Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
Pigments which are not directly involved in photosynthesis but have the ability to absorb light and transfer it to the principal photosynthetic pigments are called as Accessory pigments. Phycobilins are water soluble pigments that are fairly joined to a protein, which acts as a accessory pigment in photosynthesis. Phycocyanobilin and Phycoerythrobilin are major phycobilins.
Pigments which are not directly involved in photosynthesis but have the ability to absorb light and transfer it to the principal photosynthetic pigments are called as Accessory pigments. Phycobilins are water soluble pigments that are fairly joined to a protein, which acts as a accessory pigment in photosynthesis. Phycocyanobilin and Phycoerythrobilin are major phycobilins.
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Microbial interaction and its relationshipJateenSinha
Microbial interaction and its relationship, Fate of Viral infection, Positive Interaction and Negative Interaction, Syntrophism, Protocooperation, Quorum sensing, Biofilm formation, Plastisphere.
In this slide we explain the reproduction in Bacteria. here we explain the two basic types of reproduction briefly with their types. i,e
Sexual Reproduction
Asexual reproduction
Microbial interaction and its relationshipJateenSinha
Microbial interaction and its relationship, Fate of Viral infection, Positive Interaction and Negative Interaction, Syntrophism, Protocooperation, Quorum sensing, Biofilm formation, Plastisphere.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Microorganisms cause virtually all pathoses of the pulp and periapical tissues.
Once bacterial invasion of pulp tissues has taken place, both non-specific inflammation and specific immunologic response of the host have a profound effect on the progress of the disease.
Endodontic infection develops in root canals devoid of host defenses,
pulp necrosis (as a sequel to caries, trauma, periodontal disease,or iatrogenic operative procedures)
or pulp removal for treatment.
Biofilm-induced oral diseases.
ROUTES OF ROOT CANAL INFECTION
Caries
• Trauma-induced fractures
• Cracks
• Restorative procedures
• Scaling and root planing
• Attrition
• Abrasion
• Gaps in the cementoenamel junction
at the cervical root surface
• Dentinal tubules
• Direct pulp exposure
• Periodontal disease
• Anachoresis
Mechanisms of Microbial Pathogenicity and Virulence Factors
Pathogenicity : The ability of a microorganism to cause disease.
Virulence: Degree of pathogenicity of a microorganism.
Some microorganisms routinely cause disease in a given host and are called primary pathogens.
Other microorganisms cause disease only when host defenses are impaired and are called opportunistic pathogens by changing the balance of the host–bacteria relationship.
Bacterial strategies that contribute to pathogenicity include the ability to coaggregate and form biofilms.
In the pathogenesis of primary apical periodontitis
Bacteria in caries lesions form authentic biofilms adhered to dentin.
Diffusion of bacterial products through dentinal tubules induces pulpal inflammation
After pulp exposure, the exposed pulp tissue is in direct contact with bacteria and their products
and responds with severe inflammation. Some tissue invasion by bacteria may also occur.
Bacteria in the battlefront have to survive the attack from the host defenses and at the same time acquire nutrients to keep themselves alive.
In this bacteria–pulp clash, the latter invariably is “defeated” and becomes necrotic, so bacteria move forward and “occupy the territory”—that is, they colonize the necrotic tissue.
These events advance through tissue compartments, coalesce, and move toward the apical part of the canal until virtually the entire root canal is necrotic and infected.
At this stage, involved bacteria can be regarded as the early root canal colonizers or pioneer species (play an important role in the initiation of the apical periodontitis disease process, modify the environment, making it conducive to the establishment of other bacterial groups)
Microbiology is the study of a variety of living things, such as bacteria, fungus, and other tiny creatures, that are not visible to the naked eye. However, these little creatures are the foundation of all life on earth.. all types of living things that are invisible to the unaided eye.
Important categories have been divided based on certain traits in the study of bacteria in food. These classifications have no taxonomic relevance.
Food technology, food safety and hygiene, food poisoning, food genomics, and, more generally,
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
Micro- organisms transform organic matter into plant nutrients that are assimilated by plants. Soil organisms represent a large fraction of global terrestrial .
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Mammalian Pineal Body Structure and Also Functions
lecture_2microbial_interactionsppt.pptx
1. Sarah Alharbi
Clinical laboratory department
Collage of applied medical sciences
King Saud University
Environmental Microbiology
CLS 416
Lecture 2
Microbial interactions
2. Outline
• Important terms (Symbiosis,ectosymbiont.Endosymbiont,
ecto/endosymbiosis
• Positive interactions (mutualism, protocooperation, commensalism)
• Negative interactions(predation, parasitism, amensalism,and competition)
• Nutrient Cycling Interactions
• The importance of understanding the principle of microbial interactions
(Examples from the literature)
3. Microbial interactions
Symbiosis
An association of two or more different species
Ectosymbisis
One organism can be located on the surface of another, as an
ectosymbiont. In this case, the ectosymbiont usually is a
smaller organism located on the surface of a larger organism.
