Microbes play an important role in bioremediation by using their enzymatic activity to destroy pollutants or transform them into less harmful forms. During their normal metabolic processes, microbes can break down toxic compounds and convert them into simpler, non-toxic molecules. Bioremediation harnesses microbes' natural degradation abilities to clean contaminated sites using biological rather than physical or chemical methods. This approach is often more cost-effective and environmentally friendly compared to excavating and disposing of polluted soils and water.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Microbial interactions are ubiquitous, diverse, critically important in the function of any biological community.
The most common cooperative interactions seen in microbial systems are mutually beneficial. The interactions between the two populations are classified according to whether both populations and one of them benefit from the associations, or one or both populations are negatively affected.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Air is not a natural environment for microorganisms. Microorganisms present in air are liberated from various other sources. These various sources include soil, water, plant and animal surfaces and human beings.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
I didn't make this powerpoint, this is from my IB Biology teacher but it's one of the only topics I actually really enjoyed sooo I'm putting it up, ^_^
Ecosystem Ecology lecture for Botany, Zoology, Environmental Sciences, and Chemistry Students by Salman Saeed lecturer Botany University College of Management and Sciences Khanewal, Pakistan.
About Author: Salman Saeed
Qualification: M.SC (Botany), M. Phil (Biotechnology) from BZU Multan.
M. Ed & B. Ed from GCU Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Food hygiene is more than cleanliness ......
Protecting food from risk of contamination, including harmful bacteria, poison and other foreign bodies.
Preventing any bacteria present multiplying to an extent which would result in the illness of consumers or the early spoilage of the food.
Destroying any harmful bacteria in the food by thorough cooking
or processing.
Discarding unfit or contaminated food.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
Major Histocompatibility Complex
MHC:
• Major Histocompatibility Complex
– Cluster of genes found in all mammals
– Its products play role in discriminating self/non-self
– Participant in both humoral and cell-mediated immunity
• MHC Act As Antigen Presenting Structures
• In Human MHC Is Found On Chromosome 6
– Referred to as HLA complex
• In Mice MHC Is Found On Chromosome 17
– Referred to as H-2 complex
• Genes Of MHC Organized In 3 Classes
– Class I MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on all nucleated cells
• Major function to present processed Ags to TC
– Class II MHC genes
• Glycoproteins expressed on macrophages, B-cells, DCs
• Major function to present processed Ags to TH
– Class III MHC genes
• Products that include secreted proteins that have immune functions. Ex. Complement system, inflammatory molecules
Antigen Processing and Presentation MID
Antigens and “foreignness”
• Antigens (or, more properly, immunogens) have a series of features which confer immunogenicity.
• One of these features is “foreignness.”
• So, we can infer that – most often – antigens – ultimately – originate externally.
• (There are exceptions, of course. Some cells become transformed by disease [e. g., cancer] or by aging. In such instances, the antigens have an internal origin.)
Extinction of a particular animal or plant species occurs when there are no more individuals of that species alive anywhere in the world - the species has died out. This is a natural part of evolution. But sometimes extinctions happen at a much faster rate than usual. Natural Causes of Extinction.
Difference between In-Situ and Ex-Situ conservation
Conservation of biodiversity and genetic resources helps protect, maintain and recover endangered animal and plant species. There are mainly two strategies for the conservation of wildlife: In-situ conservation and Ex-situ conservation. Although, both the strategies aim to maintain and recover endangered species, they are different from each other. Let us see how they differ from each other!
Evolution Of Bacteria
Bacteria have existed from very early in the history of life on Earth. Bacteria fossils discovered in rocks date from at least the Devonian Period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), and there are convincing arguments that bacteria have been present since early Precambrian time, about 3.5 billion years ago. Bacteria were widespread on Earth at least since the latter part of the Paleoproterozoic, roughly 1.8 billion years ago, when oxygen appeared in the atmosphere as a result of the action of the cyanobacteria. Bacteria have thus had plenty of time to adapt to their environments and to have given rise to numerous descendant forms.
Impact of Environment on Loss of Genetic Diversity and Speciation
Genetic variation describes naturally occurring genetic differences among individuals of the same species. This variation permits flexibility and survival of a population in the face of changing environmental circumstances. Consequently, genetic variation is often considered an advantage, as it is a form of preparation for the unexpected. But how does genetic variation increase or decrease? And what effect do fluctuations in genetic variation have on populations over time?
