The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Al-Kufa River in Iraq using geographical information systems (GIS). Water samples were collected from seven sites along the river from July 2013 to June 2014 and tested for 13 parameters. GIS was used to map the spatial distribution of pollutants. Analysis found that most parameters exceeded Iraqi drinking water standards but met standards for irrigation, though total hardness was higher than allowed. Sodium levels posed no risk to plants. Water quality made it unacceptable for some industries. GIS mapping showed pollution levels along the river.
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Euphrates River in Iraq from 2007-2013 using a water quality index (WQI). Fourteen physicochemical parameters were monitored monthly at four stations along the river. The WQI was calculated to evaluate water quality at each station. Results showed mean WQI values were generally below 68, indicating "good" quality except in 2012 when quality was "excellent". The highest quality was in winter months, while lowest was in summer. Overall, the study used WQI to analyze spatial and temporal changes in Euphrates River water quality for drinking purposes over a seven year period.
Application of Swat Model for Generating Surface Runoff and Estimation of Wat...IRJET Journal
This document describes using the SWAT hydrological model to simulate rainfall-runoff and estimate water availability in the 800 sqkm Balehonnur catchment of the Badra River basin in India. Various data inputs were used, including DEM, land use, soil, and temperature and precipitation. The model was calibrated for 1995-2010 and validated for 2011-2015, achieving R2 and NSE values of 0.878 and 0.78 for calibration and 0.869 and 0.75 for validation. Future water availability from 2021-2050 was estimated using climate change scenario data, though overestimation requires bias correction. The study aims to evaluate climate change impacts on water resources for planning.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
Mapping of ground water quality using geographical information systemAmul Patwal
This document presents a study that uses GIS to map groundwater quality in the Rajam area of Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 31 villages and analyzed for various parameters. A water quality index (WQI) was calculated based on the parameters. The WQI values were then mapped in a GIS to produce a groundwater quality map of the study area and identify villages where water quality was poor or unfit for drinking. Maps in the GIS showed concentrations of different parameters like pH, chloride, and nitrates across villages. The study found high fluoride in some villages and poor water quality in 3 villages based on their WQI over 100.
Investigating Flooding Pattern Using Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Anal...Niraj Lamichhane
This study analyzed ice jams and flooding in the Grand River watershed in northern Ohio using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. The objectives were to understand how ice jams contribute to flooding and create flood maps of different return periods. Field data and aerial imagery were used to develop the HEC-RAS model. The model showed that a 500-year flood would inundate homes, bridges and parks. Historical data analysis found that ice jams were most common during neutral ENSO phases. Increased winter temperatures may exacerbate ice jam flooding by accelerating snow and ice melt. The results can help identify at-risk areas and improve flood warning systems.
design specification and problems of kuraz irrigation schemetamasgenqmokonnin
project work on design specification and design ,construction and management problems of omo kuraz-1 sugar development project irrigation system. omo kuraz irrigation project construction was started since 2004 E,c . its for education purpose only
IRJET- Assessment the Harm from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Wa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential impacts of filling and operating the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on water inflows to the High Aswan Dam (HAD) in Egypt. It uses the Eastern Nile Model within the RiverWare software to simulate GERD filling and operation over 115 hydrological scenarios from 2017-2060 under three different initial HAD water level scenarios. The results show that GERD filling, which is assumed to take six years, could significantly reduce HAD inflows and water levels, with probabilities of HAD levels dropping below critical thresholds of 159m and 147m increasing substantially during the filling period. Specifically, the probability of inflows to HAD falling below 55.5 billion
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Euphrates River in Iraq from 2007-2013 using a water quality index (WQI). Fourteen physicochemical parameters were monitored monthly at four stations along the river. The WQI was calculated to evaluate water quality at each station. Results showed mean WQI values were generally below 68, indicating "good" quality except in 2012 when quality was "excellent". The highest quality was in winter months, while lowest was in summer. Overall, the study used WQI to analyze spatial and temporal changes in Euphrates River water quality for drinking purposes over a seven year period.