Endosymbiosis
one organism can be located within another organism as an
endosymbiont
Ecto/ endosymbiosis.
microorganisms live on both the inside and the outside of
another organism
4. Examples (Ecto/ endosymbiosis)
1. Thiothrix species, a sulfur-using bacterium, which is at-
ached to the surface of a mayfly larva and which itself contains
a parasitic bacterium.
2. Fungi associated with plant roots (mycorrhizal fungi) often
contain endosymbiotic bacteria, as well as having bacteria living
on their surfaces
• Symbiotic relationships can be intermittent and cyclic or
permanent
• Symbiotic interactions do not occur independently. Each time a
microorganism interacts with other organisms and their
environments, a series of feedback responses occurs in the
larger biotic community that will impact other parts of
ecosystems.
6. Mutualism [Latin mutuus,
borrowed or reciprocal] defines
the relationship in which some
reciprocal benefit accrues to
both partners.
• Relationship with some
degree of obligation
• partners cannot live
separately
• Mutualist and host are
dependent on each other
Mutualism
6
7. 1. The protozoan-termite relationship
• flagellated protozoa live in the gut of termites
and wood roaches.
• These flagellates exist on a diet of
carbohydrates, acquired as cellulose ingested
by their host
• The protozoa engulf wood particles, digest the
cellulose, and metabolize it to acetate and other
products.
• Termites oxidize the acetate released by their
flagellates.
• Because the host is almost always incapable of
synthesizing cellulases (enzymes that catalyse
the hydrolysis of cellulose), it is dependent on
the mutualistic protozoa for its existence.
Examples of Mutalism
7
8. 8
2. Lichens
Lichens are the association between specific
ascomycetes (the fungus “my-cobiont”) and either
green algae or cyanobacteria “phycobiont “..
• The characteristic morphology of a given lichen
is a property of the mutualistic association and is
not exhibited by either symbiont individually.
• Because the phycobiont is a photoautotroph
dependent only on light, carbon dioxide, and
certain mineral nutrients,the fungus can get its
organic carbon directly from the alga or
cyanobacterium.
• In turn the fungus protects the phycobiont from
excess light intensities, provides water and
minerals to it, and creates a firm substratum
within which the phycobiont can grow protected
from environmental stress.
Examples of Mutalism
9. 9
Mutualism- Syntrophism
Syntrophism [Greek syn, together, and trophe, nourishment]
is an association in which the growth of one organism either
depends on or is improved by growth factors, nutrients, or
substrates provided by another organism growing nearby.
Sometimes both organisms benefit. This type of mutualism is
also known as cross- feeding or the satellite phenomenon.
10. 10
• A positive (not obligate) symbiosis which involves
syntrophic (one organism lives off the byproducts of
another) relationships
• Benefits both organisms in relationship
• Differs from mutualism because cooperative relationship
is not obligatory
Protocooperation
11. 11
2) quorum sensing (autoinduction)
,
Examples of protocooperation
1) A Marine Worm-Bacterial
Protocooperative relationship
the worms secrete mucous from
tiny glands on their backs to feed
the bacteria, and in return they are
protected by some degree of
insulation.
Figure:Alvinella pompejana
12. ,
• A phenomenon whereby the accumulation of signalling molecules
enable a single cell to sense the number of bacteria (cell density)
• The microorganisms produce specific autoinducer compounds,
and as the population increases and the concentration of these
compounds reaches critical levels, specific genes are expressed.
Quorum sensing (autoinduction)
12
13. 13
Quorum sensing (autoinduction)
• Many bacteria rely on QS to control the expression of genes
responsible for disease
• Very important for pathogenic bacteria during infection of a
host
(e.g. human,other animals or plants) to coordinate their
virulence in order to escape the immune response of the host in
order to establish a successful infection
• The most common signals in gram-negative bacteria are acyl
homoserine lactones (HSLs).
• Gram-positive bacteria often using an oligopeptide signal.
14. 14
Commensalism
Commensalism [Latin com, together, and mensa, table] is
a relationship in which one symbiont, the commensal,
benefits while the other (sometimes called the host) is
neither harmed nor helped (neutral
• Commensal - organism that benefits
• When the commensal is separated from its host
experimentally, it can survive without being provided some
factor or factors of host origin.
• Commensalistic relationships between microorganisms
include situations in which the waste product of one
microorganism is the substrate for another species.
• Commensalistic associations also occur when one
microbial group modifies the environment to make it more
suited for another organism.
15. 15
Examples of Commensalism
• Intestinal microorganisms
in the human colon, when oxygen is used up by the facultatively
anaerobic E. coli, obligate anaerobes such as Bacteroides are able to
grow in the colon.
• Microbial succession during spoilage of milk
– fermenting bacteria promote growth of acid tolerant species
• Formation of biofilms
– initial colonizer helps other microorganisms attach
• Skin or surface microbes on plants or animals
– host plant or animal releases volatile, soluble, and particulate
organic compounds used by commensals
17. Predation
• When one organism, the predator,
engulfs and digests another organism,
the prey
• The prey can be larger or smaller than
the predator, and this normally results
in the death of the prey.
