This document provides an overview of infectious diseases and pathogens. It begins by outlining the categories of infectious agents including prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, helminths, and ectoparasites. It then discusses the different mechanisms pathogens use to infect hosts, including evading host barriers and immune responses. Specific examples are provided of how viruses, bacteria, and the host immune response can cause tissue injury and disease. The document concludes by discussing transmission routes and dissemination of various microbes.
This document discusses host-parasite relationships and the entry of microorganisms into hosts. It defines key terms like host, parasite, pathogen, and explores different types of symbiotic relationships like commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Normal flora that benefit hosts are present in various sites like the skin, mouth, respiratory and intestinal tracts. Microorganisms can enter through these areas, especially if barriers are disrupted. Entry is also possible directly through uptake or antigen sampling in mucous membranes.
This document discusses host-parasite relationships and how microorganisms enter the host. It defines key terms like host, parasite, pathogen, and virulence. It explains the different types of symbiotic relationships between organisms. The normal flora of different body sites is described, as well as the various entry points for microbes, including the skin/mucous membranes, mouth, respiratory tract, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Different host defenses at each entry point help limit microbial invasion but infections can occur if pathogens can overcome these defenses.
This document discusses various types of symbiotic relationships between organisms, including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. It provides examples of each type of relationship. It also discusses the definitions and characteristics of hosts, parasites, normal flora, pathogens, toxins, and infections. The key types of symbiosis are defined as commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism benefits one organism without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both organisms, while parasitism benefits the parasite at the expense of the host.
The document summarizes key information about eukaryotes including fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. It describes their structures, life cycles, and importance as pathogens. Fungi decompose organic matter and include molds, yeasts, and lichens. Algae include seaweeds, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes including parasites like Plasmodium and Giardia. Helminths are parasitic worms including tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. Many have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
The document summarizes microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses key terms like pathogens, virulence, and virulence factors. It explains the steps microbes take to cause disease, including entering through portals of entry, adhering to host cells, and penetrating host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and toxins. It describes different types of toxins produced by pathogens, like exotoxins and endotoxins, and how they damage host cells and tissues to cause disease symptoms.
The document discusses various types of relationships between microorganisms such as mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. It also defines key microbiology terms like infection, disease, pathogenicity, and virulence. Finally, it describes the different microorganisms that normally reside on or inside the human body as well as those that can be present transiently.
Host-parasite relationship is determined by the interaction between host factors and the infecting microorganisms. outcome of any microbial infection depends on the interaction between the host and the parasite.
This document summarizes the normal microbial flora that inhabit the human body. It describes the different bacteria found in various parts of the body like the skin, oral cavity, intestines, urogenital tract. The document also discusses the benefits these normal flora provide, as well as potential issues like opportunistic infections when the normal flora is disrupted due to factors like antibiotic abuse, immune suppression, surgery or radiation. It introduces concepts like microeubiosis, microdysbiosis, and nosocomial infections.
This document discusses host-parasite relationships and the entry of microorganisms into hosts. It defines key terms like host, parasite, pathogen, and explores different types of symbiotic relationships like commensalism, parasitism, and mutualism. Normal flora that benefit hosts are present in various sites like the skin, mouth, respiratory and intestinal tracts. Microorganisms can enter through these areas, especially if barriers are disrupted. Entry is also possible directly through uptake or antigen sampling in mucous membranes.
This document discusses host-parasite relationships and how microorganisms enter the host. It defines key terms like host, parasite, pathogen, and virulence. It explains the different types of symbiotic relationships between organisms. The normal flora of different body sites is described, as well as the various entry points for microbes, including the skin/mucous membranes, mouth, respiratory tract, intestinal tract, and genitourinary tract. Different host defenses at each entry point help limit microbial invasion but infections can occur if pathogens can overcome these defenses.
This document discusses various types of symbiotic relationships between organisms, including parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. It provides examples of each type of relationship. It also discusses the definitions and characteristics of hosts, parasites, normal flora, pathogens, toxins, and infections. The key types of symbiosis are defined as commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism. Commensalism benefits one organism without affecting the other. Mutualism benefits both organisms, while parasitism benefits the parasite at the expense of the host.
The document summarizes key information about eukaryotes including fungi, algae, protozoa, and helminths. It describes their structures, life cycles, and importance as pathogens. Fungi decompose organic matter and include molds, yeasts, and lichens. Algae include seaweeds, diatoms, and dinoflagellates. Protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes including parasites like Plasmodium and Giardia. Helminths are parasitic worms including tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms. Many have complex life cycles involving multiple hosts.
The document summarizes microbial mechanisms of pathogenicity. It discusses key terms like pathogens, virulence, and virulence factors. It explains the steps microbes take to cause disease, including entering through portals of entry, adhering to host cells, and penetrating host defenses using mechanisms like capsules, enzymes, and toxins. It describes different types of toxins produced by pathogens, like exotoxins and endotoxins, and how they damage host cells and tissues to cause disease symptoms.
The document discusses various types of relationships between microorganisms such as mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. It also defines key microbiology terms like infection, disease, pathogenicity, and virulence. Finally, it describes the different microorganisms that normally reside on or inside the human body as well as those that can be present transiently.
Host-parasite relationship is determined by the interaction between host factors and the infecting microorganisms. outcome of any microbial infection depends on the interaction between the host and the parasite.
This document summarizes the normal microbial flora that inhabit the human body. It describes the different bacteria found in various parts of the body like the skin, oral cavity, intestines, urogenital tract. The document also discusses the benefits these normal flora provide, as well as potential issues like opportunistic infections when the normal flora is disrupted due to factors like antibiotic abuse, immune suppression, surgery or radiation. It introduces concepts like microeubiosis, microdysbiosis, and nosocomial infections.
The document defines various terminologies related to microbial pathogenicity and infection. It discusses terms like saprophytes, parasites, commensals, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, infection, colonization, infestation, and more. It also classifies infections based on factors like source, clinical manifestation, epidemiological patterns, and more. Finally, it covers various mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity like adhesion, invasiveness, toxins, inhibition of phagocytosis, and more.
Microbial pathogens can cause disease through several mechanisms:
1. They gain entry into the host through portals of entry like mucous membranes or skin and adhere using adhesins.
2. To overcome host defenses, they avoid phagocytosis using capsules or enzymes and penetrate host cells.
3. Pathogens can directly damage host cells by using their nutrients or producing waste, or cause damage remotely by producing toxins that spread through the bloodstream.
