This presentation contains information about Bacterial Taxonomy, techniques of bacterial classification (Classical and Molecular characteristics) and Bergey's Manual
This presentation contains information about Bacterial Taxonomy, techniques of bacterial classification (Classical and Molecular characteristics) and Bergey's Manual
The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps or complements the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system, which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
consists of three pathways: 1. alternative
2. classical
3. lectin pathway
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
The complement system is a part of the immune system that helps or complements the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear pathogens from an organism. It is part of the innate immune system, which is not adaptable and does not change over the course of an individual's lifetime.
consists of three pathways: 1. alternative
2. classical
3. lectin pathway
Mechanism of pathogenicity-Exotoxin and endotoxinaiswarya thomas
Brief description on mechanisms of pathogenicity, actions of toxins produced by various bacteria and notable endotoxins and exotoxins. Mechanism of action of some of the commonest endotoxins and exotoxins are explained.
Classifications of Fungi
Characteristics of all Fungi
Structure of Fungi
Reproduction
Classification of Fungi
Basidiomycota
sexual reproduction occur by basidium , will be present spore is called basidiospore .
Asexual by budding ,fragementation, conidiospores.
Ascomycota
microscopic sexual structure in which nonmotile spores, called ascospores.
Mostly the ascomycota is sexual but some asexual it lacks the ascospore.
Zygomycota
Two spore
mitospores ( or) sporangiospore
chlamitospore (or) zygospore
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi referring to our "imperfect" knowledge of their complete life cycles.
sexual life cycle that is either unknown or absent.
Asexual reproduction is by means of conidia or may be lacking.
culture media
SDA medium – sabouraud dextrose agar
LUMEN DWELLING FLAGELLATES - GIARDIA
REFS:
INTERNATIONALLY ACCEPTED BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY K. D. CHATTERJEE
TEXT BOOK OF MEDICAL PARASITOLOGY BY PANIKER
IMAGE SOURCES : FROM INTERNET
a brief overview of endotoxin and exotoxin is given in the ppt. as for bachelor's level this would be sufficient to know about the toxins but as for master's and higher studies more in-depth level of understanding is required. Hope this helps everyone who is referring this.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
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This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
host parasite relationship
1.
2. The term host & parasite relationship is also known as
SYMBIOSIS means the coexistence of two organisms , in
which one extracts the nutrition from other.
PARASITOLOGY is a branch of microbiology, refers to the
scientific study of parasitism.
A HOST is any organism that allows another
organism/bacteria to live in or on it.
The PARASITE is the organism living on or in the host.
3. WHAT IS SYMBIOSIS?
Symbiosis refers to the “living together” of organisms and includes
commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.
TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS RELATIONSHIPS:
Commensalism: The relationship in which parasite driving
nourishment from a host without causing any harms or benefit to
the host.
EXAMPLE:
Orchids: Some orchids grow on trees and that does not harm the
tree.
MUTUALISM: Association between organisms of two different
species in which both organisms get benefits.
4. TYPES OF MUTUALISM:
Obligate mutualism
Facultative mutualism
In obligate mutualism, the survival of one or both
of the organisms involved is dependent upon the
relationship.
And in facultative mutualism, both organisms
benefit from but are not dependent upon their
relationship for survival.
6. PARASITISM:
Parasitism is type of symbiotic relationship, or long-term
relationship between two species, where one member, the
parasite, gain benefits that come at the expense of the host
member. The word parasite comes from the Latin form of the
Greek word (parasitos), “meaning one eats at the table of
another”.
TYPES OF PARASITES.
1. Ectoparasites
2. Endoparasites
7. ECTOPARASITISM and ENDOPARASITISM:
Ectoparasites are parasites that live on the
outside of the host’s body, such as lice and ticks.
Endoparasites are parasites that present inside
the host’s body, such as nematodes and
hookworms.
9. Normal Flora
Normal flora are the microorganisms that live on another
living organism (human or animal) or inanimate object
without causing disease.
DISTRIBUTION OF NORMAL MICROFLORA ON THE SKIN:
The microflora of the skin consists primarily of gram positive
bacteria. For example staphylococcus epidermilis (gram
positive cocci) and propionibacterium acne (gram positive
bacilli).
10. NORMAL MICROFLORA OF THE ORAL CAVITY:
The normal microflora of the oral cavity (mouth)
consists of microorganisms that possess ability to resist
mechanical removal and firmly adhere to surface like
gums and teeth.
11. NORMAL MICROFLORA OF THE
GASTROINSTESTINAL TRACT:
Human gastrointestinal tract, the site of food
digestion, consists of the stomach, small
intestine, and large intestine. The composition of
the gastrointestinal flora in humans varies
considerably and is somewhat depend on diet.
13. VIRULENCE AND ITS DETERMINANTS
The term virulence (Latin virulentia, from
virus, poison) refers to the degree or intensity
of pathogenicity.