GENE ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION
Subtle differences in one person’s genes can cause them to respond differently to the same environmental exposure as another person. As a result, some people may develop a disease after being exposed to something in the environment while others may not.
As scientists learn more about the connection between genes and the environment, they pursue new approaches for preventing and treating disease that consider individual genetic codes.
How to store food in hot
The Good News
To maximize benefit of preservation, keep your food as fresh as possible for as long as possible. You can do this, even in the heat, by creating a “cooler” made from two basic terra cotta pots, one larger than the other. Put the smaller pot in the larger one, fill the gap with sand, and saturate the sand with water. Then cover it with a cloth. To add additional insulation from the heat, bury the pot up to its rim. The evaporation of moisture from the wet sand will cool the air around the food and help keep it fresh.
What is IUPAC naming?
In order to give compounds a name, certain rules must be followed. When naming organic compounds, the IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature (naming scheme) is used. This is to give consistency to the names. It also enables every compound to have a unique name, which is not possible with the common names used (for example in industry). We will first look at some of the steps that need to be followed when naming a compound, and then try to apply these rules to some specific examples.
IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC nomenclature uses the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms to determine the basic root name of the compound. The root name is then modified due to the presence of different functional groups which replace hydrogen or carbon atoms in the parent structure.
Hybridization describes the bonding atoms from an atom's point of view. For a tetrahedral coordinated carbon (e.g. methane CH4), the carbon should have 4 orbitals with the correct symmetry to bond to the 4 hydrogen atoms.
INTRODUCTION:
Hybrid Orbitals
Developed by Linus Pauling, the concept of hybrid orbitals was a theory created to explain the structures of molecules in space. The theory consists of combining atomic orbitals (ex: s,p,d,f) into new hybrid orbitals (ex: sp, sp2, sp3).
1. Why Firefly give light during night?
2. Why atomic mass and Atomic numbers are given to elements ?
3. Why elements have been characterized and classified into different groups?
4. What is the transition of elements and what they play their role in elements stability?
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
2. • These are found in just about every kind of habitat.
• Microbes are incredibly diverse thriving in environmentsfrom
the very cold tothe extremely hot.
• Theyare also tolerant of many other conditions such aslimited
water availability high salt content and lowoxygen levels.
• Not every microbe cansurvive in allhabitats.
3. • Only one percent of microbes that live in soil have been
identified.
• These organisms take part in the formation of soil and are
essential components of theirecosystems.
• Bacteria and fungi that live in soil feed mostly on organic
matter such asother plants andanimals.
• Thesemicrobes are very sensitive to their localenvironment.
• Factors such as the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen the pH
moisture and temperature all affect the growth of microbes in the
soil.
4. • Microbes live in bothfresh and salt water.
• Theseorganisms include microscopic plants and animals as
well asbacteria fungi andviruses.
• Aswith other microbes the ones that live in water are adapted
to the specific conditions of their environment.
• Habitats range from ocean water with an extremely high salt
content to freshwater lakes orrivers.
5. • Microbes also live on otherorganisms.
• Aswith the ones found on people these microbes can
be harmful or beneficial tothe host.
• Example:
• Bacteria grow in nodules on the roots of pea and bean plants.
Thesemicrobes convert nitrogen from the air into aform that
the plants canuse.
• In many waysanimals and plants have evolved ashabitats
for the millions of microbes that call them home.
6. • Themicrobes living in extreme conditions arecalled
extremophiles.
• Thisliterally meansthat they love theextreme
conditions of theirhabitat.
• Theextremophiles are sowell adapted to theirown
environment.
• Somelike the ones in hot springs needextreme
temperatures to grow.
7.
8. • The relationship in which one organism may depend on another
for its survival. Sometimes they need each other. This is called
symbiosis.
EXAMPLES
• Photosynthetic plants and microbes provide oxygen that
humans need to live.
• Trees offer shelter to other plants and animals.
• And many rely on other creatures as sources of food or
nutrients
9. • Often, especiallywith microbes, one organism livesinside another —the
host.
• Microbial symbiosisoccursbetween two microbes.Microbes, however,form
associationswith other types of organisms, including plants andanimals.
