In writing the literature review:
your purpose is to convey to your reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths and weaknesses are.
It is not just a descriptive list of the material available or a set of summaries."
A few month ago I'm participate a workshop "How to prepare thesis writing or project book" in my university. Workshop is conduct by M. NURUL ISLAM. He is the Asst.Professor on DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS,
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
A few month ago I'm participate a workshop "How to prepare thesis writing or project book" in my university. Workshop is conduct by M. NURUL ISLAM. He is the Asst.Professor on DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS,
UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA
Review of literature is one of the most important steps in the research process. It is an account of what is already known about a particular phenomenon.
Literature review is a laborious task, but it is essential if the research process is to be successful.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
Steps of Writing a Research Proposal
Most proposals should contain at least these elements:
Title Page
-1st Step : Introduction
-2nd Step : Review of Related Literature
-3rd Step : Research Design
-4th Step : Data Analysis & Expected Findings
-5th Step : Reference list or bibliography
-6th Step : Budget & Expected Schedule
Role of review of literature in research processKrishnanchalil
Review of literature is the edifice of any level of research. So, a clear idea about how to review literature, its importance, major pitfalls in reviewing and other related issues are the subject of this slide
Anybody, who is reading the research report, must necessarily be conveyed enough about the study so that he can place it in its general scientific context, judge the adequacy of its methods and thus form an opinion of how seriously the findings are to be taken. For this purpose there is the need of proper layout of the report. The layout of the report means as to what the research report should contain. A comprehensive layout of the research report should comprise preliminary pages, the main text and the end matter.
This presentation was funded by CDC and PEPFAR through the SUCCEED project at Stellenbosch University. The presentation was delivered by Ms Lynn Hendricks from the Centre for Evidence Based Health Care in July 2017
Overview of strategies of public health services in a typical.pptxAshok Pandey
3.1 Advocacy of public health perspective in the urban and rural municipalities for establishment of public- health focused section/unit and program plan
3.2 Incorporation of public health core actions (promotive, preventive, protective, control and encouragement for early detection and treatment of diseases) and intervention, such as educational policy-regulatory, infrastructural, community organizational and managerial interventions in municipal health plans supported by human resources for implementation
3.3 Mobilization of local clubs and organizations
3.4 Inter-organizational coordination, cooperation and resource mobilization
3.5 Excessive use of local (specifically in rural setting) and mass media (specifically in urban setting)
3.6 Establishment of public health service centers at wards
3.7 Special roles and functions of public health practitioners at the local health and medical service centers in the rural and urban settings
Unit 4: International public health 18 hours
4.1 Need for developing specific public health perspective to international health: global aspirations regarding health and disease
a. Global aspiration on health: healthy world population;
healthy planet; health as fundamental human rights
b. Universal coverage of health services
c. Concept of global philosophy on Sarbajanahitaya
(Universal good for world people; SarbajanaSukhhaya
(Universal happiness)
4.2 Definition of international health, ,international public health
and synonymous term global health
4.3 Characteristics of international health
4.4 Historical background of international public health movement
4.5 Significant forces affecting to international health
4.6 Current international health issues demanding global public
health action
A review of GLOBALIZATION, A Very Short Introduction by Manfred B. StegerAshok Pandey
Manfred B. Steger is a political scientist and author known for his work on globalization. "GLOBALIZATION: A Very Short Introduction" is one of the books in the "Very Short Introductions" series published by Oxford University Press. These books provide concise and accessible introductions to a wide range of topics. In "GLOBALIZATION: A Very Short Introduction," Manfred B. Steger explores the concept of globalization and its impact on the world. He discusses the economic, political, cultural, and social dimensions of globalization and provides readers with a comprehensive overview of the subject. The book delves into the historical roots of globalization, its contemporary manifestations, and the debates surrounding its effects on various aspects of society.
Critics
Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of countries and economies through the exchange of goods, services, information, and ideas. While globalization has brought about significant economic growth and technological advancement, Marxists often critique it from several angles:
a. Exploitation: Marxists argue that globalization can exacerbate global economic inequalities, as multinational corporations exploit cheap labor in developing countries to maximize profits.
b. Imperialism: Some Marxists see globalization as a form of imperialism, where powerful nations and multinational corporations dominate and exploit weaker nations and their resources.
c. Cultural Homogenization: Critics within the Marxist tradition contend that globalization can lead to cultural homogenization, as Western values and consumer culture become dominant worldwide, erasing local traditions and identities.
d. Capital Mobility: Globalization has facilitated the movement of capital across borders, allowing multinational corporations to evade taxes and regulations, which can undermine the power of nation-states.