Examples
a) Bdellovibrio, a periplasmic predator that penetrates the
cell wall and grows outside the plasma membrane,
b) Vampirococcus with its unique epibiotic mode of
attacking a prey bacterium
c) Daptobacter showing its cytoplasmic location as it
attacks a susceptible bacterium.
17
18. 18
Predation
It has beneficial effects:
• Digestion, e.g The microbial loop
• Protection and increased fitness
• Survival and increased
pathogensity e.g, The intracellular
survival of Legionella ingested by
ciliates
The microbial loop
19. 19
Parasitism
• The population that benefits, the parasite, drives its
nutritional requirements from host, which is harmed
• It can involve physical maintenance in or on the host.
• Characterized by relatively long period of contact
20. Parasitism or Predation!!
•In microbial world the distinction between parasitism and
predation is not sharp
•Depending on the equilibrium between the two organisms, this
may shift and what might have been a stable parasitic
relationship may then become a pathogenic one which can be
defined as predation
21. 21
Amensalism
Amensalism A relationship in which the product of one
organism has negative effect on other organism
Example
• The production of antibiotics that can inhibit or kill a
susceptible microorganism
• Bacteriocins (Proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria
with antimicrobial toxicity. Most bacteriocins target other
strains of the same species as the producing organism,
but some are more broad-spectrum)
22. 22
Competition
• Competition arises when different microorganisms
within a population or community try to acquire the
same resource, whether this is a physical location or a
particular limiting nutrient
• This principle of competition was studied by E. F. Gause,
who in 1934 described this as the competitive
exclusion principle.(When competition between
species results in the elimination of one species from a
given habitat or region
23. Nutrient Cycling Interactions
• Microorganisms interact with
each other in the cycling of
nutrients, including carbon,
sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus,
iron, and manganese.
23
• This nutrient cycling, called
biogeochemical cycling
• Nutrients are transformed and
cycled, often by oxidation-
reduction reactions Figure: Macrobiogeochemistry
24. 24
The importance of understanding the microbial interactions
(Research focus )
• Analyzing the impact of the human host microbiota composition and activity
• Understanding the underlying governing principles that shape a microbial
community is key for microbial ecology engineering synthetic microbiomes for
various biotechnological applications.
Examples
• the bioconversion of unprocessed cellulolytic feedstocks into biofuel isobutanol
using fungal–bacterial communities
• biosensing and bioremediation against environmental toxins such as arsenic and
pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Vibrio cholerae have been
demonstrated using engineered quorum-sensing Escherichia coli
• utilizing microorganisms to reduce the concentration and toxicity of various
chemical pollutants, such as petroleum hydrocarbons pesticides and metals
Biodegradation and its application in bioremediation of organic pollutants have
benefited from the biochemical and molecular studies of microbial processes
25. Symbiosis of Aeromonas veronii Biovar sobria and Hirudo medicinalis, the
Medicinal Leech: a Novel Model for Digestive Tract Associations ( example of
symbiosis, endosymbiosis and permanent t)
ABSTRACT
Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech, is applied postoperatively in modern medicine.
Infections by Aeromonas occur in up to 20% of patients unless a preemptive antibiotic treatment
is administered. The associated
infections demonstrate the need for a better understanding of the digestive tract flora of H.
medicinalis. Early studies reported the presence of a single bacterial species in the digestive
tract and suggested that these bacteria were endosymbionts contributing to the digestion of
blood. In this study, we cultivated bacteria from the digestive tract and characterized them
biochemically. The biochemical test results identified the isolates as Aeromonas veronii biovar
sobria. This species identification was supported by sequence comparison of a variable region of
the genes coding for 16S rRNA. In a colonization assay, a rifampin-resistant derivative of a
symbiotic isolate was fed in a blood meal to H. medicinalis. The strain colonized the digestive
tract rapidly and reached a concentration similar to that of the native bacterial flora. For the
first 12 h, the in vivo doubling time was 1.2 h at 23°C. After 12 h, at a density of 5 3 107
CFU/ml, the increase in viable counts ceased, suggesting a dramatic reduction in the bacterial
growth rate. Two human fecal isolates, identified as Aeromonas hydrophila and A. veronii
biovar sobria, were also able to colonize the digestive tract. These data demonstrate that the
main culturable bacterium in the crop of H. medicinalis is A. veronii biovar sobria and that the
medicinal leech can be used as a model for digestive tract association of Aeromonas species.
25
Example from the literature
28. References
Minty JJ, et al. (2013) Design and characterization of synthetic fungal-bacterial consortia
for direct production of isobutanol from cellulosic biomass. Proc Natl Acad Sci
USA 110(36):14592–14597.
Prindle A, et al. (2012) A sensing array of radically coupled genetic “biopixels.”. Nature
481(7379):39–44.
7.Saeidi N, et al. (2011) Engineering microbes to sense and eradicate Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, a human pathogen. Mol Syst Biol 7:521.
8.Duan F, March JC (2010) Engineered bacterial communication prevents Vibrio
cholerae virulence in an infant mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(25):
11260–11264.