Normal flora are microorganisms that reside harmlessly in various areas of the human body. The document discusses the normal flora found in different body sites like skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Key organisms that commonly constitute normal flora include Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes on the skin, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species in the gastrointestinal tract, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina. Normal flora play important roles like protecting the host from pathogens and aiding nutrient absorption.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
This document provides an overview of microbe-human interactions related to infection and disease. It discusses normal microflora that inhabit the human body without causing harm, as well as factors that influence the progress of infection, including pathogenicity, portals of entry, modes of transmission, the infection process, and portals of exit. Maintaining proper hygiene is emphasized as an important way to prevent the spread of disease.
The document discusses the microflora of the human body, including bacteria that form symbiotic relationships in the digestive system. It notes that microorganisms are present on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract and form the normal microflora that prevents pathogenic bacteria. The human flora includes bacteria, fungi and archaea that inhabit the body, some of which are useful while most have no known effect. The composition of the normal flora depends on factors like genetics, age and nutrition.
This document discusses pathogenicity and virulence of microbes. It defines key terms like pathogenicity, infectiousness, infection, disease, and discusses the relationship between microbes and their hosts. It describes different types of pathogens like primary/obligate and opportunistic pathogens. It also discusses factors that determine pathogenicity like the microbial species, host species, and environment. It provides examples of opportunistic pathogens like E. coli and S. aureus. Finally, it defines virulence and describes how microbes can be attenuated to produce vaccines.
The document discusses host-pathogen interactions and plant parasitism. It begins by defining key terms like host-pathogen interaction and parasitism. It then describes how pathogens can infect hosts on a molecular and cellular level. It discusses the disease cycle, including inoculation, penetration, infection, and dissemination. It explains different types of pathogen interactions with hosts, including obligate and nonobligate parasites. It also discusses symbiotic relationships between some microbes and plants. In summary, the document provides an overview of host-pathogen interactions, the disease cycle, and different types of parasitic relationships between microbes and plants.
The document summarizes the microbiota that normally reside on and inside the human body. It describes how microbes colonize different body sites, such as the skin, nasal passages, mouth, lungs, gut, and urogenital tract. A healthy microbiome exists in balance and provides benefits like aiding digestion and competing against pathogenic bacteria. Disruptions to the normal microbiota, such as from antibiotics, can allow opportunistic pathogens to grow out of control and cause infection. Maintaining a diverse microbiome is important for health.
Microbial pathogens can cause disease through several mechanisms:
1. They produce toxins or enzymes like exotoxins and endotoxins that damage host cells or tissues. Common exotoxins include neurotoxins and enterotoxins.
2. They secrete adhesins and other factors like capsules that help them attach to and penetrate host defenses, making it easier for the pathogens to infect cells.
3. After entering through openings in mucus membranes or breaks in the skin, pathogens must overcome the host's immune responses and outcompete normal microbiota to cause illness. The ability of a microbe to do this is known as its pathogenicity and virulence.
Bacterial pathogenesis is a multi-step process involving the acquisition of virulence genes through bacterial conjugation, sensing environmental changes to regulate virulence genes, and damaging host tissues through various mechanisms. Key steps include sticking to host cells through adhesins, scavenging nutrients like iron, avoiding the immune system through stealth mechanisms, and spreading through host tissues and organs. Virulence is a spectrum, and linking a potential pathogen to disease can be difficult as most bacteria are normally non-pathogenic.
This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which microbes cause disease. It covers several key topics:
1) Pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease, while virulence refers to the extent of pathogenicity. Microbes enter the body through various portals of entry like mucous membranes or damaged skin.
2) Adhesins and other surface proteins help microbes adhere to and penetrate host cells. Enzymes and toxins also contribute to pathogenicity by disrupting host tissues or immune responses.
3) Exotoxins and endotoxins are two major types of toxins. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria that act as superantigens or membrane-disrupting agents. End
This document provides an overview of microbial pathogenesis presented by Walter Waswa. It defines key terms like pathogen, pathogenicity, virulence, and determinants of virulence. It also describes different types of infections such as acute vs. chronic and clinical vs. subclinical. Various infectious agent suffixes are explained. The stages of an infectious disease cycle are outlined including transmission, multiplication, dissemination, invasion, and evasion of host defenses. Mechanisms by which pathogens can evade host defenses and cause tissue damage are also summarized.
Normal Microflora of Human Body. Dysbacteriosis. Prophylaxis & TreatmentEneutron
This document discusses the normal microflora of the human body, including the microflora of the skin, mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and other areas. It describes the roles and composition of the microflora in different parts of the body and at different life stages. The document also discusses dysbacteriosis, which is an imbalance in the normal microflora, and its causes, prevention, and treatment. Finally, it discusses gnotobiology, the study of microbe-free organisms, and how it has provided insights into the role of normal microflora.
This document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and infection. It covers several key topics:
1) Normal flora are microorganisms that normally live in or on the human body without causing disease. Opportunistic pathogens are normal flora that can cause disease under certain conditions if the host's immunity is compromised.
2) Bacterial infection is determined by factors of both the bacterium and host. The number and virulence of bacteria as well as the host's innate and acquired immunity impact whether infection occurs.
3) Bacterial pathogenicity is influenced by virulence factors like toxins, invasiveness, and the portal of entry. Virulence refers to an organism's ability to cause disease and is determined by its inv
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
The document defines normal flora or normal microbiota as the population of microorganisms that inhabit healthy persons' skin and mucous membranes. These microbes include resident flora that regularly inhabit specific areas, and transient flora that are present for shorter periods. Normal flora provide benefits like aiding digestion and maturation of the immune system. They also act as a first line of defense by preventing pathogenic colonization through mechanisms like bacterial interference. While normal flora are generally harmless in their usual sites, they can cause disease if introduced to sterile sites or if numbers of resident flora are reduced by factors like antibiotics.
This document summarizes several viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. It describes measles, mumps, poliovirus, herpes viruses, hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, bacterial infections including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria, Bordetella, Clostridium, malaria and more. Key details are provided on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, virulence factors that help pathogens evade the immune system, and mechanisms of latent or chronic infections.
The document summarizes various respiratory drugs used to treat bronchial asthma. It discusses the pathophysiology of asthma and mechanisms of action of different classes of drugs including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, antimuscarinics; and anti-inflammatory agents like corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, nedocromil, leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. It provides details on specific drugs, their pharmacokinetics, interactions, and side effects within each class.
The document defines various terminologies related to microbial pathogenicity and infection. It discusses terms like saprophytes, parasites, commensals, pathogens, opportunistic pathogens, infection, colonization, infestation, and more. It also classifies infections based on factors like source, clinical manifestation, epidemiological patterns, and more. Finally, it covers various mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity like adhesion, invasiveness, toxins, inhibition of phagocytosis, and more.