• Bacteria havealong history of symbiotic relationships, andhave evolved in
conjunction with their hosts.Other microbes,suchas fungi and protists, alsoform
symbiotic relationships with other organisms.
• HOST-usually the LARGERmember
• SYMBIONT- usually the SMALLERmember
10. MUTUALISM:-In this type of relationship, both partners benefit
E.coli synthesizes vitamin Kin theintestine
in exchangethe large intestine provides nutrientsnecessary for
survival of the microorganisms.
Example;
E.Coli
COMMENSALISM:-one organism is benefited and the otheris
unaffected by this type ofrelationship.
They bring no benefit to the host and yet the microorganisms
benefit greatly from the environment they inhabit.
Example;
Staphylococcus on skin
11. • One organism benefits at the expense of the other all
pathogens are parasites.
• EXAMPLE:-
• Human parasites (e.g. Lice).
• BACTERIAL SYMBIOSIS
• Bacteria form symbiotic relationships with many organisms,
including humans.
• One example is the bacteria that live inside the human
digestive system.
• These microbes break down food and produce vitamins that
humans need. In return, the bacteria benefit from the stable
environment inside the intestines.
12. • Fungiand plants form mutually-beneficial relationshipscalled mycorrhizal
associations.
• Thefungi increasethe absorption of water and nutrients by the plants, and
benefit from the compounds produced by the plants duringphotosynthesis.
• Thefungus alsoprotects the roots from diseases.Somefungi form extensive
networks beneath the ground, and havebeen known to transport nutrients
between plants and trees in different locations.
13. • In this mutually-beneficial relationship, the fungus forms the body of the
lichen —the thallus. Thisstructure attaches to the surfaceof arock ortree.
• The fungal cells absorb water and nutrients from the surrounding
environment. Algal cells grow inside the cells of the fungus. The algal cells
convert sunlight to chemicalenergy through photosynthesis.
• This process benefits the fungus. In return, the algal cells are protected from
theenvironment.
14.
15. Biogeochemical Cycles or Nutrient cycles:
Is how elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are
passed from one organism to another and from one part of the
biosphere to another.
Types of Biogeochemical Cycle:
• Atmospheric- carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle
• Sedimentary - phosphorus cycle and Sulphur cycle
16. • Matter canneither be created ordestroyed.
• Aconstant amount of matter in the environment must
be recycled.
• Microbes are essential in the conversion ofnutrients
into organic and usable formats.
• Microbes are essential in the conversion of nutrients into
the inorganic form.
17.
18. Carbon is akey ingredient of living tissue.
In the atmosphere, carbon is present ascarbon dioxidegas,
CO2.
Carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphereby
volcanic activity
respiration
Human activities
the Plants take in carbon dioxide and usethe carbon tobuild
carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
The carbohydrates are passed along food webs to animals
and other consumers.
In the ocean, carbon is alsofound, along with calciumand
oxygen, in calcium carbonate, which is formed by manymarine
organism decomposition of organicmatter.
19.
20. Microbes decompose proteins form dead cells andrelease
amino acids.
Ammonia is liberated by microbial ammonification ofamino
acids.
Ammonia is oxidized to produce nitrates forenergy by
nitrifying bacteria.
Denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrogen in nitrates tomolecular
nitrogen.
N2 is converted into ammonia by nitrogen fixing bacteria
Ammonium and nitrate are used by bacteria and plantsto
synthesize amino acids.
21.
22. Plants and certain microbes can useSO42-to makeamino
acids.
H2Sis oxidized to form SO42-.
25. Inorganic phosphorus is solubilized by microbialacids.
Made available to plants and othermicrobes
Issoluble in water
Combines with calcium in calcium phosphate.
26.
27. • Primary producers in most ecosystemsare
photoautotroph's.
• Primary producers in deep oceanandendolithic
communities are chemoautotrophic bacteria.
H2S SO4
2– Providesenergyfor bacteria which maybeusedto fixCO2
CO2 Sugars Providescarbonfor cellgrowthCalvinCycle
28. Algae, cyanobacteria, aerobic heterotrophs
–CO2+H2O CH2O +O2
H2Ois asource of electrons
–CH2O +O2 CO2 +H2O
Aerobic respiration
30. Tremendous ecological importance in the C,Oand Ncycles.
Evolutionary relationship to plants.
