hygiene and epidermology

1. TOPIC 3:-
EPIDEMIC.
PANDEMIC.
MODELS OF
VIRUS SPREAD
SPANISH INFLUENZA, EBOLA,
SARS-COV-2, ZIKA, ROTAVIRUS.
INFLUENZA, OTHER EXAMPLES
REJOICE
GUVAKUVA
AND
INOBUBELE
ROSE
CHISANGO

2. INTRODUCTION
• A Pandemic is a global disease outbreak
• A pandemic can also be defined as an epidemic of an infectious disease
that has spread across a large region, for example worldwide or
multiple continents. For example COVID-19
• An outbreak is a sudden rise in the number of cases of a disease.
• An epidemic is when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many
people.
Difference between Pandemic and epidemics
• Pandemics affect a larger geographical area, often worldwide
• Pandemics infect a greater number of population than an epidemic.
• Pandemics are often caused by a new virus or stain of virus that has
not circulated among people for a long time.
• Pandemics causes much higher numbers of death than epidemic
• Often create social disruption, economic loss and general hardships.
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3. HISTORY OF PANDEMICS
• Throughout human history there have been a number of pandemics
of diseases , example is small pox.
• The most fatal pandemic recorded was the Black death ( Bubonic
plague ) which killed an estimated number of 75-200 million people
in the 14th century’
• In the early days the people thought pandemics were due to the
wrath of the Gods. People believed that spirits and Gods inflicted
disease and destruction upon those who deserved their wrath.
• Widespread trade created new opportunities for human and animal
interactions that sped up the spread of epidemics such as Malaria,
tuberculosis, leprosy, influenza, small pox.
• Despite all the persistence of disease and pandemics throughout
history, there is one consistent trend that is gradual reduction in the
death rate
• Healthcare improvements and understanding the factors that
incubate the pandemics

5. Small pox
Black death

6. SPANISH INFLUENZA
Spanish influenza was a viral infection caused by an H1N1 influenza virus.
• It affected over one third of the population and killed an estimated 50-
100 million people
• The Spanish flue began in 1918 towards the end of world war 1.
• It was assumed to have originated from US and France
WAVES OF SPANISH INFLUENZA OUTBREAK
First wave, spring 1918, was detected in March 1918 in Fort Riley, Kanas
Second wave , fall 1918, and infections began to skyrocket in August and
September that year.
The third wave , winter 1918, began in October 1918 and continued
through the spring of 1919

7. SYMPTOMS OF SPANISH INFLUENZA
 Weakness
 Headache
 Joint pain
 Dry cough
 High fever
 Blue skin and lips, eventually turning purple
 Low heart rate
 Haemorrhagic fever
 Pneumonia
PREVENTION
 All public places were shut
 People who were sick were identified and quarantined
 Schools were closed
 Public gatherings were not allowed
 People were educated aboutcoughing and sneezing etiquete

8.  The use of facemasks was mandatory.
 Long church sermons were halted
 Overcrowding was not allowed
 Funerals were prohibited

9. COVID 19
• Coronaviruses are a family of viruses that cause illness such as
common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome.
• The virus is known as severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2( SARS-Cov-2).
• The disease it causes is called coronavirus diease 2019
• COVID-19 was declared a pandemic in March 2020
SYMPTOMS
• Symptoms of COVID-19 may appear 2-14 days after exposure
• Common signs and symptoms include:
• Fever
• Cough
• Tiredness
• Early symptoms may include loss of taste or smell
• Other symptoms may include
• Shortness of breath
• Muscle aches
• Sore throat
• Chills

10. • Runny nose
• Headache
• Chest pain
 People who are older have high risk of serious illness from COVID-19
 Also people with existing health conditions may have higher risk of
illness
 Certain medical conditions include
 Heart disease
 Cancer
 Diabetes
 Smoking
 High blood pressure
 Sickle cell disease
 Pregnancy
 asthma
• Severe symptoms include
• Trouble breathing
• Persistent chest pains
• Inability to stay awake