Pathogenic bacteria are able to produce disease because
they possess certain biochemical or genetic traits that
makes them pathogenic or virulent.
The total of the characteristics that allow a given
bacterium to produce disease are the
pathogen's determinants of virulence
14. WHAT IS BACTERIAL PATHOGENESIS
Pathogenicity is the ability of a microorganism to cause disease
in another organism and this process is known as bacterial
pathogenesis.
Potential pathogen that lives in a commensal or parasitic
relationship without producing disease.
Some pathogens do not associate with their host except in the case
of disease. These bacteria may be thought of as obligate
pathogens.
Some Bacteria cause disease in a immuno -compromised host
which typically would not occur in a healthy (noncompromised)
host are acting as opportunistic pathogens.
15. ENTRY OF PATHOGEN INTO HOST:
Most pathogens must gain access to the host tissues,
penetrate or evade host defenses and damages the host
tissue. Pathogens can enter to human body or other host
through several avenues called portals of entry.
PORTALS OF ENTRY:
MUCOUS MEMBRANES (moist mucosa)
SKIN (karatinized cutaneous membrane),
PARENTERAL ROUTE:
16. WHAT IS AN INFECTION?
When a parasite is growing and multiplying
within or on a host, the host is said to have
infection.
Organisms that induce infectious disease are
referred as pathogenicity and the organism is called
as pathogen.
17. How does the Host Defenses itself??
The host defenses may be of such a degree that infection
can be prevented entirely. Or, if infection does occur, the
defenses may stop the process before disease is
apparent. the host defense mechanisms are divided
into two groups:
1. Innate defenses. Defenses common to all healthy animals
Since they are inherent to the host.
2. Inducible Defenses. Defense mechanisms that must be
induced or turned on by host exposure to a pathogen
The inducible defenses are synonymous with acquired or
adaptive immunity and involve the immunological
responses to a pathogen causing an infection.
18. WHAT IS TOXINS?
Toxins are usually poisonous substance produced by
microbes which tend to cause widespread
damage/disease in host. They may be necessary for
virulence.
TYPES OF TOXINS:
EXOTOXINS:
Exotoxins are soluble, heat-labile, proteins (a few enzymes)
that usually are released into the surroundings as the
bacterial pathogens grows. In generally exotoxins are
produced by gram-positive bacteria, although some gram-
negative bacteria also make exotoxins.
20. There are three types of exotoxins:
AB TOXINS:
It is composed of two parts, where A
is the enzymes that disrupts some
cell activity, while B-binds surface
receptors to bring A into the host
cell, e.g., botolinum and tetanus
toxin.
22. MEMBRANE DISRUPTING TOXINS:
It causes lysis of the host cell by disrupting the
integrity of the plasma membrane; there are two
subtypes of membrane-disrupting exotoxins. The
first is protein that binds to the cholesterol portion
of the host plasma membrane, inserts itself into the
membrane, and form a channel (pore). This causes
the cytoplasmic contents to leak out. Also because
the osmolarity of the cytoplasm is higher than the
extercellular fluid, this causes a sudden influx of
water into the cell, causing it to swell andrupture.
23. The two specific examples of
membrane-disrupting exotoxin:
Example1: Leukocidines; make protein channels
in phagocytic leukocytes.
Example2: haemolysins; make protein channels
in RBCs (haemolysis: Streptococcus pyogenes).
24. Fig: A channel-forming (pore-forming) type
of exotoxin inserts itself into the normal
host cell membrane and makes an open
channel (pore). Formation of multiple pores
causes cytoplasmic contents to leave the cell
and water to move in, leading to cellular
lysis and death of the host.
25. SUPER ANTIGENS:
They are the bacterial proteins that cause proliferation of
T-cells and release of cytokines excessive cytokines can cause
fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock and death (septic
shock), e.g., toxic shock syndrome (staphylococcus), e.g.,
enterotoxins: staphylococcal food poisoning.
ENTEROTOXIN:
An enterotoxin is a protein exotoxin released by
microorganism that targets intestines. Enterotoxins are
produced in or released into intestines.
26. Enterotoxins are pore-forming toxins. Hence, they create
pores in the epithelial cells of the intestine wall. When the
enterotoxins increase the permeability to chloride ions in the
intestinal mucosal cells, it causes secretory diarrhea.
Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli are two bacterial species
which can create such conditions by enterotoxins.
In general, enterotoxins are produced by gram negative
bacteria can also produce enterotoxins. For example, Vebrio
cholera is a well-known enterotoxin producer and is a gram-
negative bacterim.
27. ENDOTOXINS:
They are the part of the outer membrane portion of
the cell wall of gram negative bacteria, e.g.,
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is released when
dead cells lyse in blood, causes macrophages to
release high levels of cytokines resulting is chills,
fever, weakness, aches, small blood clots, tissue
necrosis, shock and death.