08 factors of_path_and_virulence_-_1
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This document discusses factors of pathogenicity and virulence in microbes and their hosts. It covers three main factors: 1) Communicability or transmissibility, which depends on modes of transmission and infectious dose. 2) Invasiveness, which involves microbial adhesion and penetration factors to enter the host. 3) Toxicity, the ability to harm the host. Specific examples are given to illustrate concepts like adherence factors, penetration mechanisms, intracellular vs extracellular growth, and localized vs systemic infections. Recommended further reading materials on microbiology and infectious diseases are also provided.
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2010 for ninaa
Micro-organisms can be divided into 4 main groups: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria are the smallest and most primitive of these microbes, lacking nuclei and existing as single cells or colonies. Viruses are even smaller and simpler, able to replicate only inside host cells. More complex microbes include protozoa, which have true nuclei, and fungi, which resemble primitive plants. An overview of bacterial structure, classification, and important pathogenic species is provided, highlighting bacteria's role in causing infectious disease. The document also discusses how bacteria can become pathogenic and how the human body defends against infection.
Mycobacteria
This document provides information about Mycobacteria, including:
- They are acid-fast bacteria that cause diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy.
- Mycobacteria have a thick, waxy cell wall that makes them resistant to antibiotics and able to survive inside host cells.
- Diseases are diagnosed through microscopy, culture, mantoux tests, and chest x-rays. High rates of tuberculosis infection occur in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
Atypical mycobacteria
NTM, also known as atypical mycobacteria, are environmental bacteria that can cause disease in humans under certain conditions. There are over 150 known NTM species, most of which rarely cause human illness. NTM diseases are associated with lung infections and skin lesions. Identification of the NTM species involves biopsy of infected tissue and culture analysis. Treatment depends on the species and severity of infection, typically involving antibiotics over an extended period.
Non tuberculous mycobacteria
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as atypical mycobacteria, are categorized into four groups based on pigment production and growth rate: photochromogens, scotochromogens, non-photochromogens, and rapid growers. Medically important NTM in these groups can cause localized lymphadenitis, skin lesions like swimming pool granuloma, tuberculosis-like pulmonary lesions, and disseminated disease. NTM are commonly found in the environment and occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans through the skin or lungs.
Pathogens
A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause disease. There are five main types of pathogenic organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms. Viruses and bacteria are the most common pathogens, and include organisms such as influenza, HIV, E. coli, and Salmonella that infect humans through airborne transmission, bodily fluids, food/water, or insect bites.
NTM
This document discusses mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), also known as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It describes how NTM are classified into four groups based on their pigment production and growth rate. Some important NTM species that can cause disease in humans are described for each group, including M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. avium complex, and rapidly-growing species like M. fortuitum. The document outlines methods for diagnosing NTM infections through specimen collection, acid-fast staining of smears, and culture-based identification.
Mycobacterium (1)
This document discusses Mycobacterium species, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and M. avium-intracellulaire complex (MAC). It covers the characteristics, diseases caused, and clinical presentations of infections by these mycobacteria. Key points include: M. tuberculosis is the primary cause of tuberculosis and a leading global infectious killer; M. leprae causes leprosy; and MAC can cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients with low CD4 counts. The review section summarizes the pathogenic mycobacteria, diseases they cause, clinical manifestations, histopathology, and effects of immunity.
Clinical Mycology
Clinical Mycology in Indonesia focuses on fungal infections which are common in Indonesia due to its tropical climate and poverty-related hygiene issues. Some important fungal infections in Indonesia include superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails like tinea and candidiasis, as well as systemic fungal infections such as histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Common fungal pathogens in Indonesia include dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum and Candida species. The document also discusses antifungal drug classes and examples like azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins that are used to treat different fungal infections.
Recommended
2010 for ninaa
Micro-organisms can be divided into 4 main groups: bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Bacteria are the smallest and most primitive of these microbes, lacking nuclei and existing as single cells or colonies. Viruses are even smaller and simpler, able to replicate only inside host cells. More complex microbes include protozoa, which have true nuclei, and fungi, which resemble primitive plants. An overview of bacterial structure, classification, and important pathogenic species is provided, highlighting bacteria's role in causing infectious disease. The document also discusses how bacteria can become pathogenic and how the human body defends against infection.