11. SPREAD OF COVID-19
• Spreads easily from person to person by respiratory droplets released
when someone with virus talks, sneezes, coughs.
• Sometimes spread when a person is exposed to very small droplets that
stay in the air for several minutes
• Can also be spread by touching surfaces with droplets and touching your
nose and face
PREVENTION
• Getting vaccinated against COVID-19
• Quarantine
• Social distancing
• Avoiding gatherings and crowding
• Wearing face masks
• Avoid touching face and nose

12. EBOLA
• Formally known as Ebola haemorrhage fever
• The virus is spread to people from wild animals
• It is thought that fruit bats are natural Ebola virus hosts
• Ebola is introduced to human population through close contact with
blood and secretions or other body fluids of infected fruit bats and
other hosts
• Ebola causes cute illness which is often fatal if untreated.
SYMPTOMS
 Fever
 Fatigue
 Muscle pain
 Headache
 Sore throat
 Vomiting
 rash

13. TREATMENT
• Supportive care
• Rehydration with oral and intravenous fluids
• Treatment of specific symptoms
• Providing fluids and electrolytes (body salts) orally through infusion
into the vein (intravenously)
• There is no cure for Ebola though researchers are working on it.

15. V.
ZIKA VIRUS .
ROTA VIRUS HUMAN
SMALL POX
15
MEET THE VIRUSES
MONKEY POX
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17. THE ZIKA
VIRUS(ZIKV)
ZIKV is a mosquito-borne
flavivirus. The virus spreads
primarily through the bite of
infected Aedes aegypti
mosquitoes, and can also be
transmitted through sexual
intercourse, and during
pregnancy, from a mother to her
fetus
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18. Northern Brazil saw
the greatest ZIKV
outbreak in history
in May 2015, which
has pandemic
proportions.
Almost 1.62 million
people are thought
to be sick in more
than 70 nations
worldwide, with
ZIKV incidence
peaking in the
Pacific, American,
and coasts of West
African regions.
The ZIKV virus
expanded
wildly and, as
of July 21,
2016, there
were active
ZIKV
transmissions
documented in
60 countries
and territories.
The global spread of Zika
virus (ZIKV) infection caused
panic, particularly in Latin
American and Caribbean
countries, with approximately
440 000-1300 000 cases in
Brazil during the 2016
outbreak.
EPIDERMOLOGY
S.
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19. 19
No vaccine is currently available.
Since 2018, no local mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission has been
reported in the continental United States.

21. ZIKA VIRUS –
OUTBREAK 2015-
2016
In March 2015, Brazil reported a large outbreak of rash
illness, soon identified as Zika virus infection and, in
July 2015, found to be associated with Guillain-Barré
syndrome.
In 2016, WHO declared that the recent association of
Zika infection with clusters of microcephaly and other
neurological disorders constituted a Public Health
Emergency of International Concern. To date, a total of
86 countries and territories have reported evidence of
mosquito-transmitted Zika infection.
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WHO is supporting countries to control Zika virus disease by taking actions
outlined in the Zika Strategic Response Framework.
No vaccine is yet available for the prevention or treatment of Zika virus
infection. Development of a Zika vaccine remains an active area of research.

23. VIRUS
Reovirus (RNA)
VP7 and VP4 proteins define virus
serotype and induce neutralizing antibody
G1 and G12 strains account for most
infections
Very stable and may remainviable for
weeks or months if not disinfected
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24. ROTA VIRUS
First identified as cause of diarrhea in 1973
Most common cause of severe gastroenteritis
in infants and children
Nearly universal infection
by age 5 years
Responsible for up to 500,000 diarrheal
deaths each year worldwide (Before vaccines)
TRANSMISSION
Entry through mouth
Replication in epithelium of
small intestine
In severe infections – rotavirus
antigen detectable in serum
Infection leads to isotonic
diarrhea
Rotavirus
Complications
Severe diarrhea
Dehydration
Electrolyte imbalance
Metabolic acidosis
Children who are immunocompromised
may have more severe orpersistent
disease
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25. Rotavirus
Epidemiology
Reservoir:-Human-GI tract
and stool
Transmission:-Fecal-oral,
person-to-person and fomites
Temporal pattern:-Fall and
winter (temperate areas)
Communicability:- 2 days
before onset of diarrhea
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26. Rotavirus Secular Trends in
the United States Prevaccine
era:
 Estimated 2.7 million cases
per year
 95% of children infected by
5 years of age
Following the introduction of
rotavirus vaccine:
 Annually averted:
 280,000 clinic visits
 62,000 emergency
department visits
 45,000 hospitalizations