Microbial pathogens can cause disease through several mechanisms:
1. They gain entry into the host through portals of entry like mucous membranes or skin and adhere using adhesins.
2. To overcome host defenses, they avoid phagocytosis using capsules or enzymes and penetrate host cells.
3. Pathogens can directly damage host cells by using their nutrients or producing waste, or cause damage remotely by producing toxins that spread through the bloodstream.
Normal flora are microorganisms that reside harmlessly in various areas of the human body. The document discusses the normal flora found in different body sites like skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital tract. Key organisms that commonly constitute normal flora include Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes on the skin, Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans in the mouth, Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species in the gastrointestinal tract, and Lactobacillus acidophilus in the vagina. Normal flora play important roles like protecting the host from pathogens and aiding nutrient absorption.
The document discusses the normal microbial flora that inhabit healthy humans. It is divided into resident and transient flora. The resident flora consists of microorganisms regularly found in a given area, while the transient flora inhabits areas temporarily. The four major phyla that make up most of the human microbiota are Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The normal flora varies across body sites like skin, mouth, respiratory and GI tracts. Maintaining the balance of the normal flora is important for health.
In a healthy animal, the internal tissues, e.g. blood, brain, muscle, etc., are normally free of microorganisms. However, the surface tissues, i.e., skin and mucous membranes, are constantly in contact with environmental organisms and become readily colonized by various microbial species. The mixture of organisms regularly found at any anatomical site is referred to as the normal flora.
This document provides an overview of microbe-human interactions related to infection and disease. It discusses normal microflora that inhabit the human body without causing harm, as well as factors that influence the progress of infection, including pathogenicity, portals of entry, modes of transmission, the infection process, and portals of exit. Maintaining proper hygiene is emphasized as an important way to prevent the spread of disease.
The document discusses the microflora of the human body, including bacteria that form symbiotic relationships in the digestive system. It notes that microorganisms are present on the skin, in the mouth, respiratory tract and form the normal microflora that prevents pathogenic bacteria. The human flora includes bacteria, fungi and archaea that inhabit the body, some of which are useful while most have no known effect. The composition of the normal flora depends on factors like genetics, age and nutrition.
This document discusses pathogenicity and virulence of microbes. It defines key terms like pathogenicity, infectiousness, infection, disease, and discusses the relationship between microbes and their hosts. It describes different types of pathogens like primary/obligate and opportunistic pathogens. It also discusses factors that determine pathogenicity like the microbial species, host species, and environment. It provides examples of opportunistic pathogens like E. coli and S. aureus. Finally, it defines virulence and describes how microbes can be attenuated to produce vaccines.
The document discusses host-pathogen interactions and plant parasitism. It begins by defining key terms like host-pathogen interaction and parasitism. It then describes how pathogens can infect hosts on a molecular and cellular level. It discusses the disease cycle, including inoculation, penetration, infection, and dissemination. It explains different types of pathogen interactions with hosts, including obligate and nonobligate parasites. It also discusses symbiotic relationships between some microbes and plants. In summary, the document provides an overview of host-pathogen interactions, the disease cycle, and different types of parasitic relationships between microbes and plants.
The document summarizes the microbiota that normally reside on and inside the human body. It describes how microbes colonize different body sites, such as the skin, nasal passages, mouth, lungs, gut, and urogenital tract. A healthy microbiome exists in balance and provides benefits like aiding digestion and competing against pathogenic bacteria. Disruptions to the normal microbiota, such as from antibiotics, can allow opportunistic pathogens to grow out of control and cause infection. Maintaining a diverse microbiome is important for health.
Microbial pathogens can cause disease through several mechanisms:
1. They produce toxins or enzymes like exotoxins and endotoxins that damage host cells or tissues. Common exotoxins include neurotoxins and enterotoxins.
2. They secrete adhesins and other factors like capsules that help them attach to and penetrate host defenses, making it easier for the pathogens to infect cells.
3. After entering through openings in mucus membranes or breaks in the skin, pathogens must overcome the host's immune responses and outcompete normal microbiota to cause illness. The ability of a microbe to do this is known as its pathogenicity and virulence.
Bacterial pathogenesis is a multi-step process involving the acquisition of virulence genes through bacterial conjugation, sensing environmental changes to regulate virulence genes, and damaging host tissues through various mechanisms. Key steps include sticking to host cells through adhesins, scavenging nutrients like iron, avoiding the immune system through stealth mechanisms, and spreading through host tissues and organs. Virulence is a spectrum, and linking a potential pathogen to disease can be difficult as most bacteria are normally non-pathogenic.
This chapter discusses the mechanisms by which microbes cause disease. It covers several key topics:
1) Pathogenicity is the ability to cause disease, while virulence refers to the extent of pathogenicity. Microbes enter the body through various portals of entry like mucous membranes or damaged skin.
2) Adhesins and other surface proteins help microbes adhere to and penetrate host cells. Enzymes and toxins also contribute to pathogenicity by disrupting host tissues or immune responses.
3) Exotoxins and endotoxins are two major types of toxins. Exotoxins are proteins secreted by bacteria that act as superantigens or membrane-disrupting agents. End
This document provides an overview of microbial pathogenesis presented by Walter Waswa. It defines key terms like pathogen, pathogenicity, virulence, and determinants of virulence. It also describes different types of infections such as acute vs. chronic and clinical vs. subclinical. Various infectious agent suffixes are explained. The stages of an infectious disease cycle are outlined including transmission, multiplication, dissemination, invasion, and evasion of host defenses. Mechanisms by which pathogens can evade host defenses and cause tissue damage are also summarized.
Normal Microflora of Human Body. Dysbacteriosis. Prophylaxis & TreatmentEneutron
This document discusses the normal microflora of the human body, including the microflora of the skin, mouth, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, and other areas. It describes the roles and composition of the microflora in different parts of the body and at different life stages. The document also discusses dysbacteriosis, which is an imbalance in the normal microflora, and its causes, prevention, and treatment. Finally, it discusses gnotobiology, the study of microbe-free organisms, and how it has provided insights into the role of normal microflora.
This document discusses bacterial pathogenesis and infection. It covers several key topics:
1) Normal flora are microorganisms that normally live in or on the human body without causing disease. Opportunistic pathogens are normal flora that can cause disease under certain conditions if the host's immunity is compromised.
2) Bacterial infection is determined by factors of both the bacterium and host. The number and virulence of bacteria as well as the host's innate and acquired immunity impact whether infection occurs.