In summary, Marxism provides a critical framework for analyzing the impact of globalization on societies and economies, emphasizing issues of class struggle, exploitation, and inequality. While Marxism has influenced various social and political movements, its application to contemporary globalization debates remains a complex and evolving topic.
- The meaning and definition of the Hypothesis.
- The Nature of Hypothesis.
- The Importance and Use of Hypothesis in Research Methodology.
- The Sources of Hypothesis.
- The Relationship Between Variables and Hypothesis.
- The Types of Hypothesis.
- Formulating a Good Hypothesis.
- Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis.
- Hypothesis Testing.
- Errors in Hypothesis Testing
National Conference on Comprehensive Sexuality Education 24 – 25 May 2023, Ka...Ashok Pandey
National Conference on Comprehensive Sexuality Education
24 – 25 May 2023, Kathmandu
Intervention on Comprehensive Sexuality Education: A Mixed Methods Systematic Review
Finalizing and Reviewing the Health Research Proposal_Ashok.pptxAshok Pandey
To acquaint the participants with health research process, and
To enhance knowledge and skill of the participants for the development of health research proposal.
Desired subject areas for tourism and development of Arghakhanchi districts: Agriculture, Tourism, Education, Technical education, Health, Hydropower related, Industries, Physical Infrastructures, Startup sectors and viability. Home Stay viability wit the area selection.
https://www.ratopati.com/story/350218/sushila
Upon the successful completion of the course the students will be
able to:
1. Describe the meaning of rural health.
2. Identify rural health issues and service needs by
appraising the health and medical condition and their
determining factors.
Project Management equips the business professional with leading methodologies and practices in the health project management field. Public health professional need to manage different health related programme intervention, development and evaluation. Professionals need to accompany the knowledge about the project management and this chapter describes all the matters of project management. Project management is a requirement for professionals in many fields, with many employers now identifying project management skills as vital for corporate success.
Public Opinion and Compliance Survey on Tobacco Control and Legislations in N...Ashok Pandey
Nepal passed a comprehensive tobacco control law in April 2011
From May 15, 2015, picture and text warnings must be placed on 90 percent
Nepal received the Bloomberg award for advancing ahead with the biggest-ever pictorial graphic health warnings
NHEICC, being a focal point for tobacco control, is conducting various programs for the effective implementation of the enforced law.
SPSS is short for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, and it's used by various kinds of researchers for complex statistical data analysis. The SPSS software package was created for the management and statistical analysis of social science data.
This course has been designed to equip the student with the basic research design including research methods in health sciences. The course aims to impart basic knowledge on different types of study design
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
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Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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Literature review in Research
1. Literature search, citation and
referencing
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
Ashok Pandey
Research Associate
NHRC
2. Literature Review
Written explanation by you
In writing the literature review:
- your purpose is to convey to your reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic,
and what their strengths and weaknesses are.
- It is not just a descriptive list of the material available,
or a set of summaries."
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
3. Literature Review
What information is already available?
- literatures and other sources
- audience:
receiver (researcher)
recipient (readers/reviewers)
- basic knowledge vs. adaptation to local need
- quality and correctness of the reviewed literature
- relevant (title, abstract, full text sequence)
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
4. Why?- Literature Review
Why? (in general)
• to avoid duplication
• to focus on the topic
• to better understand about subject area
• to develop and to inform research approach
• to develop justification of the study
• to develop conceptual framework of the study
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
5. •Demonstrating your skill and ability in library
searching
•Showing command of the subject area and
understanding of the problems
•Justifying the research topic, design and methodology
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
Review of literature: as an indicator
of your knowledge on the topic
6. Literature search
Before you can write your literature review
1.Define your terms: Compile a list of keywords – and synonyms for them
2. Search creatively: libraries, indexes and electronic databases, and the
Internet.
3. Use the library
4. Journals
Other less obvious sources
• Conference papers
• National and local Government publications
• Publishers’ websites.
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
7. Sources of Literature
Published information (books, articles, indexes,
abstract journals)
Unpublished information (other research proposals in
related fields, reports, records, computer data bases)
Experts, scientific societies and organisations
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
8. •Opinions, beliefs of key informants (through
interviews), in addition to written sources.