Cyanobacteria have chlorophyll a, carotenoids andphycobilins
.
31. Cyanobacteria are very similar to the chloroplasts of red algae
(Rhodophyta).
Severalspecies of cyanobacteria are symbionts of liverworts,
ferns, cycads,flagellated protozoa, andalgae.
Example:
There is also an exampleof
acyanobacterium as
endosymbionts of plant cells.
32.
33. Intensification of agriculture and manufacturing industries has
resulted in increased release of a wide range of xenobiotic
compounds to the environment.
Excess loading of hazardous
waste has led to scarcity of clean water and disturbances of soil thus
limiting crop production.
Environment is formed by the combination of air , soil, water in the
oceans, lakes etc.
Trees play an important role in the environment.
They may pollute or clean the environment.
34. In bioremediation, microorganisms are used to destroyor
immobilize wastematerials.
Bacteria
Fungi
Algae
Actinomycetes
(filamentous bacteria)
35. Useof living organisms (e.g., bacteria) to clean up oil spills
or remove other pollutants fromsoil, water, and waste
water.“
Source:UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency,Officeof Compliance andAssurance
“clean-up of pollution from soil, groundwater, surface water and
air, using biological, usually microbiologicalprocesses”
Source:Philipetal.,2001
36. Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms or their
enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original
condition.
Microbes play its role by the activities of their enzymes, which helps in the
destruction of pollutants or their transformation to lessharmfulforms.
Microorganisms are very important in bioremediation because they have
extraordinary metabolicdiversity.
37. • Industrial wastes
• Loss of ecosystem/habitat
• Overfishing-depressed fish stock
• Soil erosion
• Fresh water supplies
• Infectious disease
38. 1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Toxic and heavy metal pollution
4. Solid and hazardous waste
39. Major environmental problem in cities
Sources
• Vehicle emissions
• Industrial plants
• Power stations
• Oil refinery
• Domestic heating
• Cement plants
40. Gives rise to 3 other phenomena
• Acid rain
• Ozone depletion
• Global warming climatic change
41. Ozone
• A bluish reactive gas made up of 3 oxygen atoms
• 10-40km above the earth surface
• Protects life on earth from UV light
Problems ??
• Appearance of holes
• Holes created by gases CFC, halons, methyl bromide
• Effects excess UV skin burns, skin cancer, cataracts,
42. GLOBAL WARMING
• World is warming
• Cause emission of CO2 and other greenhouse gas
• Consequence Temperature change 1.1oF (0.6oC) but the effects are
quite drastic
• Tree-eating wood beetles are likely to benefit from a warmer climate
and reproduce in ever-increasing numbers
43. 2. WATER POLLUTION
Sources
• Municipal detergents / washing powder high in phosphates
• Industrial toxic wastes and organic substances
• Agriculture fertilizers esp. nitrates
PESTICIDES
Problems with pesticides
• Only 0.1 reach targets the rest - 99 affects non-target organisms
widely dispersed in the environment
• 10 of 80,000 pesticides used are carcinogenic e.g. testicular cancer
• Highly toxic to aquatic life
44. AZODYES
• Synthetic colorants
• One of the oldest man-made chemicals
• Applications in textiles, food, cosmetics, plastics, leather, paper, color
photography, pharmaceutical industries
AZODYES - Problems
• Not easily degraded
• About 10 of dyestuff does not bind to fibres during dyeing process
• ? released into the environment accumulate in the biosphere
• Some are carcinogenic
45. 3. TOXIC AND HEAVY METALS POLLUTION
What are heavy metals ???
• Metallic chemicals like mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, copper and zinc
that can be harmful pollutants when they enter soil and water generally toxic
in low concentrations to plants and animals persist in the environment and
bioaccumulate tend to be toxic
Heavy metal pollution
• From extensive use in agriculture, chemical and industrial processes and
waste disposal
• Electronic wastes TV and computer monitors contain between 3-5 kg of
lead
46. • Threat to human health and limit plant productivity heavy metal
poisoning
47. BIOREMEDIATION
How to remediate restore polluted environment?
• Use physical and chemical methods e.g.
• dig up contaminated soils remove it to landfills
• capping and containment
• use chemicals
49. BIOREMEDIATION
• Why bacteria ?