3) Bacterial pathogenicity is influenced by virulence factors like toxins, invasiveness, and the portal of entry. Virulence refers to an organism's ability to cause disease and is determined by its inv
The document discusses the normal microbial flora found on and within the human body of healthy individuals. It describes the various factors that influence the composition of the normal flora and defines resident and transient flora. It then provides details on the normal flora found at different anatomical sites of the body including skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. It lists examples of common bacterial species found at each site and discusses their roles and benefits in maintaining human health.
The document defines normal flora or normal microbiota as the population of microorganisms that inhabit healthy persons' skin and mucous membranes. These microbes include resident flora that regularly inhabit specific areas, and transient flora that are present for shorter periods. Normal flora provide benefits like aiding digestion and maturation of the immune system. They also act as a first line of defense by preventing pathogenic colonization through mechanisms like bacterial interference. While normal flora are generally harmless in their usual sites, they can cause disease if introduced to sterile sites or if numbers of resident flora are reduced by factors like antibiotics.
This document summarizes several viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. It describes measles, mumps, poliovirus, herpes viruses, hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, bacterial infections including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria, Bordetella, Clostridium, malaria and more. Key details are provided on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, virulence factors that help pathogens evade the immune system, and mechanisms of latent or chronic infections.
The document summarizes various respiratory drugs used to treat bronchial asthma. It discusses the pathophysiology of asthma and mechanisms of action of different classes of drugs including bronchodilators like beta-2 agonists, methylxanthines, antimuscarinics; and anti-inflammatory agents like corticosteroids, cromolyn sodium, nedocromil, leukotriene synthesis inhibitors, and leukotriene receptor antagonists. It provides details on specific drugs, their pharmacokinetics, interactions, and side effects within each class.
Mycobacteria are thin, nonmotile, nonspore forming rods that are obligate aerobes and slow growing. They have a cell wall with high lipid content and mycolic acid. Mycobacteria include M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and several non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and has several virulence factors that allow it to survive inside host cells. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting over 1/3 of the world's population. M. leprae causes leprosy (Hansen's disease), which has an incubation period of 5-7 years.
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It infects the lungs but can spread throughout the body. Key virulence factors that help it evade the immune system include lipoarabinomannan which inhibits macrophage activation and the NRAMP1 gene which regulates the availability of ions inside macrophages. Interferon-gamma stimulates macrophages to kill TB bacteria by forming phagolysosomes and producing nitric oxide. Granulomas wall off areas of infection.
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that mainly affects the lungs. It can spread through droplets in the air from coughing or sneezing. Symptoms include coughing, chest pain, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves sputum tests, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment involves a combination of antibiotics taken for 6-9 months. Preventive measures include BCG vaccination, isolation, and proper ventilation. Drug-resistant TB strains like MDR-TB and XDR-TB require longer and more toxic treatment regimens. HIV co-infection increases the risk of active TB disease.
Pelvic tuberculosis and infertility trivandrum 31.8.13Abha Majumdar
This document summarizes key information from a presentation on pelvic tuberculosis and infertility by Prof. Dr. Abha Majumdar. Some key points:
- Genital tuberculosis is usually secondary to pulmonary tuberculosis and spreads via the hematogenous or lymphatic routes. It commonly affects the fallopian tubes bilaterally.
- Tubal damage/blockage from tuberculosis infection increases the risk of ectopic pregnancy or infertility due to tubal blockage. Endometrial involvement can also lead to infertility.
- Ultrasound, HSG, laparoscopy and hysteroscopy can help detect signs suggestive of genital tuberculosis, but histopathology or direct visualization of the bacteria are most conf
This document provides an overview of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). It defines the different types of drug-resistant TB and discusses the epidemiology and mechanisms of drug resistance. It emphasizes the importance of proper diagnosis and treatment for managing drug-resistant TB. The key points are that improper or incomplete treatment can cause drug resistance to develop, MDR TB requires testing to identify resistance and an individualized treatment regimen using second-line drugs, and treatment must be closely monitored for at least 18-24 months.
OHH Unit 3 Biological and ergonomical hazards 1.pptABHINANDHKA1
Biological and ergonomical hazards in an occupation. ergonomics means rules of work. In this work is fit to the worker instead of fitting the worker to a job.
Biological agents are bacteria, Fungi, Prions and Virus etc. By implementing the hierarchy of control measures, it can be mitigated upto an optimal limit,
This document discusses categories of infectious agents including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes resident flora, opportunistic flora, and true pathogens. It discusses local vs systemic infections and extent of host involvement including sepsis, bacteremia, and toxemia. Factors influencing transmission are also summarized such as reservoirs, routes of transmission, and vectors. Characteristics of pathogens that favor environmental transmission and bacterial pathogenicity/virulence properties are outlined. Host factors in transmission and sensitive populations are also described.
Infection- microbiology and pathology in orofacial infectionPunam Nagargoje
INTRODUCTION
Oral and maxillofacial infections are commonly caused by teeth they are referred as odontogenic infections.
The etiological agents may be bacteria viruses or fungi.
The infection may spread directly from the tooth or secondary infections of cyst or tumours or infection of surgical wound or by contaminated needles.
Infection may be defined as invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, especially that causing local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response.
Aerobic bacteria
Gram positive cocci –
Streptococcus species
S.Milleri
S.sanguis
S.Salivarius
S.Mutans
Staphylococcus species
Gram negative cocci –
Neisseria spp.
- N. subflava
N. sicca
Gram positive rods-
Dipetheroids
Lactobacillus spp
Gram negative rods-
Moraxella catarrhalis
Actinobacilllus actinomycetemcomitans
Campylobacter spp.
Capnocytophaga spp.
Eikenella corodens
Helicobactor pylori
Anaerobic bacteria
Gram positive cocci –
Peptococcus species
Pepto Streptococcus species
Gram pasitive bacilli –
Actinomycosis spp
Eubacterium spp
Gram negative species-
veillonella spp.
Gram negative bacilli-
Bacteroids
Prevotella species
Porphyromonas species
Fusobacterium
There are three stages in progression of acute odontogenic infections
Stage I – Innoculation
Stage II – Cellulitis
Stage III – Abscess
Stage IV – Space infection
TYPES
Acute stage - 3 forms
1.Abscess
2.cellulitis
3.fulminating infection
FULMINATING INFECTIONS
Here the infection involves secondary spaces involving vital structures.
Chronic stage
C/c fistulous tract or sinus formation
Abscesses neglected for a long time may discharge intraorally or extra orally
Spread of oral infection
Routes of spread
Direct continuity through tissues
By lymphatics to the lymph nodes.From lymph nodes to tissues results in secondary areas of cellulitis or tissue space abscess.