27. 27
Figure 2 Rotavirus-associated mortality in children <5 years of age in 2013
Figure reproduced with permission from the World Health Organization. Rotavirus mortality rate in children younger than 5 years, 2013.
http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/ estimates/rotavirus/rotavirus_deaths_map_b.jpg?ua=1 (2017)

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HUMAN SMALL
POX
conSmallpox is an acute tagious
disease
caused by the variola virus
Smallpox can be spread by humans
only. Scientists have no evidence
that smallpox can be spread by
insects or animals.
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Mostly spread through direct and prolonged face-to-face contact.
Mouth and throat ulcers of smallpox developed, becaming infectious
(early rash stage).
Coughed, sneezed, or droplets from infected person’s mouths or
noses touch others, they propagated the virus. They were infectious
up until the last scab of their smallpox came off.
Smallpox can be prevented by smallpox vaccines, also called vaccinia
virus vaccines
Currently, smallpox vaccines are not available to the general public
because smallpox has been eradicated, and the virus no longer exists in
nature.
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31. EPIDERMIC AREAS
OF SMALLPOX
The smallpox pandemic stretched over hundreds of years. Experts estimate that it
killed as many as 300 million people in the 20th century alone. Thanks to
widespread vaccine use, it was declared eradicated in 1980.
Smallpox's global spread is attributed by historians to the expansion of
civilizations and exploration. During the years, expanding trade routes also
contributed to the disease's spread.
In 1959, the World Health Organization (WHO) started a plan to rid the world of
smallpox.
Despite the WHO best efforts, smallpox was still widespread in 1966, causing
regular outbreaks across South America, Africa, and Asia.
smallpox was never widespread in Australia
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Monkeypox is a viral zoonosis (a virus transmitted to humans from animals) with
symptoms similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients, although it is
clinically less severe.
By coming into intimate contact with lesions, bodily fluids, respiratory droplets,
and contaminated objects like bedding, the monkeypox virus can spread from
one person to another. Monkeypox typically takes 6 to 13 days to incubate, but
it can take up to 21 days.
MONKEYPOX
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34. Description of the outbreak
•The majority of laboratory confirmed cases (2933/3413;
86%) were reported from the WHO European Region.
Other regions reporting cases include:
•the African Region (73/3413, 2%),
•Region of the Americas (381/3413, 11%),
•Eastern Mediterranean Region (15/3413, <1%) and Western
Pacific Region (11/3413, <1%).
•One death was reported in Nigeria in the second quarter of
2022.
MONKEY
POX
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35. While epidemiological
investigations are ongoing, most
reported cases in the recent
outbreak have presented through
sexual health or other health
services in primary or secondary
health care facilities, with a
history of travel primarily to
countries in Europe, and North
America or other countries rather
than to countries where the virus
was not historically known to be
present, and increasingly, recent
travel locally or no travel at all. 35
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37. FIGURE 1: CONFIRMED CASES OF
MONKEYPOX BY WHO REGION FROM
JANUARY 2022 TO 15 JUNE 2022, DATA
AS OF 15 JUNE 2022 17:00 CEST
37
Figure 1: Confirmed cases of monkeypox by WHO
region from January 2022 to 15 June 2022, data as of
15 June 2022 17:00 CEST
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39. EPIDERMIC PRONE DISESASES
INCLUDE ,
Avian influenza, Cholera, Ebola, Plague, Yellow
fever, Meningitis, MERS, Influenza, Zika, Rift Valley
Fever, Lassa fever, Leptospirosis, etc.
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40. QUESTIONS…..
40
1. What is the Zima virus incubation period?
2. Ways to prevent Zika virus.
3. Is there a vaccine for Zika .
4. How is small pox transmitted .
5. Rotavirus incubation period.
6. Small pox is caused by which virus .
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41. CONTRIBUTIO
N:-
REJOICE; INRODUCTION
,SPANISH INFLUENZA
,EBOLA AND COVID 19
INOBUBELE ROSE;- ZIKA
VIRUS, SMALLPOX
,MONKEY POX, ROTA VIRUS
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