Mycobacteria
This document provides information about Mycobacteria, including:
- They are acid-fast bacteria that cause diseases like tuberculosis and leprosy.
- Mycobacteria have a thick, waxy cell wall that makes them resistant to antibiotics and able to survive inside host cells.
- Diseases are diagnosed through microscopy, culture, mantoux tests, and chest x-rays. High rates of tuberculosis infection occur in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific.
Atypical mycobacteria
NTM, also known as atypical mycobacteria, are environmental bacteria that can cause disease in humans under certain conditions. There are over 150 known NTM species, most of which rarely cause human illness. NTM diseases are associated with lung infections and skin lesions. Identification of the NTM species involves biopsy of infected tissue and culture analysis. Treatment depends on the species and severity of infection, typically involving antibiotics over an extended period.
Non tuberculous mycobacteria
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), also known as atypical mycobacteria, are categorized into four groups based on pigment production and growth rate: photochromogens, scotochromogens, non-photochromogens, and rapid growers. Medically important NTM in these groups can cause localized lymphadenitis, skin lesions like swimming pool granuloma, tuberculosis-like pulmonary lesions, and disseminated disease. NTM are commonly found in the environment and occasionally cause opportunistic infections in humans through the skin or lungs.
Pathogens
A pathogen is a microorganism that can cause disease. There are five main types of pathogenic organisms: viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and worms. Viruses and bacteria are the most common pathogens, and include organisms such as influenza, HIV, E. coli, and Salmonella that infect humans through airborne transmission, bodily fluids, food/water, or insect bites.
NTM
This document discusses mycobacteria other than tuberculosis (MOTT), also known as nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). It describes how NTM are classified into four groups based on their pigment production and growth rate. Some important NTM species that can cause disease in humans are described for each group, including M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. avium complex, and rapidly-growing species like M. fortuitum. The document outlines methods for diagnosing NTM infections through specimen collection, acid-fast staining of smears, and culture-based identification.
Mycobacterium (1)
This document discusses Mycobacterium species, including M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and M. avium-intracellulaire complex (MAC). It covers the characteristics, diseases caused, and clinical presentations of infections by these mycobacteria. Key points include: M. tuberculosis is the primary cause of tuberculosis and a leading global infectious killer; M. leprae causes leprosy; and MAC can cause disseminated disease in AIDS patients with low CD4 counts. The review section summarizes the pathogenic mycobacteria, diseases they cause, clinical manifestations, histopathology, and effects of immunity.
Clinical Mycology
Clinical Mycology in Indonesia focuses on fungal infections which are common in Indonesia due to its tropical climate and poverty-related hygiene issues. Some important fungal infections in Indonesia include superficial fungal infections of the skin and nails like tinea and candidiasis, as well as systemic fungal infections such as histoplasmosis, aspergillosis, and cryptococcosis. Common fungal pathogens in Indonesia include dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum and Candida species. The document also discusses antifungal drug classes and examples like azoles, polyenes, and echinocandins that are used to treat different fungal infections.
Viral & Bacterial Infections 2
This document summarizes several viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. It describes measles, mumps, poliovirus, herpes viruses, hepatitis B, Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomavirus, bacterial infections including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Salmonella, Neisseria, Bordetella, Clostridium, malaria and more. Key details are provided on pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, virulence factors that help pathogens evade the immune system, and mechanisms of latent or chronic infections.
Corynebacterium (1)
The document discusses two genera of bacteria: Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. [1] Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria and is diagnosed through culture and toxin testing. [2] Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is an acid-fast bacterium diagnosed through acid-fast staining, culture, and biochemical tests like niacin production and catalase activity. [3] Treatment for both involves antibiotics while prevention involves vaccines.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the airborne transmission of droplet nuclei produced by infected individuals.
- M. tuberculosis bacteria are rod-shaped, acid-fast bacilli that are ingested by alveolar macrophages in the lungs after inhalation. This begins an infection that may develop into active or latent tuberculosis depending on the immune response.
- Active tuberculosis may be primary, occurring after initial infection, or post-primary, occurring from reactivation of dormant bacteria. It often involves the upper lungs and can cause cavitary lesions and pneumonia if untreated.
Mycobacteria slides for lecture
The document discusses Mycobacterium, the genus of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes tuberculosis. It provides details on the epidemiology of tuberculosis, noting it is one of the top infectious disease burdens globally and in Tanzania specifically. It describes the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of tuberculosis as well as methods for diagnosis and treatment.