By blood stream-local thrombophlebitis may spread via the veins entering the cranial cavity producing cavernous sinus thrombosis. It may cause septicemia.
Invasion of dental pulp by bacteria after
decay of a tooth
¯
Inflammation, edema & lack of collateral
blood supply
¯
Venous congestion or avascular necrosis
(pulpal tissue death)
¯
Reservoir of bacterial growth(anaerobic)
¯
Periodic egress of bacteria into surrounding
alveolar bone
Factors influencing spread
General factors
Host resistance
Virulance of micro organism
Combination of both
Local factors
Anatomic barriers-
Alveolar bone
Periosteum
IgA preven
This document discusses various concepts related to bacterial infection and virulence factors. It begins by defining key terms like infection, disease, signs and symptoms. It then describes the different types of hosts and modes of transmission of infectious agents. It discusses the concepts of reservoirs, carriers and zoonotic infections. The major sections cover the epidemiology of infections, modes of transmission including direct and indirect, and routes of entry of pathogens. The last section provides details on various bacterial virulence factors that enhance pathogenicity like adherence factors, invasion factors, toxins and mechanisms of biofilm formation.
The document discusses the pathogenesis of bacterial infection, including the steps involved from initial exposure and penetration of the pathogen, multiplication and spread within the host, evasion of host defenses, and damage caused to the host tissues. Key aspects covered are virulence factors that enable bacterial survival and disease progression, different mechanisms of tissue injury caused by exotoxins and endotoxins, and the immune response damage.
9 bio265 viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths instructor dr di bonaventuraShabab Ali
The document provides an introduction to viruses, fungi, protozoa, and helminths. It describes their basic structures and life cycles. Key points include: viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that infect a wide range of hosts; fungi include molds and yeasts, with Candida albicans being an opportunistic pathogen; protozoa include amoebas, plasmodium which causes malaria, and trypanosomes; helminths are multicellular parasites including flukes, tapeworms, and roundworms that have complex life cycles involving hosts.
This document discusses fungal infections of the oral cavity, specifically those caused by Candida species. It covers topics like the introduction, terminology, morphology and carriage vs infection of Candida. It also discusses the etiology and pathogenesis of Candidal infections, including factors like adherence, invasion, dimorphism and evasion of the host immune system. Predisposing factors to Candidal infections include local changes to the oral mucosa as well as systemic factors that compromise the host's defenses. The document outlines various clinical presentations of oral Candidal infections.
2nd term lecture,_,vib,_helico,tb,_spiro,rick[1]عادل الحربي
The document discusses various bacteria including Haemophilus influenzae, which causes diseases like pneumonia but is difficult to diagnose; it also covers Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the symptoms and treatment of tuberculosis; additionally, it summarizes different types of spirochetes, rickettsiae, and how they are transmitted and can cause diseases.
Herpes Viruses. General properties, Laboratory diagnostics.Eneutron
The document discusses herpesviruses, including their classification, properties, and laboratory diagnosis of associated human diseases. It describes the three subfamilies of herpesviruses - Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae - and provides examples such as herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. Methods for laboratory diagnosis of infections caused by these viruses are outlined, including virus isolation, serological techniques, and molecular methods. Rapid diagnosis may involve microscopy to detect intranuclear inclusion bodies. The document also covers epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prophylaxis of major her
Parasitic infections are caused by protozoa and helminth worms. They enter the body through ingestion, arthropod bites, or skin/mucous membrane penetration. Common human parasites include Plasmodium (malaria), Entamoeba histolytica (amoebiasis), Giardia lamblia (giardiasis), and various helminths such as tapeworms and roundworms. Symptoms vary depending on the infecting parasite but may include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and organ damage. Treatment involves antiprotozoal or anthelmintic medications.
INFECTION, Microbial pathogenicity
Important for MBBS and paramedical students to know about various sources , different types and modes of transmission of infection.
A Very important topic for all healthcare workers.
This document discusses oncogenic viruses and their role in cancer development. It begins with an introduction to viruses and cancer. Key points include that viruses can integrate into host cell DNA and express viral oncoproteins that alter cell growth pathways, leading to cellular transformation over multiple steps. Major oncogenic viruses discussed are human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B and C viruses, Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, and human T-cell leukemia virus. The mechanisms of oncogenesis include introducing new oncogenes, altering expression of cellular genes, and affecting DNA repair and genetic stability.
This document discusses factors of pathogenicity and virulence in microbes and their hosts. It covers three main factors: 1) Communicability or transmissibility, which depends on modes of transmission and infectious dose. 2) Invasiveness, which involves microbial adhesion and penetration factors to enter the host. 3) Toxicity, the ability to harm the host. Specific examples are given to illustrate concepts like adherence factors, penetration mechanisms, intracellular vs extracellular growth, and localized vs systemic infections. Recommended further reading materials on microbiology and infectious diseases are also provided.
This document discusses factors of pathogenicity and virulence in microbes and their hosts. It covers three main factors: 1) Communicability or transmissibility, which depends on modes of transmission and infectious dose. 2) Invasiveness, which involves microbial adhesion and penetration factors to enter the host. 3) Toxicity, the ability to harm the host. Specific examples are given to illustrate concepts like adherence factors, penetration mechanisms, intracellular vs extracellular growth, and localized vs systemic infections. Recommended further reading materials on microbiology and infectious diseases are also provided.
describes the etiopathogenesis , clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis and management and prophylaxis of all important viral lesions affecting the oral cavity
This document provides information about various staining techniques used in microbiology and pathology. Periodic acid-Schiff staining is used to demonstrate glycogen by oxidizing tissue sections with periodic acid to form aldehyde groups, which are then detected by Schiff reagent to produce a colored product. Mucicarmine staining can also aid in identifying Cryptococcus neoformans fungus due to its mucin capsule staining. Ziehl-Neelsen staining uses an acid-fast dye to identify acid-fast organisms like Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Viruses are very small infectious agents that can only replicate inside host cells. They contain genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. There are many types of viral infections that affect different body systems like the respiratory, gastrointestinal, liver, nervous and skin. Respiratory viruses commonly cause infections like influenza and COVID-19. Some viruses are also associated with certain cancers through their ability to insert their genetic material into host cells. Proper hygiene practices, vaccination and antiviral treatment can help prevent and treat viral infections.
