The document discusses referencing and citation in APA style. It defines referencing as indicating where ideas and information can be found, and citation as attributing material to its source. APA style is described as author-date based and commonly used in social sciences. Examples are provided for both in-text citations of short and long quotes, and reference list entries for various works. Activities demonstrate citing books by one or multiple authors in APA style.

1. Referencing and Citation
Examples from APA

2. Outline
• Publishing your articles
• Referencing
• Citation
• Style Sheet (APA)

3. What is referencing?
• Referencing is a system used in the academic
community to indicate where ideas, theories,
quotes, facts and any other evidence and
information used to undertake an assignment,
can be found.
– https://www.staffs.ac.uk/assets/harvard_quick_g
uide_tcm44-47797.pdf

4. What is citation?
• A "citation" is the way you tell your readers
that certain material in your work came from
another source.
– www.plagiarism.org/citing-sources/whats-a-
citation/

5. Referencing Styles
• American Psychological Association
• Modern Language Association
• Chicago Manual
• Harvard Referencing
• AMA
• AAA
• Regardless of what subject you're writing for,
you should use the style your university and
tutor recommend and you must not mix them.

6. American Psychological Association
• APA is an author/date based style. This means
emphasis is placed on the author and the date
of a piece of work to uniquely identify it.
• More commonly used in social sciences
including linguistics.

7. In-text Citation
• Follow the author-date (and page number)
method of in-text citation
• This means that the author's last name and
the year of publication for the source should
appear in the text, for example, (Jones, 1998),
and a complete reference should appear in
the reference list at the end of the paper.

8. In-Text Citations
• Short Quotations
– According to Jones (1998), "Students often had
difficulty using APA style, especially when it was
their first time" (p. 199).
– Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty
using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does
this have for teachers?
– She stated, "Students often had difficulty using
APA style" (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not
offer an explanation as to why.

9. In-Text Citation
• Long Quotations
– Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing
sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the
fact that many students failed to purchase a style
manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)

10. Activity
• Book: Ice Candy Man
• Author’s name: Bapsi Sidhwa
• Publisher: Milkweed
• Year of Publication: 1996
• Location: New York

11. Summary or Paraphrase
• According to Jones (1998), APA style is a
difficult citation format for first-time learners.
• APA style is a difficult citation format for first-
time learners (Jones, 1998, p. 199).

12. In-Text Citation
• Citing an Author or authors
– A Work by Two Authors:
• Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...
• (Wegener & Petty, 1994)
– A Work by Three to Five Authors:
• (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993)
• (Kernis et al., 1993)
– Six or More Authors:
• Harris et al. (2001) argued...
• (Harris et al., 2001)
– Unknown Authors
• A similar study was done of students learning to format research
papers ("Using APA," 2001).
– Organization as Author
• According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...
– Two or more works by the same author in the same year
• Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...

13. Activity
• Book: Reviews for Research Methodology
• Authors’ name: Atoofa Najeeb and Maria Sani
• Publisher: Milkweed
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Location: Islamabad

14. Activity
• Book: A Manual of Two Conferences
• Authors’ name: Saleem Safi, Tariq Aziz,
Muhammad Kashif, Atoofa Najeeb and Maria
Sani
• Publisher: Air University Press
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Location: Islamabad

15. Activity
• Book: Twelve Bright Scholars
• Authors’ name: Aamir Zulfiqar, Qurat-ul-Ain
Maqsood, Maryam, Iram Masood, Saleem
Safi, Tariq Aziz, Sareer Ahmad, Suliman Khan,
Kashif Jamshed, Atoofa Najeeb and Maria
Sani.
• Publisher: Air University Press
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Location: Islamabad

16. Referencing
• Hanging indentation
• Authors' names are inverted (last name first)
• Reference list entries should be alphabetized
• For multiple articles by the same author, list the entries in
chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
• Present the journal title in full.
• Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by
the journal in its title. For example: ReCALL not RECALL or
Knowledge Management Research & Practice not
Knowledge Management Research and Practice.
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
– Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion,
15(3), 5-13.
– Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of
growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.

17. Activity
• Book: Ice Candy Man
• Author’s name: Bapsi Sidhwa
• Publisher: Milkweed
• Year of Publication: 1996
• Location: New York

18. Activity
• Book: Reviews for Research Methodology
• Authors’ name: Atoofa Najeeb and Maria Sani
• Publisher: Milkweed
• Year of Publication: 2015
• Location: Islamabad

19. Activity
• Article: Grammatical Errors in MS students’
Answer Essays
• Pages: 33-49
• Volume: 10
• Issue: 2
• Journal: Journal of Applied Linguistics
• Author’s name: Kaleem Khan
• Year of Publication: 2015

20. Major Source
• Purdue Online Writing Lab
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
560/08/