• most common bioremediation microorganisms
• Natures recyclers e.g. Carbon, Nitrogen cycle
• Can degrade a variety of compounds as a result of million of years of
evolution
• With genetic engineering, can be tailored to degrade pollutants that we
want
50. BIOREMEDIATION
• How do bacteria degrade pollutants ???
• produce enzymes
• break up toxic compounds to lesser or non-toxic
compounds
52. Phytoremediation describesthe treatment ofenvironmental
problemsthrough the useof plants that mitigate the
environmentalproblemwithout the needto excavatethe
contaminantmaterial anddisposeof itelsewhere.
53. Rhizoremediation, which is the most evolved process of
bioremediation, involves the removal of specific contaminants
from contaminated sites by mutual interaction of plant roots and
suitable microbialflora.
54. Microorganisms usetheir enzymatic activity for thedestruction
of pollutants or their transformation to less harmful forms.
Their enzymatic action on the contaminants of environment,
break them into digestible form and there microbes get energy
by performing normalmetabolism.
Here augmentation alsoinvolves.
55. Contaminant compounds are transformed by living organisms
through reactions that take place as a part of their metabolic
processes.
Biodegradation of a compound is often a result of the actions
of multiple organisms. When microorganisms are imported to a
contaminated site to enhance degradation we have a process
known asbioaugmentation.
56. • Microbes can convert many chemicals into harmless compounds
usingcleanupreaction.
• Aerobic or anaerobically.
• Both involve oxidation and reductionreactions.
• Oxidation involves the removal of one ormore electrons.
• Reduction involves the addition of one ormore electrons.
• Oxidizing agents gain electrons and reducing agents loseelectron.
• When both reaction occursat atime, it will be redox
• reaction.
57. Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Gasoline
Diesel Fuel
Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons
Creosote
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons
Chlorinated Aliphatics: trichloroethylene
Chlorinated Aromatics : PCB’s, Pentachlorophenol
Explosives
RDX, TNT
Inorganic via Reduction to a Lower Valence Causing
Precipitation
Uranium, Technicium
Sulfur and Sulfuric Acid
Ammonia or Nitrate/Nitrite
58. Primary substrate
enough available to be the sole energysource
Secondary substrate
provides energy, not available in highenough
concentration
Co metabolicsubstrate
fortuitous transformation of acompound by amicrobe
relying on some other primarysubstrate
59. EDTA
is achemical agent which reduces the toxicity produced by the
contaminants in the environment specially inwater.
ForExample,
if the toxicity results from heavy metals, EDTAwill be added to
the waste and the effluent will be tested again to determine if
the toxicity hasbeen acceptablyreduced.
60. On the basis of removal and transportation of wastes for
treatment there are basically twomethods
Ex-situ (off-site) strategies
Excavation/pumping, followed by…
Landfill
Incineration
Chemical removal
In-situ (on-site) strategies
Immobilization (chemicals, wells, membranes)
61. • Canbe highly specific
• Lessexpensivethan excavation or incineration processes
• If mineralization occursget complete degradation and cleanup
• Does not transfer contaminants from one environment to another
• Usesanatural process
• Goodpublic acceptance
• Processis simple
62. • Not instantaneous.
• Often need to develop a system.
• Always need to test and optimize conditions empirically – not with
computer models.
• May have inhibitors present.
• Compounds may not be in a biodegradable form – polymers, plastics.
63. • We should clean the environment including land ,soil, water etc. by using
biological methods in which bioremediation is very suitable.
• In bioremediation, microbes play important role by their enzymatic activity.
• They do normal metabolism and destroy the pollutants.
• We can purify the wastewater, polluted soil, do better crop production,
better variety of fruits.
• In this way it is economically important method.
64. Bioremediation is an attractive alternative to traditional physico-chemical
techniques for remediation of contaminated sites
• Cost effective
• Selectively degrade pollutants without damaging site indigenous flora
and fauna
• Low-technology techniques
• High public acceptance
65. BUT STILL FRAUGHT WITH PROBLEMS
• Substrate and environmental variability
• Limited biodegradative potential and variability of naturally occurring
microorganisms
• HOWEVER may be overcome by biomolecular engineering enhance
bioremediation programs