•Clinic- and hospital- based data from routine
statistics, registers.
•Clinical observations, reports of critical incidents.
•Local surveys, annual service reports.
•Statistics issued at provincial and district levels.
•Newspapers, books, articles, mimeographed reports,
etc.
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
9. •Articles from national journals, books identified
during literature searches at university and other
national libraries, WHO, UNICEF libraries, etc.
•Special collections, e.g., newspaper clippings, archival
records, library or congress collections.
•Documentation, reports and raw data from the
Ministry of Health (e.g., 5-year plans), Central
statistical offices, Non-governmental organisations,
Bilateral and multilateral organisations (e.g., USAID,
UNICEF, WHO).
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
10. Rules for Good Literature Review
• Identify and discuss the relevant key study on the topic
• Include as much update material as possible
• Critically evaluate the material and show your
analysesDon’t omit classic word with out proper
reference
• Don’t use jargon
• Don’t use the list of the materials
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
11. Rules for Good Literature Review
•Use illustrations and examples to justify your
analyses and arguments
•Be analytical, evaluative and critical and show this
in your review
•Make your review worth reading by making yourself
clear, systematic, coherent
•Explain why the topic is interesting
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
12. Searching in the Internet
•Using online version of the Journals
•Using database: Pubmed, Hinari, Medline, Science
Direct, CINAHL, Psychinfo, Cochrane, the lancet
•Online magazines, e-books, etc.
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
13. Searching Outside the Library
•Discuss with experts
•Contact with supervisors
•Discuss with local people, non medical
professional (to get different perspectives)
•Discuss and share with your friends
•Try to get many comments
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
14. Searching in the Internet
•Use a search engine: Yahoo, Google…..
•Use keywords, synonymous words of your topic
•Use journal+ keyword to find articles in the journal
•Use “keywords” to avoid unrelated materials
•Use keywords pdf to get PDF file only
•Use keywords ppt to get power point file only
•Joining chat groups, email group, professional
association
•Searching bibliographies in encyclopedias such as
www.answer.com
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
15. Searching in Databases
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
Database About
High quality evidence only!
NHS Evidence
Great place to get the cream of the evidence – searches a limited number
of high quality sources.
TRIP database
Great place to get the cream of the evidence – searches a limited number
of high quality sources.
Cochrane Library The source of systematic reviews.
Royal Marsden Manual of Clinical
Nursing Procedures
includes over 350 evidence-based clinical procedures related to every
aspect of care, from hand-washing to cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Great General Databases
Pubmed
Medline via Raven
Medline via NHS ATHENS
Great starting point for any health or medical literature search.
25. What is Referencing?
Referencing is a standardized method of
acknowledging sources of information and ideas that
you have used in your assignment, in a way that
uniquely identifies their source.
Both published and unpublished works must be
referenced
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
26. Citation and Referencing
Citation is what you do in the actual text of your
assignment when you want to indicate the source you have
used or from which you have quoted e.g. Video and the
participatory lecture are the most effective health education
techniques for effective delivery of HIV/AIDS. (Pandey et
al., 2015)
Referencing is what do you do at the end of an assignment
when you list the sources you have cited in the text
e.g. Pandey, A., Umashankar, S., Dai, H., Pandit, C.,
Kunwar, M., Pandey, M., & Rai, N. (2015). Assessing
Health Education Techniques in Enhancing the Knowledge
of HIV/AIDS among Adolescents. International STD
Research & Reviews, 3(1), 1–7.
doi:10.9734/ISRR/2015/10961
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
27. References & citations
Ambiguous: Dioxins have been reported to cause cancer in
humans, dogs, rabbits, and squirrels (Birnbaum et al, 2001; Xie
and Lozano 2004; Flores, 2008).
Dioxin induced cancer has been reported in humans, dogs,
rabbits, and squirrels 1,2,3.
vs.
Clear: Dioxins have been reported to cause cancer in humans
(Birnbaum et al, 2001), dogs (Xie and Lozano, 2004), and
rabbits and squirrels (Flores, 2008).
Dioxin induced cancer has been reported in humans,1 dogs,2
rabbits, and squirrels3.
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
28. Bibliography
If relevant sources that are not cited in the text are included, the list is called a
bibliography.