Application of Swat Model for Generating Surface Runoff and Estimation of Wat...IRJET Journal
This document describes using the SWAT hydrological model to simulate rainfall-runoff and estimate water availability in the 800 sqkm Balehonnur catchment of the Badra River basin in India. Various data inputs were used, including DEM, land use, soil, and temperature and precipitation. The model was calibrated for 1995-2010 and validated for 2011-2015, achieving R2 and NSE values of 0.878 and 0.78 for calibration and 0.869 and 0.75 for validation. Future water availability from 2021-2050 was estimated using climate change scenario data, though overestimation requires bias correction. The study aims to evaluate climate change impacts on water resources for planning.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
Mapping of ground water quality using geographical information systemAmul Patwal
This document presents a study that uses GIS to map groundwater quality in the Rajam area of Andhra Pradesh, India. Water samples were collected from 31 villages and analyzed for various parameters. A water quality index (WQI) was calculated based on the parameters. The WQI values were then mapped in a GIS to produce a groundwater quality map of the study area and identify villages where water quality was poor or unfit for drinking. Maps in the GIS showed concentrations of different parameters like pH, chloride, and nitrates across villages. The study found high fluoride in some villages and poor water quality in 3 villages based on their WQI over 100.
Investigating Flooding Pattern Using Hydrologic Engineering Center-River Anal...Niraj Lamichhane
This study analyzed ice jams and flooding in the Grand River watershed in northern Ohio using the HEC-RAS hydraulic model. The objectives were to understand how ice jams contribute to flooding and create flood maps of different return periods. Field data and aerial imagery were used to develop the HEC-RAS model. The model showed that a 500-year flood would inundate homes, bridges and parks. Historical data analysis found that ice jams were most common during neutral ENSO phases. Increased winter temperatures may exacerbate ice jam flooding by accelerating snow and ice melt. The results can help identify at-risk areas and improve flood warning systems.
design specification and problems of kuraz irrigation schemetamasgenqmokonnin
project work on design specification and design ,construction and management problems of omo kuraz-1 sugar development project irrigation system. omo kuraz irrigation project construction was started since 2004 E,c . its for education purpose only
IRJET- Assessment the Harm from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam on the Wa...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the potential impacts of filling and operating the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on water inflows to the High Aswan Dam (HAD) in Egypt. It uses the Eastern Nile Model within the RiverWare software to simulate GERD filling and operation over 115 hydrological scenarios from 2017-2060 under three different initial HAD water level scenarios. The results show that GERD filling, which is assumed to take six years, could significantly reduce HAD inflows and water levels, with probabilities of HAD levels dropping below critical thresholds of 159m and 147m increasing substantially during the filling period. Specifically, the probability of inflows to HAD falling below 55.5 billion
This work has sought to answer how global environmental change affects the concentration of nutrients in Mediterranean rivers. By means of a modeling effort using data collected by water agencies, this work has contributed to the knowledge of the relevant factors that drive nutrient dynamics in Mediterranean rivers, and how these change in time and space. Furthermore, it has clearly shown the potential modeling and time-series analysis offer to river scientists and managers.
Evaluation of Water Quality of Kharun River Stretch Near the Raipur CityIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the water quality of the Kharun River stretch near Raipur City, India. Water samples were collected from 7 locations along a 25 km stretch of the river during different seasons and tested for 13 physicochemical parameters. The results found that the river stretch near Jamrao was severely polluted, while the stretch near Jheet Ufra had good water quality. Parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and nutrients exceeded acceptable limits, especially at locations downstream of urban and industrial areas, indicating pollution from sources like untreated sewage, agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Regular water quality monitoring is needed to protect the river from further contamination.
This document summarizes a master's thesis defense presentation on predicting travel time and developing flood inundation maps for flood warning systems. The presentation covers: (1) background on floods and need for warning systems; (2) objectives to quantify effects of elevation data and roughness on travel time/inundation area and develop maps; (3) methodology using HEC-RAS modeling; and (4) results on effects of topography/roughness and developing maps for various flood stages along the Grand River, Ohio.