Viruses infect all known species and can be classified in several ways, including by their genome, host range, and morphology. They require a living host cell to replicate and are made up of either DNA or RNA. The virus life cycle involves attachment to and entry into a host cell, uncoating of the viral genome, replication of the genome, assembly of new viral particles, and release of progeny virus. Viruses evolve through mutation and recombination, and new strains can emerge which infect new host species. The immune system provides protection against viruses through antibodies and T cells.
Viral infections can occur at the cellular, individual, and community levels. At the cellular level, viral infection may cause cytocidal effects, cellular proliferation, or steady state infection through various mechanisms of cellular injury. Inclusion bodies are virus-specific intracellular masses that can be seen in infected cells under microscopy. Viral infections may be classified as inapparent, apparent acute, subacute, or chronic, and some viruses like herpes can cause latent infections. Viruses enter the body through routes like respiratory, alimentary, skin, genital, conjunctival, or congenital transmission. The host mounts non-specific responses like age, hormones, malnutrition, fever, and interferons as well as specific humoral
Applied nutrition 3 rd presentation - diseases of liver, gall bladder, and ...MD Specialclass
The document provides detailed information about diseases of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. It discusses the anatomy and functions of the liver, signs and symptoms of various hepatitis types, cirrhosis, and hepatic coma. It also covers cholecystitis, including causes, clinical manifestations, and dietary management for related conditions.
This document discusses the dietary management of various gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhea, constipation, gastritis, and peptic ulcers. It describes the anatomy and functions of the digestive system. It defines different types of constipation and diarrhea and their causes. Dietary recommendations are provided for different GI conditions, focusing on fluid and fiber intake, meal patterns, and avoiding irritating foods. Medical treatments including drugs and H. pylori eradication therapies are also summarized.
The document discusses headaches, their prevalence, types, symptoms, evaluation, treatment and management. It notes that 90% of individuals experience at least one headache per year, with 40% experiencing severe headaches. It describes the most common primary headache types as migraine (16%), tension-type (69%) and cluster (0.1%). Secondary headaches are often caused by infection, injury or vascular issues. Evaluation of headaches involves considering quality, severity, location, duration and time course. Serious underlying causes may present with worst-ever headaches, new headaches in older patients, or symptoms like fever or neurological issues. Treatment involves identifying and avoiding triggers, managing symptoms, and using medications like triptans, NSAIDs or preventive drugs.
The document provides guidelines for diagnosing and managing different types and severities of acute brain attacks or strokes. It discusses classifying strokes as TIA, mild, moderate or severe based on symptoms. For TIA and mild strokes, the guidelines recommend emergent diagnostic tests like CT scan and treating conditions like high blood pressure. For moderate strokes, the priorities are supportive care, monitoring vitals, diagnostics like blood tests and CT scan. The guidelines provide recommendations for diagnosing the type of stroke and identifying underlying causes through further diagnostic testing.
This document provides an introduction to hematology and summarizes key topics including:
1. The components of blood and cellular elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
2. Principles of hematologic diagnosis including medical history, physical examination, and laboratory evaluations like complete blood count and peripheral blood smear.
3. Causes of anemia including hypoproliferative anemias like anemia of chronic disease and anemia of renal disease.
4. Aplastic anemia, its definition, epidemiology, etiology including acquired, inherited, and secondary causes.
The document discusses human excreta (feces and urine), sewage, and refuse disposal. It describes:
- Nutrients contained in human excreta and their importance as fertilizer.
- Public health risks of improper excreta and sewage disposal such as disease transmission.
- Approved methods and systems for excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal including pit latrines, septic tanks, and sewage treatment to remove pathogens and nutrients.
The document provides information on excreta, sewage, and refuse disposal. It discusses the nutrients contained in human feces and urine. It describes various methods for the disposal of human excreta including pit latrines, septic tanks, and composting toilets. It also covers the treatment and reuse of sewage and graywater. The document emphasizes the importance of properly disposing of human waste to prevent disease and pollution, while highlighting the potential for waste to be used as a resource.
1. The document discusses dietary recommendations for various infectious diseases and conditions including fever, malaria, emphysema, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, and others.
2. For fever and infections, the recommendations are to increase calories to meet increased metabolic demands and avoid starvation, increase protein intake to correct nitrogen balance, and increase carbohydrates and fluids.
3. For specific conditions like emphysema, recommendations include high calorie, low carbohydrate, high protein diets as well as vitamin supplements and regular exercise to promote strength and efficiency.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. Its incidence varies significantly between regions, from low rates in the United States and Africa to very high rates in parts of Asia. Major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B and C infections. Clinical features can include abdominal pain, weight loss, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Diagnosis involves blood tests, ultrasound, CT scan, MRI and sometimes liver biopsy. High-risk groups are screened regularly through alpha-fetoprotein testing and ultrasound. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include surgical resection, ablation, chemotherapy, and transplantation.
Up to 4% of adolescents and young adults suffer from eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight. Bulimia nervosa involves recurrent binge eating and compensatory behaviors like purging. Both disorders involve biological factors like changes in neurotransmitters and hormones as well as psychological and social factors like perfectionism, low self-esteem, and troubled family relationships. They have varying mortality rates, symptoms, comorbidities, and treatments depending on the specific type and characteristics of each case.
This document summarizes the stages and neurophysiology of sleep. It describes the four stages of non-REM sleep characterized by different brain wave patterns. REM sleep is characterized by low voltage mixed frequency brain waves. Various brain regions are involved in regulating the sleep-wake cycle. Sleep serves important restorative functions and deficiencies can cause problems like daytime sleepiness. Insomnia and other sleep disorders are also summarized.
This document discusses tic disorders such as Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. Tourette's is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic over a period of more than one year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. Treatment includes haloperidol. Differential diagnoses include chronic motor or vocal tic disorder and transient tic disorder.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and serve as a healthy distraction from daily stressors.
The document outlines a dermatology syllabus covering various common skin conditions organized into 18 topics. Some of the key conditions discussed include eczema (its classification and types), urticaria, acne/rosacea, psoriasis, infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), sexually transmitted diseases, tumors (benign and malignant), and connective tissue diseases. For each condition, the syllabus provides details on pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic criteria where relevant, and treatment approaches.
This document discusses tic disorders, including Tourette's disorder. It defines tics as involuntary muscle contractions or vocalizations. There are simple and complex motor and vocal tics. Tourette's disorder is characterized by both multiple motor and at least one vocal tic for over a year. Onset is before age 18. It occurs more in males than females and is associated with ADHD and OCD. While the cause is unknown, dopamine and endogenous opioids may play a role. Treatment includes haloperidol. Transient tic disorder involves single or multiple tics for less than a year.