Tb
Mycobacteria are thin, nonmotile, nonspore forming rods that are obligate aerobes and slow growing. They have a cell wall with high lipid content and mycolic acid. Mycobacteria include M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and several non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and has several virulence factors that allow it to survive inside host cells. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting over 1/3 of the world's population. M. leprae causes leprosy (Hansen's disease), which has an incubation period of 5-7 years.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The 28 year old male presented with a 6 month history of low grade fever, weight loss, loss of appetite and chronic cough with sputum. The provisional diagnosis is pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum examination would be done to look for acid fast bacilli via microscopy and culture. Prolonged cough can lead to damage of the lungs and cavitation of lesions over time.
Opportunistic mycoses cadidiasis
Candidiasis is an infection caused by Candida species, which are normally present on human skin and mucous membranes. When the normal bacterial flora is disrupted by antibiotics, Candida can overgrow and cause opportunistic infections. Common manifestations include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, and skin rashes. Candidiasis is diagnosed by visualizing budding yeast and pseudohyphae on smears or growing Candida species in culture. Identification tests help determine the specific Candida species involved. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to severe, disseminated forms of candidiasis.
Lecture 29 Chlamydia
This document summarizes key information about the genus Chlamydia. It describes Chlamydia as small, Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. It identifies the main Chlamydia species that can infect humans as C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae. The document outlines how these species can cause ocular, genital, respiratory, and other infections in humans and discusses their laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
The mycobacterium avium complex and slowly growing mycobacterium
This document discusses various non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause disease in humans. It describes how NTM infections originate from environmental sources like water and soil. Common diseases include pulmonary infection, sinusitis, lymphadenitis in children, and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. Specific NTM like Mycobacterium avium complex, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. xenopi, and M. malmoense are profiled, outlining their characteristic growth patterns, typical infection sites, and treatment approaches. Laboratory diagnosis and identification methods for NTM are also reviewed.
Mycoplasma
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
Actynomycetes, Candida. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics
This document discusses Actinomyces and Candida bacteria. It provides details on their morphology, cultivation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by these microorganisms. Key points include:
- Actinomyces are Gram-positive, anaerobic/microaerophilic bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity. They can cause cervicofacial, thoracic, or abdominal actinomycosis following tissue injury or disruption of mucosa.
- Candida are unicellular yeasts and fungi that are normally present on skin and mucous membranes. They can cause opportunistic candidiasis in compromised hosts, presenting as oral, cutaneous
Bacterial infection
Bacterial infection is caused by disease-causing bacteria invading body tissues. This leads to bacteria multiplying and the body reacting to the microorganisms and toxins they produce. The document discusses many specific types of bacterial infections caused by different bacteria that affect various parts of the body, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
mycoplasma By KK Sahu Sir
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
5 Opportunistic
The document discusses opportunistic mycoses infections that can occur in immunocompromised patients due to fungi of low virulence. It notes that there are over 300 opportunistic fungal species that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals compared to only 25-33 species that typically cause disease in healthy individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections include those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species. Risk factors that predispose to these infections include malignancies, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, invasive medical procedures, and conditions like AIDS.
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Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains and endospores, lives in soil, and can produce antibiotics like bacitracin. It is an obligate aerobe that does not cause disease and aids in decomposition. Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that can cause infections like necrotizing fasciitis, scarlet fever, and impetigo in humans. Rubeola virus causes measles, presenting as fever, conjunctivitis, cough, and rash, and is typically treated with vaccination in childhood.
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This document discusses medical fungi that can cause superficial and systemic mycoses. It covers the general characteristics of fungi including their morphology, classification, and modes of infection. Specific types of mycoses are described such as dermatophytoses caused by fungi like Trichophyton that infect the skin, hair, and nails. Deeper mycoses like sporotrichosis that infect subcutaneous tissue via minor trauma are also outlined. The document provides details on laboratory diagnostics and culturing of different fungi as well as antifungal therapies.
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This document provides information on the genus Chlamydia, including C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae. It describes their morphology, life cycles, diseases caused, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that cause respiratory infections like pneumonia as well as sexually transmitted diseases. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection, serology and nucleic acid tests. Treatment is with tetracycline or erythromycin. Prevention focuses on treatment, vaccination, and improving sanitation.
