and growth.
In it, one organism is benefitted and other is
harmed.
Closly related to predation.
Coexistence between host and parasite.
For eg-Viruses are the highly specialized
intracellular parasites,generally kill the host.
12. Conti….
Cell.
Myxococcus xanthus and E.coli.
Microbial parasite may kill the host or can have stable
relationship without killing the host.(lysogeny provirus
is carried on host chromosome).
Pathogenic parasite may attack and kill the plant or
animal host.
Obligate parasite Treponema
pallidum(syphilis),Rickettsia(Rockey mountain fever)
can’t grow without an appropriate host.
13.
14. Predation
It involves predator species which target other
microbe for material to survive.
attacks and kills its prey.
They can be obligate or facultative.
Members of predatory bacteria are known as
‘Bdellovibrio and like organisms’(BALO).They can be
epibiotic,periplasmic,cytoplasmic.
For eg-
Bdellovibrio-E.coli interaction
(Vampirococcus,Daptobacter both attack
Chromatium.
15.
16. Amensalism
Focuses on exclusion of an organism from growing
on a specific site to prevent the utilization of limiting
nutrients.
Unidirectional process based on the release of a
specific compound by one organism that has
negative effect on another.
Product of one impact another i.e one species
remains uneffected while other is harmed.
For eg- microbial production of antibiotics that can
inhibits or kill another.penicillin by fungi inhibit a
type of cell wall found
17. Conti….
only in bacteria.
Bacteriocins-kill the strains of closely related
species by generating holes in plasma membrane.
Metabolic end products.
18. Competition
It arises when different organisms within population
try to acquire same resources.
Both the species are harmed.
Competition within the species or among different
species can be attributed to availability of Nitrogen
source, carbon source, electron donors, electron
accepter, vitamins, light, water.
Competition may result in exclusion of other species
or the establishment of a steady state where
multiple species coexist.
19. Conti…
Eg- In aquatic environment where extensive
phototrophic activity results in blooms of single
species of diatoms or cyanobacteria.
Thermophilic springs chemolithotrophic
organisms are selected.
Lactic acid fermentation of food.
Large intestine of animals, a single species
doesn’t dominate but a mixed population coexist.
20. Syntropism
Two species are required for growth on a specific electron
donor that is not metabolized by either organism alone or one
of the organisms remove end products of metabolism from
other, which enables both the organisms to grow.
Both the species are benefited.
This relationship was discovered by Meyer Wolin and
colleagues, when fermentation of propionic acid occurred
when there was a coculture.
Synophobacter produces H during fermentation and
accumulation of H makes the reaction thermodynamically
unstable.
Pesence of methanogen, Methanospirillum makes the
oxidation favourable by consuming the H.’
21.
22. Microbe-Plant Interactions
Different interactions between microorganisms and
plants have been identified and the most obvious
environment for such interactions is soil.
Microbe-plant association can be mutulistic(a
highly specialized interaction where there is
considerable specificity found in mutulistic
activities)or it can be commensilistic(secretions
from plants benefit bacteria and fungi but no
apparent benefit to plant.
23.
24. Bacteria-Root nodule system
Enzyme system for N2 fixation is present only in
prokaryotes and nodules are associated with roots of
Leguminous plants,bacteria(rhizobia) are specific for
a legume species.
Assciation is beneficial for both,plant provide c and
energy source to bacteria and bacteria fix N2 and
provide amino acid to plant.
Rhizobium leguminosarum sp.and pea, beans
tropical(root nodules).
Azorhizobium caulinodan and Aquatic tropical
legume(stem nodule).
25.
26. Microbe-Animal Interaction
Bacteria and fungi interact with humans and other animals and this
interaction can be symbiotic, commensalistic or parasitic.
Symbiotic relationships are widespread and has evolved new
metabolic capabilities and cellular structures.(symbiogenesis).
Evolutionary benefits in a symbiotic relationship are;-provision of
dietary needs that their hosts lack including essential amino acids,
cofactors, metabolic factors etc.
N storage and recycling.
Large alterations in genome of symbionts and adaptations by host
to favour the symbiosis occur during long association which can be
in form of genome size reduction or increase in AT content in
genome. since endosymbionts protect their hosts from pathogens,
this may have influenced the evolution of sociality in animals to
acquire the endosymbiont through horizontal and vertical
transmission.