The document discusses various causes of drug-induced liver injury including direct toxicity from drugs like acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride as well as idiosyncratic reactions. Certain drugs are more likely to cause hepatotoxicity through both direct toxicity and idiosyncratic mechanisms. Supportive treatment measures for acetaminophen overdose-induced liver injury are also outlined. Herbal and dietary supplements can also potentially cause liver injury through mechanisms like pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination.
The document discusses acute and chronic pancreatitis, including causes such as alcohol abuse, gallstones, and trauma. It describes clinical features such as severe epigastric pain and elevated serum amylase and lipase levels. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, imaging like CT scans and MRCP, and endoscopic ultrasound. Treatment depends on the severity and includes IV fluids, analgesics, antibiotics, and surgery for complications like pseudocysts or obstruction.
This document provides an overview of evaluating and diagnosing liver disease. It discusses classifying liver diseases as hepatocellular, cholestatic, or mixed based on etiology and evaluating disease severity and stage. Common symptoms, diagnostic tests, clinical findings, and classifications such as Child-Pugh staging for cirrhosis are outlined.
The document discusses various complications that can arise from cirrhosis of the liver. It describes portal hypertension, ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, coagulation abnormalities, and other hematologic abnormalities as common complications. Diagnosis and treatment approaches are mentioned for several of these conditions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Full-RAG: A modern architecture for hyper-personalizationZilliz
Mike Del Balso, CEO & Co-Founder at Tecton, presents "Full RAG," a novel approach to AI recommendation systems, aiming to push beyond the limitations of traditional models through a deep integration of contextual insights and real-time data, leveraging the Retrieval-Augmented Generation architecture. This talk will outline Full RAG's potential to significantly enhance personalization, address engineering challenges such as data management and model training, and introduce data enrichment with reranking as a key solution. Attendees will gain crucial insights into the importance of hyperpersonalization in AI, the capabilities of Full RAG for advanced personalization, and strategies for managing complex data integrations for deploying cutting-edge AI solutions.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
“An Outlook of the Ongoing and Future Relationship between Blockchain Technologies and Process-aware Information Systems.” Invited talk at the joint workshop on Blockchain for Information Systems (BC4IS) and Blockchain for Trusted Data Sharing (B4TDS), co-located with with the 36th International Conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering (CAiSE), 3 June 2024, Limassol, Cyprus.
Pushing the limits of ePRTC: 100ns holdover for 100 daysAdtran
At WSTS 2024, Alon Stern explored the topic of parametric holdover and explained how recent research findings can be implemented in real-world PNT networks to achieve 100 nanoseconds of accuracy for up to 100 days.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
5. UNDERSTANDING PATHOGENESES OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS 1. Enumerate the categories of Infectious agents and their general features 2. Know the different human barriers against infectious agents 3. To enumerate and understand the Transmission & Dissemination of microbes 4. To know how microbes cause disease A. VIRAL INJURY B. BACTERIAL INJURY C. INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF HOST IMMUNITY COURSE OUTLINE
6. KNOW DISEASES PRODUCED BY SOME OF THE INFECTIOUS AGENTS A. VIRAL INFECTION B. BACTERIAL INFECTION C. PARASITES D. FUNGAL COURSE OUTLINE
9. PRIONS Nucleic acid free Spontaneous mutation or Inherited Mutation in PrP Cause Transmissible Spongiform Encephalitis
10. Pathophysiology Abnormal PrP promotes transformation of normal PrP to abnormal forms EXPLAINING THE INFECTIOUS NATURE OF THESE DISEASE
11. Cause Transmissible Spongiform encephalitis Kuru ( Human Cannibalism ) Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis ( Mad Cow Disease ) Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (Spontaneous - Sporadic/ Inherited -Familial) Transmitted From corneal/ organ transplant BSE infected cattle Blood Transfusion Vacuolization of gray matter but no inflammation Clinical presentation
12. Obligate Intracellular 20-300nm May aggregate forming inclusion bodies CMV – large eosinophilic inclusion Nucleic acid core surrounded by capsid Cause Transient illness ( colds, influenza) Not eliminated persist w/in cells Continue to multiply ( HEPATITIS B ) Non-replicating OR Latent ( chickenpox shingles) May transform host cell tumor / cancer cell ( Human papilloma virus ) VIRUSES
13. Mobile genetic elements that infect bacteria Indirectly cause human diseases Encodes virulence factor Exchange of these elements between bacteria Bacteriophages/ plasmids Converts Nonpathogens Pathogens Plasmids/ Transposons Encode antibiotic resistance Eg. Vancomycin – resistant enterococci BACTERIOPHAGE, PLASMIDS, TRANSPOSONS
14. Bacteria Prokaryotes – have cell membrane Gram positive - thick wall surrounding the cell membrane (stain violet ) Gram negative - thin cell wall sandwich between 2 phospholipidbilayer membranes ( stain red ) Lack Nuclei Most synthesize their own DNA/RNA Depend on host for Favorable Environment Intracellular or Extracellular
15. CHLAMYDIA, RICKETTSIAE, MYCOPLASMA Divide by binary fusion Mycoplasma Lack cell wall Mycoplasma are tiniest living organism Airborne transmission Binds surface epithelial cells in airway Chlamydia Lack metabolic capabilities (ATP) Chlamydia & Rickettsia Obligate intracellular organism Mulitply in vacuoles inside the cell
17. HELMINTHS ECTOPARASITES Multicellular organism Life cycle Roundworms- Nematodes ASCARIS FILARIA/ TRICHINELLA Flatworms- Cestodes Tapeworms Flukes – Trematode Schistosoma Arthropods Lice Ticks Bedbugs Live on the skin May be vectors for other pathogens Lyme disease by ticks
18. TRANSMISSION & DISSEMINATION OF MICROBES ROUTES OF ENTRY Spread & Dissemination Release of Microbes Sexually Transmitted Infection
29. Respiratory Pathogens Influenza Virus (+) Hemagglutinin proteins on surface bind sialic acid on epithelium of host engulf by cell virus replicate inside cell (+) Neuramidase Cleaves sialic acid – Allow viral release from cell Lowers the viscosity of the mucus facilitates viral transit Staphyloccoci ( Secondary Infection ) Gain access to host cell after viral infxn cause loss of ciliated epithelium