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The document discusses various topics related to infection and immunity. It defines infection, types of infection, sources of infection, and modes of transmission. It also defines and classifies different types of infections such as focal infection, cross infection, and nosocomial infection. The document then discusses the sources of infection in humans including endogenous sources like carriers and exogenous sources like animals, insects, soil, water, and food. It also discusses routes of transmission of pathogens like contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and congenital transmission. The document defines pathogenicity and virulence factors in microbes. It then defines immunity and discusses the immune system including innate immunity provided by first line defenses and adaptive immunity provided by antibodies and
Microbe human interaction
The document discusses various types of relationships between microorganisms such as mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. It also defines key microbiology terms like infection, disease, pathogenicity, and virulence. Finally, it describes the different microorganisms that normally reside on or inside the human body as well as those that can be present transiently.
Infection
1. Infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of microbes in body tissues, which may result in local cellular injury or clinically apparent infectious disease.
2. Infections can be classified based on their occurrence, source, clinical effects, and how they spread. Common sources of infection include human beings, insects, animals, soil, water, and food.
3. The pathogenicity and virulence of microbes are determined by their ability to adhere, invade tissues, produce toxins, and spread from person to person.
Selected human infectious diseases part 1
This document summarizes various factors that can weaken the human body's defenses against infection. It notes that newborns and older adults have reduced immunity. Other factors include heredity, stress, poor nutrition, medical therapies like chemotherapy that lower resistance, and co-morbid medical conditions such as diabetes. Common pathogens are also outlined, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and helminths. The body's normal defenses against various types of infections are then described.
BSc. 1 Infection and Antigens.pptx
1. There are several differences between exotoxins and endotoxins as virulence factors produced by bacteria. Exotoxins are heat-labile proteins that are released from bacteria, while endotoxins are heat-stable lipopolysaccharides that remain part of the bacterial cell wall. Exotoxins have specific tissue targets and actions, while endotoxins cause non-specific effects.
2. A nosocomial infection refers to a hospital-acquired infection obtained from a healthcare setting.
3. An epidemic occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly among many individuals in a community or region. An endemic disease
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Corynebacterium (1)
The document discusses two genera of bacteria: Corynebacterium and Mycobacterium. [1] Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes diphtheria and is diagnosed through culture and toxin testing. [2] Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and is an acid-fast bacterium diagnosed through acid-fast staining, culture, and biochemical tests like niacin production and catalase activity. [3] Treatment for both involves antibiotics while prevention involves vaccines.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis and usually affects the lungs. It spreads through the airborne transmission of droplet nuclei produced by infected individuals.
- M. tuberculosis bacteria are rod-shaped, acid-fast bacilli that are ingested by alveolar macrophages in the lungs after inhalation. This begins an infection that may develop into active or latent tuberculosis depending on the immune response.
- Active tuberculosis may be primary, occurring after initial infection, or post-primary, occurring from reactivation of dormant bacteria. It often involves the upper lungs and can cause cavitary lesions and pneumonia if untreated.
Mycobacteria slides for lecture
The document discusses Mycobacterium, the genus of bacteria that includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis which causes tuberculosis. It provides details on the epidemiology of tuberculosis, noting it is one of the top infectious disease burdens globally and in Tanzania specifically. It describes the pathogenesis and clinical presentation of tuberculosis as well as methods for diagnosis and treatment.
Tb
Mycobacteria are thin, nonmotile, nonspore forming rods that are obligate aerobes and slow growing. They have a cell wall with high lipid content and mycolic acid. Mycobacteria include M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, and several non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM). M. tuberculosis causes tuberculosis and has several virulence factors that allow it to survive inside host cells. TB remains a major global health problem, infecting over 1/3 of the world's population. M. leprae causes leprosy (Hansen's disease), which has an incubation period of 5-7 years.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
The 28 year old male presented with a 6 month history of low grade fever, weight loss, loss of appetite and chronic cough with sputum. The provisional diagnosis is pulmonary tuberculosis. Sputum examination would be done to look for acid fast bacilli via microscopy and culture. Prolonged cough can lead to damage of the lungs and cavitation of lesions over time.