This work report summarizes Amaljit Bharali's contributions in 2016 related to water resources, hydrology, and flood modelling in Northeast India. Major contributions included operational work on a Flood Early Warning System including hydrological modelling. Other work included database development, field surveys, and training. Research activities included urban flood modelling in Shillong and hydraulic modelling of flood prone rivers. Publications and conferences were also listed.
IRJET- Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of a Manganga Basin, Maharashtr...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a quantitative morphometric analysis of the Manganga river basin in Maharashtra, India using Cartosat digital elevation model (DEM) data and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
- The Manganga basin has an 8th order trunk stream and a total of 39,814 streams of all orders.
- Bifurcation ratios range from 2 to 6.5. The mean bifurcation ratio is 4.62.
- Areal parameters show the basin area is 4,757 sq km, form factor is 0.31, drainage density is 3.55 km/sq km, and length of overland flow is 0.14 km.
- Relief parameters
This document discusses the history and recent advances in hydrologic modeling. It begins with definitions of hydrology and applications of hydrologic models such as water resources planning. It then discusses the historical development of early component models in the 1900s and the creation of integrated watershed models starting in the 1960s. Recent advances include the use of remote sensing, GIS, and handling spatial and temporal variability. The future outlook emphasizes increasing model complexity through linking with other domains and improving reliability.
- Mark Saadeh is a hydrogeologist and water resources consultant with over 20 years of experience in Lebanon. He has worked on projects for organizations such as the Litani River Authority, the American University of Technology, and Associated Consulting Engineers.
- He holds a PhD in hydrogeology from RWTH Aachen University in Germany and teaches part-time at the American University of Technology and Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
- His areas of expertise include hydrogeology, contamination hydrology, water quality monitoring and management, wastewater treatment, and environmental impact assessments. He has published several papers on topics related to groundwater resources and quality in Lebanon.
This document summarizes a dissertation on analyzing and mapping groundwater quality in Punhana District, Haryana, India. It discusses issues with water supply in Mewat region and reviews literature on groundwater contamination. The objectives are to inventory boreholes, determine groundwater quality, and propose a treatment scheme. Methodology is described for measuring various water quality parameters. Results are analyzed and discussed. Conclusions summarize the data collection and water sampling process. The future scope and suggestions section discusses recommendations like rainwater harvesting and educating locals.
IRJET- Morphometric Analysis of Venna River Basin using Geospatial ToolIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a morphometric analysis of the Venna River basin in India using geospatial tools. Key findings include:
1) The Venna basin has a drainage area of 324 sq km and consists of streams up to the 7th order. Linear aspects show the total stream length is 1805.02 km and bifurcation ratios range from 2 to 5.12.
2) Areal parameters indicate the basin has an elongated shape with a length of 128.46 km and perimeter of 324 sq km. Drainage density is 5.57 km/sqkm.
3) Relief analysis reveals a total basin relief of 824 m, ruggedness number of 4.58, and relief ratio of
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
This document discusses using hydrological models like SWAT, MODFLOW, and SEAWAT to assess the impacts of climate change on water resources. It provides an overview of these models, including their inputs, outputs, capabilities, and examples of case studies applying the models. Specifically, SWAT is highlighted as it can be used at the watershed scale to model processes like precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff, and streamflow under different climate scenarios. The document emphasizes the importance of hydrological modeling and tools like MODFLOW for understanding and predicting hydrologic system responses to climate change.
Flood Mapping via HEC-RAS Model and ArcGISLengthong KIM
This research was taken place along the lower Mekong river reach part in Cambodia. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the HEC-RAS performance whether it eligible for Cambodia flood studies or not.
This document presents a methodology for improved groundwater monitoring and management in Saudi Arabia. The methodology involves:
1. Frequently monitoring groundwater wells to determine optimal sampling frequencies for different water quality parameters.
2. Analyzing parameter changes using geostatistics techniques to generate predictive 3D models and contour maps.
3. Developing a virtual instrument using data fusion techniques to predict levels of sensitive parameters and future variations.