E.g
•Pandey, A. (2014). Challenges Experienced by Adolescent Girls while
Menstruation in Kathmandu, Valley: A Qualitative Study. Journal of Community
Medicine & Health Education, 04(03), 41–45. doi:10.4172/2161-0711.1000285
•Chataut, R., Pandey, A., & Rao, N. S. N. (2015). and Cost of Care among Cancer
Patients in Nepal, 2, 1–5.
•Pandey, A., Umashankar, S., Dai, H., Pandit, C., Kunwar, M., Pandey, M., & Rai,
N. (2015). Assessing Health Education Techniques in Enhancing the Knowledge
of HIV/AIDS among Adolescents. International STD Research & Reviews, 3(1), 1–
7. doi:10.9734/ISRR/2015/10961
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
29. Reference Software
1. EndNote
2. Reference Manager
3. Mendeley
4. Zotero
Mendeley and Zotero are free, so you can look into using one of these if
you do not have access to the others.
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
Computer –based References
minimize error
33. Practice
Download and install Mendeley
Open Mendeley
Install MS word Plugin
Install Web Importer
Create the folder
Import the article files, etc to Mendeley
Go to MS word
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
34. Reference style for Vancouver style
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
35. Citing Journal: Use of ; : . space
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
Authors. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of
Journal. year; vol(issue):page number(s).
36. Citing Journal in the Internet
Format: Author/s (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title of article (full-
stop, 1 space) Abbreviated title of electronic journal (1 space) [serial
online] (1 space) Publication year (1 space) month(s) - if available (1 space)
[cited year month (abbreviated) day] - in square brackets (semi colon, 1
space) Volume number (no space) Issue number if applicable in round
brackets (colon) Page numbers or number of screens in square brackets
(full-stop, 1 space) Available from (colon, 1 space) URL:URL address
underlined
Morse SS. Factors in the emergence of infectious disease. Emerg Infect Dis
[serial online] 1995 Jan-Mar [cited 1999 Dec 25]; 1(1):[24 screens]. Available
from: URL: http://www/cdc/gov/ncidoc/EID/eid.htm
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
37. Citing Website
Format: Author (full-stop after last author, 1 space) Title (full-
stop, 1 space) [Online] (full stop, 1 space) Publication Year (1
space) [cited year month (abbreviated) day] (semi colon)
Number of screens in square brackets or pages (full-stop, 1
space) Available from (colon, 1 space) URL: (no space) URL
address underlined
Example:
Royal College of General Practitioners. The primary health care
team. [Online]. 1998 [cited 1999 Aug 22];[10 screens]. Available
from: URL:http://ww.rcgp.org.uk/informat/publicat/rcf0021.htm
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
38. Citing Software
• Format: Title (1 space) medium in square brackets [eg. computer
program, computer file] (full-stop, 1 space) Version (full-stop, 1
space) Place of production (colon, 1 space) Producer (semi-colon, 1
space) Year (full-stop)
Example:
Epi Info [computer program]. Version 6. Atlanta (GA): Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention; 1994.
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
39. Citing Newspapers
Format: Author if given (full-stop, 1 space) Title of article
(full-stop, 1 space) Name of newspaper (1 space) Date of
edition (year Month Day) (semi-colon, no space) Section if
applicable (section abbreviated to Sect.) (colon, no space)
Page/s (1 space) Column number in round brackets (column
abbreviated to col.) (full-stop)
Lee G. Hospitalizations tied to ozone pollution: study
estimates 50,000 admissions annually. The Washington Post
1996 Jun 21;Sect. A:3 (col. 5).
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
40. Personal Communications
• Personal communications should be included in the text of your document,
but they should not be included in your reference list. It is recommended
that permission is sought from the source/author of a personal communication
if you wish to include quotes in your text. The details you need to include
when referencing in text are:
• the date of the communication;
• whether the communication was in oral or written form;
• the affiliation of the person might also be included to better establish the
relevance and authority of the citation (recommended).
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing
41. Conversation
• In a conversation with a colleague from the School of Population
Health (Jameson LI 2002, oral communication, 7th August)...
Letter
• As stated in a letter from B.J. Samuels, MD, in July 2002...
E-mail
• Smith P. New research projects in gastroenterology [online]. E-mail to
Matthew Hart (mh@hospital.wa.gov.au) 2000 Feb 5 [cited 2000 Mar
17].
11/4/2017 Literature search, citation and referencing