Opportunistic mycoses cadidiasis
Candidiasis is an infection caused by Candida species, which are normally present on human skin and mucous membranes. When the normal bacterial flora is disrupted by antibiotics, Candida can overgrow and cause opportunistic infections. Common manifestations include oral thrush, vaginal candidiasis, and skin rashes. Candidiasis is diagnosed by visualizing budding yeast and pseudohyphae on smears or growing Candida species in culture. Identification tests help determine the specific Candida species involved. Immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to severe, disseminated forms of candidiasis.
Lecture 29 Chlamydia
This document summarizes key information about the genus Chlamydia. It describes Chlamydia as small, Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. It identifies the main Chlamydia species that can infect humans as C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae. The document outlines how these species can cause ocular, genital, respiratory, and other infections in humans and discusses their laboratory diagnosis and treatment.
The mycobacterium avium complex and slowly growing mycobacterium
This document discusses various non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) that can cause disease in humans. It describes how NTM infections originate from environmental sources like water and soil. Common diseases include pulmonary infection, sinusitis, lymphadenitis in children, and bacteremia in immunocompromised individuals. Specific NTM like Mycobacterium avium complex, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. xenopi, and M. malmoense are profiled, outlining their characteristic growth patterns, typical infection sites, and treatment approaches. Laboratory diagnosis and identification methods for NTM are also reviewed.
Mycoplasma
There are over 200 known species of mycoplasmas, which are the smallest self-replicating organisms. Four species commonly infect humans and cause respiratory or genitourinary infections: Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma urealyticum, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Mycoplasmas lack cell walls and have pleomorphic shapes. They are difficult to study using typical bacteriological methods but can be grown in cell-free media supplemented with sterols. Mycoplasmas attach to and may directly damage host cells, leading to pathogenic effects. Tetracyclines and erythromycins are commonly used for treatment.
Actynomycetes, Candida. Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, laboratory diagnostics
This document discusses Actinomyces and Candida bacteria. It provides details on their morphology, cultivation, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by these microorganisms. Key points include:
- Actinomyces are Gram-positive, anaerobic/microaerophilic bacteria that are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity. They can cause cervicofacial, thoracic, or abdominal actinomycosis following tissue injury or disruption of mucosa.
- Candida are unicellular yeasts and fungi that are normally present on skin and mucous membranes. They can cause opportunistic candidiasis in compromised hosts, presenting as oral, cutaneous
Bacterial infection
Bacterial infection is caused by disease-causing bacteria invading body tissues. This leads to bacteria multiplying and the body reacting to the microorganisms and toxins they produce. The document discusses many specific types of bacterial infections caused by different bacteria that affect various parts of the body, including their symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment.
mycoplasma By KK Sahu Sir
1.INTRODUCTION
2.HISTORY
3.MORPHOLOGY
4.STRUCTURE
5.CLASSIFICATION
6.CHARACTERSTICS
7.DISEASES
8.CONCLUSION
REFRENCES
Mycoplasmas are prokaryotic , without cell wall & have been placed under the class Mollicutes & the order Mycoplasmatales.
Mycoplasma are the smallest microorganism which have been known to cause a number of disease in animals &human kind.
The cells are bounded by a soft trilamellar lipoproteinaceous unit membrane containing sterols. Because of their plasticity , they can pass through bacterial filters & have often been mistaken for viruses.
5 Opportunistic
The document discusses opportunistic mycoses infections that can occur in immunocompromised patients due to fungi of low virulence. It notes that there are over 300 opportunistic fungal species that can cause disease in immunocompromised individuals compared to only 25-33 species that typically cause disease in healthy individuals. Common opportunistic fungal infections include those caused by Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species. Risk factors that predispose to these infections include malignancies, immunosuppressive drugs, antibiotics, invasive medical procedures, and conditions like AIDS.
Mo W 02
Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive rod-shaped bacterium that forms chains and endospores, lives in soil, and can produce antibiotics like bacitracin. It is an obligate aerobe that does not cause disease and aids in decomposition. Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive coccus that can cause infections like necrotizing fasciitis, scarlet fever, and impetigo in humans. Rubeola virus causes measles, presenting as fever, conjunctivitis, cough, and rash, and is typically treated with vaccination in childhood.
Classification of Fungi. Superficial Mycoses & Systemic Mycoses. Dermatophyte...