4. Proposing a nanotechnology treatment using titanium photocatalysis to degrade toxic contaminants and heavy metals in groundwater.
The goal is to develop an advanced monitoring program that implements new modeling techniques to better monitor, analyze, predict, and treat groundwater resources in the
DSD-SEA 2018 Software Application in Integrated Water Resources Management in...Deltares
Presentation by Mr. Irfan Sudono (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia) at the Seminar Cutting Edge Hydro Software for South-East Asia, during the Deltares Software Days South-East Asia 2018. Thursday, 6 September 2018, Yogyakarta.
Review on Study of Lake Water Using Multi Sensor Remote Sensing DataIOSR Journals
This document reviews using multi-sensor remote sensing data to study lake water quality. It discusses using IRS LISS III, Landsat TM/ETM+, and OCEANSAT-1 data to extract information on lake areas, surface temperatures, and water quality parameters. A classification scheme is created to assess Secchi depth, turbidity, chlorophyll-α, and total phosphorus based on spectral band combinations. The review examines previous methods used to retrieve these water quality variables from satellite imagery and develops a methodology using ground measurements and remote sensing.
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and quantitative methods for assessing groundwater resources using remote sensing and GIS. IWRM is defined as a systematic process for sustainably developing, allocating, and monitoring water resources considering social, economic and environmental objectives. Key aspects of IWRM planning include addressing water scarcity, degradation, policy frameworks, long-term planning, sector coordination, supply and demand assessments, and information systems. Quantitative groundwater assessment methods consider parameters like lithology, aquifer geometry, climate, and remote sensing can provide regional data to complement traditional point-based methods. Modeling involves formulating models, computations, applications and evaluation.
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
This document summarizes work using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate the impacts of best management practices (BMPs) on nutrient loads in the Beargrass Creek Watershed in Kentucky. Key steps included delineating the watershed and streams from a digital elevation model, defining hydrologic response units based on soil and land use data, and calibrating the model using observed streamflow data. Preliminary results showed good agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. Next steps include improving the representation of tile drains, plant growth, soils, and calibrating nutrient loads to enable BMP scenario analysis. The goal is to identify effective BMP combinations while addressing challenges like routing runoff across the complex landscape.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
A high performance novel image compression technique using huffman codingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology about a novel image compression technique using Huffman coding with edge detection. It begins with an abstract that outlines using Huffman coding to compress images followed by edge detection using Canny edge detection. It then provides background on image compression techniques, including lossless versus lossy compression. It discusses edge detection methods and various coding techniques like LZW, arithmetic coding, run length coding, and Huffman coding. Huffman coding is described as assigning shorter code words to more frequently occurring symbols to achieve efficient compression. The document provides examples of how Huffman coding works to optimally encode symbols based on their probabilities.
Evaluation of Water Quality of Kharun River Stretch Near the Raipur CityIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the water quality of the Kharun River stretch near Raipur City, India. Water samples were collected from 7 locations along a 25 km stretch of the river during different seasons and tested for 13 physicochemical parameters. The results found that the river stretch near Jamrao was severely polluted, while the stretch near Jheet Ufra had good water quality. Parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and nutrients exceeded acceptable limits, especially at locations downstream of urban and industrial areas, indicating pollution from sources like untreated sewage, agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Regular water quality monitoring is needed to protect the river from further contamination.
This document summarizes a master's thesis defense presentation on predicting travel time and developing flood inundation maps for flood warning systems. The presentation covers: (1) background on floods and need for warning systems; (2) objectives to quantify effects of elevation data and roughness on travel time/inundation area and develop maps; (3) methodology using HEC-RAS modeling; and (4) results on effects of topography/roughness and developing maps for various flood stages along the Grand River, Ohio.
This work report summarizes Amaljit Bharali's contributions in 2016 related to water resources, hydrology, and flood modelling in Northeast India. Major contributions included operational work on a Flood Early Warning System including hydrological modelling. Other work included database development, field surveys, and training. Research activities included urban flood modelling in Shillong and hydraulic modelling of flood prone rivers. Publications and conferences were also listed.