32. 1. Proliferate Locally at the site Adhere & Proliferate in/on Epithelial Cells HPV , Dematophytes Confined to Lumen of Hallow Viscera Cholera Spread & Dissemination of Microbes
33. Spread & Dissemination of Microbes 2. Penetrate the epithelial barrier Spread via Hematogenous or Lymphatic or Nerve Invasiveness Due to: Motility Secrete Lytic enzymes- Hyaluronidase Degrades extracellular matrix between cells Strep & Staph Initial spread Follow tissue Planes of Least Resistance Regional LN Blood Stream Distant organs Abscess Regional LNs Bacteremia Colonize distant organs
35. Spread & Dissemination of Microbes 3. Viral Propagation A). Propagate from Cell to Cell by replication B). Propagate By Fusion or Transport within Nerves – Rabies, VZV 4. Placental – Fetal Route Bacterial / MycoplasmaPlacentitis Premature delivery Maldevelopment - Rubella Severe in Early trimester Syphilis affect mother late in 2nd Trimester Passage to birth canal- Gonococcal, Chlamydia Maternal Milk – CMV, HBV, HTLV-1
36. Maternal transmission HIV – Major cause of AIDS in children HBV – Can later cause Chronic Hepatitis & Liver Ca Notes:
39. Respiratory Viruses & Bacteria Infectious only when lesions are open to AIRWAYS Fecal-oral Water-borne viruses HAV, HEV, Polio, Rotaviruses Saliva EBV, CMV, Mumps Larval penetration Hookworms, Schistosomiasis Transmission- Person to Person
40. Sexual / Prolonged Intimate or Mucosal Contact Viruses - HPV, HSV, HBV, HIV Bacteria – Syphilis, Gonorrhea, Chlamydia Protozoan – Trichomonas Candida Blood & Blood products/ Needle pricks, etc HBV, HCV, HIV Transmission- Person to Person
41. Direct Contact or Consumption of Animal products Indirectly via an Invertebrate vectors Insects, Ticks, Mites Transmission – Animals to HumanZOONOTIC INFECTIONS
58. VIRULENCE Ability of microbe to infect , colonize, damage host tissues HOST RESISTANCE Ability of host defense mechanisms to eradicate infection – Innate & Adaptive Immune Defenses Outcome of Infection – Determined
59. INNATE DEFENCES Physical Barriers Macrophages NK cells Plasma Proteins – Complement , Cytokines, Acute phase reactants Adaptive Immune response Are stimulated by exposure to microbes Increase in magnitude, speed & effectiveness with successive exposure Mediated by T & B lymphocytes and their products Immune Defenses
60. HOW MICROORGANISMS CAUSE DISEASE DIRECT LY CAUSE CELL DEATH TOXIN / ENZYME RELEASE INDUCE CELLULAR RESPONSES
62. Tissue Tropism Predilection of virus to infect certain cells and not others. Tropism Determined : HOST CELL RECEPTOR- MAJOR DETERMINANT CELLULAR TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS That Recognize Viral Enhancer & Promoter Sequences Allow Viral replication inside the cell ANATOMIC BARRIER LOCAL TEMPERATURE pH HOST DEFENSE
63. 1. Binding to host cell surface proteins Viruses possess specific cell-surface PROTEINS Viruses may use Normal Cellular Receptors of Host Host Proteases are Needed For Binding Host Proteases Cleaves & Activates Influenza Hemagglutinin 2. Translocation into cytosol 3. Replication via virus specific enzymes Viruses Enter Host (+) Hemagglutinin proteins on surface bind sialic acid on epithelium of host engulf by cell virus replicate inside cell (+) Neuramidase– lowers the viscosity of the mucus facilitates viral transit
66. Inducing Host immune response to virus – infected cells Host (CTL) Lymphocytes attack virus-infected cells FAS Ligand on CTL binds FAS receptor in liver cells Eg. Hepatitis B virus Virus Damage Cell involved in Host Antimicrobial Defense Secondary Infections Viral killing of one cell type cause the death of the other cells Motor denervation atrophy of the muscles Antiviral Immune responses
70. Virulence genes Plasmids & Bacteriophage Mobile genetic elements Spread between bacteria Encode virulence factors – Abtic resistance, toxins Quorum sensing Induce expression of virulence factor as their concentration in tissues increases Eg. Staph aureus - abscess Biofilm formation Live in viscous layer of extracellular material Enhance adherance & Inaccesible IV catheters, Artificial joints Bacterial Virulence
81. Exotoxin- Secreted proteins 1. ENZYME - Protease staph. Split epidermis from dermis 2. TOXINS – with A-B toxins A subunit – enzymatic activity INACTIVATES HOST PROTEINS – Cholera/Diptheria DEGRADES HOST PROTEINS - Botulinum B-subunit – binding receptor & delivers A subunit to the cell
82. 3. Neurotoxins – Clostridium botulinum & tetani Inhibit release of neurotransmitters But do not kill neurons 4. Superantigens – staph aureus, strep pyogenes Stimulate very large T-lymphos Lead to very high lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine release Capillary leak shock Exotoxin
86. Remaining inaccessible to host immune response Varying or shedding antigens Resisting innate immune defenses Preventing T-cell activation Impairing effective T-cell antimicrobial responses by specific or non-specific immunosuppression Mechanism of Immune evasion by Microbes
87.
88. Propagate in the lumen of Intestine – Clostridium difficile Gallbladder – Salmonella typi Shed from luminal surface of epithelial cells CMV- urine, milk Polio – stool Infect the keratinized skin – Pox virus Infect Host cell – malaria Encyst in tissues – tapeworms Viral Latency – many viral genes are not expressed Inaccessible to Host Immune
89. Varying antigens / Shedding antigens Low fidelity of Viral RNA polymerases HIV Reassortment of viral genomes Influenza virus Different capsular polysaccharides Strep Pneumoniae Shed antigens w/in minutes of penetrating the skin Preventing recognition by antibodies Schistosomamansoni
90. Resisting Innate Immune Response CAMP Resistance Cationic antimicrobial peptides ( CAMP ) Defensin, Cathelicidins Initial defense against invading microbes Enabling them to avoid killing by pmns & macropahges Carbohydrate Capsule Pneumococcus, Meningococcus, Hemophilus PREVENTI PHAGOCYTOSIS K1 capsule containing sialic acid E. coli- meningitis Sialic acid will not bind C3b ( alternate complement pathway)
91. Covering them with host proteins Staph aureus covered by A molecules that bind Fc portion inhibit Phagocytosis Protease Degrade antibodies Neisseria, Hemophilus, Streptococcus Replicating w/in phagocytic cells Mycobacterium, cryptococcus Resisting Innate Immune Response
92. Some viruses block complement activation HERPESVIRUSES, POXVIRUS Produce homologues of IFN/ IFN receptors INHIBIT THE ACTION OF SECRETED IFN Produce cytokine mimics EBV – homologue of IL 10 ( Bind & Inhibit secreted IFN ) Resisting Innate Immune Response