This document discusses medical fungi that can cause superficial and systemic mycoses. It covers the general characteristics of fungi including their morphology, classification, and modes of infection. Specific types of mycoses are described such as dermatophytoses caused by fungi like Trichophyton that infect the skin, hair, and nails. Deeper mycoses like sporotrichosis that infect subcutaneous tissue via minor trauma are also outlined. The document provides details on laboratory diagnostics and culturing of different fungi as well as antifungal therapies.
Chlamydia
This document provides information on the genus Chlamydia, including C. trachomatis, C. psittaci, and C. pneumoniae. It describes their morphology, life cycles, diseases caused, epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Chlamydia are obligate intracellular parasites that cause respiratory infections like pneumonia as well as sexually transmitted diseases. Diagnosis involves culture, antigen detection, serology and nucleic acid tests. Treatment is with tetracycline or erythromycin. Prevention focuses on treatment, vaccination, and improving sanitation.
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The document discusses various topics related to infection and immunity. It defines infection, types of infection, sources of infection, and modes of transmission. It also defines and classifies different types of infections such as focal infection, cross infection, and nosocomial infection. The document then discusses the sources of infection in humans including endogenous sources like carriers and exogenous sources like animals, insects, soil, water, and food. It also discusses routes of transmission of pathogens like contact, inhalation, ingestion, inoculation, and congenital transmission. The document defines pathogenicity and virulence factors in microbes. It then defines immunity and discusses the immune system including innate immunity provided by first line defenses and adaptive immunity provided by antibodies and
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The document discusses various types of relationships between microorganisms such as mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism. It also defines key microbiology terms like infection, disease, pathogenicity, and virulence. Finally, it describes the different microorganisms that normally reside on or inside the human body as well as those that can be present transiently.
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1. Infections are caused by the invasion and multiplication of microbes in body tissues, which may result in local cellular injury or clinically apparent infectious disease.
2. Infections can be classified based on their occurrence, source, clinical effects, and how they spread. Common sources of infection include human beings, insects, animals, soil, water, and food.
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This document discusses infection and infectious diseases. It begins by defining key terms like infection, acute and chronic infection. It then classifies infections in various ways such as primary vs secondary. The document outlines different sources of infection like humans, animals, insects, soil/water and food. It describes several methods by which infections can be transmitted, including contact, inhalation, ingestion and more. Finally, it discusses factors that influence microbial pathogenicity and mechanisms pathogens use to cause disease, such as adhesion, invasiveness, and survival strategies within the host.
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Infectious Part 1
This document provides an overview of infectious diseases and pathogens. It begins by outlining the categories of infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites and more. It then discusses the transmission and dissemination of microbes, how they overcome host barriers and spread locally or systemically. The document also examines the mechanisms by which microbes cause disease, including direct cell death, toxin/enzyme release, and inducing host immune responses. Specific examples are provided for viral injury mechanisms like cytopathic effects.
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Pathogenesis
The document discusses the pathogenesis or disease cycle of plant pathogens. It involves a chain of events including inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, colonization, growth and reproduction of the pathogen, and dissemination. Pathogens can survive between growing seasons through various structures like mycelium, sclerotia, or infected plant debris. The disease cycle can be continuous, with the pathogen actively infecting hosts, or intermittent, with the pathogen surviving dormant or as a saprophyte.
Microbial pathogenicity
This document defines key terminology related to microbial pathogenicity and discusses various concepts including:
1. It classifies microbes as saprophytes, parasites, commensals, and pathogens.
2. It describes the infection process and different types of infections such as primary, secondary, and nosocomial.
3. It explains mechanisms of microbial pathogenicity including routes of transmission, infective dose, evasion of host defenses, adhesion, invasion, and the role of toxins and pathogenicity islands.
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08 factors of_path_and_virulence_-_1
- 1. Institute for Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Masaryk University and St. Anna Faculty Hospital in Brno Miroslav Votava, Vladana Woznicová FACTORS OF PATHOGENICITY AND VIRULENCE – I Lecture for 2nd-year students April 6 th , 200 9
- 2. MICROBE obligately opportunistically Species: pathogenic pathogenic non-pathogenic Strain: virulent avirulent Individual: sensitive nonspecifically unresponsive or specifically immune Species: susceptible resistant HOST
- 3. e.g. Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed is a sterile product made from filtrates of microaerophilic cultures of an avirulent , nonencapsulated strain of Bacillus anthracis which elaborates the protective antigen during the growth period.
- 6. ?