IRJET- Quantitative Morphometric Analysis of a Manganga Basin, Maharashtr...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a quantitative morphometric analysis of the Manganga river basin in Maharashtra, India using Cartosat digital elevation model (DEM) data and GIS techniques. Key findings include:
- The Manganga basin has an 8th order trunk stream and a total of 39,814 streams of all orders.
- Bifurcation ratios range from 2 to 6.5. The mean bifurcation ratio is 4.62.
- Areal parameters show the basin area is 4,757 sq km, form factor is 0.31, drainage density is 3.55 km/sq km, and length of overland flow is 0.14 km.
- Relief parameters
This document discusses the history and recent advances in hydrologic modeling. It begins with definitions of hydrology and applications of hydrologic models such as water resources planning. It then discusses the historical development of early component models in the 1900s and the creation of integrated watershed models starting in the 1960s. Recent advances include the use of remote sensing, GIS, and handling spatial and temporal variability. The future outlook emphasizes increasing model complexity through linking with other domains and improving reliability.
- Mark Saadeh is a hydrogeologist and water resources consultant with over 20 years of experience in Lebanon. He has worked on projects for organizations such as the Litani River Authority, the American University of Technology, and Associated Consulting Engineers.
- He holds a PhD in hydrogeology from RWTH Aachen University in Germany and teaches part-time at the American University of Technology and Holy Spirit University of Kaslik.
- His areas of expertise include hydrogeology, contamination hydrology, water quality monitoring and management, wastewater treatment, and environmental impact assessments. He has published several papers on topics related to groundwater resources and quality in Lebanon.
This document summarizes a dissertation on analyzing and mapping groundwater quality in Punhana District, Haryana, India. It discusses issues with water supply in Mewat region and reviews literature on groundwater contamination. The objectives are to inventory boreholes, determine groundwater quality, and propose a treatment scheme. Methodology is described for measuring various water quality parameters. Results are analyzed and discussed. Conclusions summarize the data collection and water sampling process. The future scope and suggestions section discusses recommendations like rainwater harvesting and educating locals.
IRJET- Morphometric Analysis of Venna River Basin using Geospatial ToolIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a morphometric analysis of the Venna River basin in India using geospatial tools. Key findings include:
1) The Venna basin has a drainage area of 324 sq km and consists of streams up to the 7th order. Linear aspects show the total stream length is 1805.02 km and bifurcation ratios range from 2 to 5.12.
2) Areal parameters indicate the basin has an elongated shape with a length of 128.46 km and perimeter of 324 sq km. Drainage density is 5.57 km/sqkm.
3) Relief analysis reveals a total basin relief of 824 m, ruggedness number of 4.58, and relief ratio of
The Development of a Catchment Management Modelling System for the Googong Re...GavanThomas
A scenario assessment model to assist the end-user in determining priorities for a series of agreed management prescriptions that can be enacted through controls on existing landuse
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
This document discusses using hydrological models like SWAT, MODFLOW, and SEAWAT to assess the impacts of climate change on water resources. It provides an overview of these models, including their inputs, outputs, capabilities, and examples of case studies applying the models. Specifically, SWAT is highlighted as it can be used at the watershed scale to model processes like precipitation, evapotranspiration, infiltration, surface runoff, and streamflow under different climate scenarios. The document emphasizes the importance of hydrological modeling and tools like MODFLOW for understanding and predicting hydrologic system responses to climate change.
Flood Mapping via HEC-RAS Model and ArcGISLengthong KIM
This research was taken place along the lower Mekong river reach part in Cambodia. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the HEC-RAS performance whether it eligible for Cambodia flood studies or not.
This document presents a methodology for improved groundwater monitoring and management in Saudi Arabia. The methodology involves:
1. Frequently monitoring groundwater wells to determine optimal sampling frequencies for different water quality parameters.
2. Analyzing parameter changes using geostatistics techniques to generate predictive 3D models and contour maps.
3. Developing a virtual instrument using data fusion techniques to predict levels of sensitive parameters and future variations.
4. Proposing a nanotechnology treatment using titanium photocatalysis to degrade toxic contaminants and heavy metals in groundwater.
The goal is to develop an advanced monitoring program that implements new modeling techniques to better monitor, analyze, predict, and treat groundwater resources in the
DSD-SEA 2018 Software Application in Integrated Water Resources Management in...Deltares
Presentation by Mr. Irfan Sudono (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, Indonesia) at the Seminar Cutting Edge Hydro Software for South-East Asia, during the Deltares Software Days South-East Asia 2018. Thursday, 6 September 2018, Yogyakarta.
Review on Study of Lake Water Using Multi Sensor Remote Sensing DataIOSR Journals
This document reviews using multi-sensor remote sensing data to study lake water quality. It discusses using IRS LISS III, Landsat TM/ETM+, and OCEANSAT-1 data to extract information on lake areas, surface temperatures, and water quality parameters. A classification scheme is created to assess Secchi depth, turbidity, chlorophyll-α, and total phosphorus based on spectral band combinations. The review examines previous methods used to retrieve these water quality variables from satellite imagery and develops a methodology using ground measurements and remote sensing.
This document discusses integrated water resource management (IWRM) and quantitative methods for assessing groundwater resources using remote sensing and GIS. IWRM is defined as a systematic process for sustainably developing, allocating, and monitoring water resources considering social, economic and environmental objectives. Key aspects of IWRM planning include addressing water scarcity, degradation, policy frameworks, long-term planning, sector coordination, supply and demand assessments, and information systems. Quantitative groundwater assessment methods consider parameters like lithology, aquifer geometry, climate, and remote sensing can provide regional data to complement traditional point-based methods. Modeling involves formulating models, computations, applications and evaluation.
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
This document summarizes work using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model to simulate the impacts of best management practices (BMPs) on nutrient loads in the Beargrass Creek Watershed in Kentucky. Key steps included delineating the watershed and streams from a digital elevation model, defining hydrologic response units based on soil and land use data, and calibrating the model using observed streamflow data. Preliminary results showed good agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. Next steps include improving the representation of tile drains, plant growth, soils, and calibrating nutrient loads to enable BMP scenario analysis. The goal is to identify effective BMP combinations while addressing challenges like routing runoff across the complex landscape.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
A high performance novel image compression technique using huffman codingIAEME Publication
This document summarizes an article from the International Journal of Computer Engineering and Technology about a novel image compression technique using Huffman coding with edge detection. It begins with an abstract that outlines using Huffman coding to compress images followed by edge detection using Canny edge detection. It then provides background on image compression techniques, including lossless versus lossy compression. It discusses edge detection methods and various coding techniques like LZW, arithmetic coding, run length coding, and Huffman coding. Huffman coding is described as assigning shorter code words to more frequently occurring symbols to achieve efficient compression. The document provides examples of how Huffman coding works to optimally encode symbols based on their probabilities.
How to be an Epic Failure (and come out Winning)Ben Nunney
My opening talk at Teen Web Conference on 10th December 2011, encouraging conference attendees to never be afraid of failure and to create great things.
This short document promotes creating presentations using Haiku Deck, a tool for making slideshows. It encourages the reader to get started making their own Haiku Deck presentation and sharing it on SlideShare. In a single sentence, it pitches the idea of using Haiku Deck to easily design presentations.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un paquete de sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen restricciones a las transacciones con bancos rusos clave y la prohibición de la venta de aviones y equipos a Rusia. Los líderes de la UE esperan que las sanciones aumenten la presión económica sobre Rusia y la disuadan de continuar su agresión contra Ucrania.
The student enjoyed learning more English in their English IV class, as it helped them better understand movies and chat with their brother in English. While their pronunciation and grammar were not perfect, using tools on the internet like Tell Me More, slideshows, and blogs helped them practice their English skills. The student felt they had made good progress in learning English from knowing nothing previously.
Dokumen tersebut membahas tentang amanat dalam drama. Menurut beberapa ahli, amanat adalah pesan yang ingin disampaikan penulis kepada penonton melalui karyanya. Amanat dapat bersifat edukatif dan menambah pengetahuan penonton secara positif. Amanat dapat disampaikan secara tersurat maupun tersirat.
The document introduces Jeffrey Powell, a candidate for Assistant Dean of Student Integrity. It provides details on his extensive experience in student affairs, including crisis response, student discipline, and residence life. It also notes that he currently works at the University of North Dakota and has held faculty appointments. The bulk of the document consists of Powell's response to how he would promote a community of integrity and respect in the role. He discusses establishing standards of conduct, having purposeful conversations with students, and respecting student self-determination per Carl Rogers' theory of unconditional positive regard.
This document provides guidance on conducting content analysis to measure how well a news organization's content aligns with its goals and audience. It outlines a 7-step process for content analysis: 1) define goals and audience, 2) choose a time period, 3) decide what to count, 4) count items, 5) analyze results, 6) determine if goals were met, and 7) repeat regularly. Content analysis can be done for both print and digital content, and examples are given of tracking diversity in photos versus community demographics. Regular content analysis provides a record to guide future decision making.
Rajasthan University BCA Detailed Syllabus CompleteHarish Gyanani
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help boost feelings of calmness, happiness and focus.
The document discusses aging gracefully and provides tips for older individuals. It argues that aging is not something to fear and that one can feel young at any age. Some key points made include: see aging as a positive experience rather than only focusing on physical decline; stay active socially and mentally; laugh and smile daily to promote happiness; and explore new opportunities in later life rather than seeing it as a time of loss. The overall message conveyed is that aging can be a fulfilling time if one maintains an engaged lifestyle and positive outlook on life.
This document provides guidelines for the use of anesthesia personnel in administering deep sedation/general anesthesia to pediatric dental patients in dental offices. It recommends that at least 3 individuals be present - an anesthesia care provider to administer drugs and monitor the patient, an operating dentist, and other trained staff. The anesthesia care provider must be licensed and have completed an anesthesia residency. Facilities must meet all applicable codes and laws for the deepest level of sedation that may occur. Proper emergency equipment and training is required. The guidelines are intended to optimize safety when deep sedation/general anesthesia is provided in dental offices.
SGS, the world's leading inspection, verification, testing and certification company, chronicles its early beginnings. This brochure accounts for SGS' leadership and innovation since 1878.
Kapil Yadhav seeks a position that allows him to utilize his 8 years of experience in various roles. He has strong communication, analytical, and time management skills. Currently he works as a Purchase Officer for Baramati Cattlefeeds Pvt Ltd, where he is responsible for purchasing raw materials and managing the supply chain. Prior roles include working as a Team Leader for automotive marketing and as a Sales Executive providing vehicle financing. He has proficiency with SAP, Tally, and Microsoft Office applications.
This document summarizes a study on the statistical analysis of groundwater quality parameters in Ninavah Governorate, Iraq. 27 wells were selected across 1500 km^2 for water sampling every two months from December 2008 to June 2009. Physical tests (TDS, EC, turbidity) and chemical tests (pH, hardness, ions, metals) were performed on the samples. Statistical analysis using correlation, factor analysis, and cluster analysis identified relationships between parameters and classified the wells into four clusters based on water quality similarities.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON DAL LAKE SRINAGAR KASHMIRIRJET Journal
This document summarizes an environmental impact assessment of conservation measures taken to restore Dal Lake in Srinagar, Kashmir. The lake is becoming increasingly polluted due to human activities. Conservation efforts have included catchment treatment, silt and sediment control, wastewater management, controlling weed infestation, improving hydrology, combating algal blooms, and solid waste management. Engineering works in over 9,700 hectares of the lake's basin and planting of over 600,000 saplings have helped reduce silt and waste. Removal of excess water and improvements to water channels and dams have also helped increase water flow and regain over 1.5 square kilometers of the lake.
IRJET- Rainfall-Runoff Analysis of the Watershed for River AIEIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study analyzing the rainfall-runoff relationship of the Aie River watershed in Bhutan using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. Key steps included delineating the watershed boundaries using ASTER DEM data, defining land use and soil types, acquiring meteorological data, running hydrologic simulations from 1995-2014, and analyzing the water balance. The SWAT model effectively simulated the rainfall-runoff dynamics in the ungauged watershed and provided insights into its hydrologic response to precipitation patterns.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
This document summarizes a study assessing the suitability of shallow groundwater from coastal aquifers in Buguma City, Nigeria for irrigation purposes. Water samples from 100 wells across 20 locations were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters including heavy metals, salinity, pH, sodium adsorption ratio, and more. The results showed elevated levels of iron and sodium adsorption ratio that exceed standards for irrigation water in many locations. This indicates the water is generally unsuitable for irrigation due to risks of clogging irrigation systems, displacing calcium in soil, and causing soil and plant health issues like stunted growth. Only 3 of the 20 locations were found to have water suitable for irrigation based on the water quality index and parameter assessment.
Artificial Neural Network for Modeling Nitrate Pollution of GroundwaterKaveh Ostad-Ali-Askari
This document presents a study that used an artificial neural network (ANN) to model and estimate nitrate pollution in groundwater in the marginal area of the Zayandeh-rood River in Isfahan, Iran. 100 wells in the area were sampled for water quality parameters including nitrate concentration. A three-layer perceptron neural network with one hidden layer and 19 neurons was developed using MATLAB software. The network was trained using the backpropagation learning algorithm and sigmoid activation function. The ANN model was able to accurately model nitrate concentrations in the groundwater and can be applied to investigate water quality parameters.
Egypt is one of the biggest and affected country in Africa and Middle East, which
affected by increasing population and many developing projects. The Nile is the artery
of life to Egypt as it shares with other ten countries as it considered the longest river
by adding its tributaries which reach 6,850 km. Egypt is suffering from deficit of water
resources at the present and in the future. Modeling may be helpful in solving water
shortage problems in the Nile valley with successful future planning. Many previous
studies had applied mathematical, physical and mechanical models on Nile river basin
and studying the impact of climate change and new strategies in water resources
management and using the GIS and share decisions with al participates. In the present
research, we apply WEAP program on east Nile delta and study Sharkia Governorate
as case study as it is the third big governorate in population and it is expected to
suffering from water deficit problem, so to achieve this deficit place and amount. We
feed the program with total resources of main canals (Ismailia and Bahr Mowais) and
total demand of water from different sectors; irrigation, domestic, and industrial
water demands. then the program determines the deficit area and redistributes the
water according to demand node priorities. We concluded that the water deficit value
=11.6MCM/year occur at the end of irrigation network (San Al Hagar & Al Salheya
region) where some illegal actions done by the farmers to overcome this water
shortage.
Remote sensing and Geographical Information System using for Water Resources ...AI Publications
Nowadays, studies on water resources management are quite important. This study on a subwatershed of the Bandama River in Côte d’Ivoire got a better understanding of the geomorphological characteristics of the study area. The use of satellite images and geographic information systems tools allowed to respond appropriately the management of water resources. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the Farandougou subwatershed, the Bandama river hydrographic network and the geostatistical analysis of this subwatershed have been shown and interpreted in this study. The area’s elevation is between 0 and 700 meters approximatively. The value of river length minimum is around 11273.091 meters and the value of river length maximum is around 44415.180 meters, the coefficient of variation is around 0.462 for example. The geostatistic of Kohoua at Farandougou has given also mean of 449.621 meters, mediane of 441 meters, variance of 3040.996 meters and standard deviation of 55.145 meters. The majority of the Kohoua subwatershed area has an elevation around 410 meters versus the minority around 715 meters.
In Aleg, Mauritania, especially in the rural areas where there is no supply of
treated water for drinking and other domestic uses, natural surface water is the only
source. The objective was to assess the water quality of natural sources of water in
the rural areas of the BRAKNA region (in the south-west of the country) using a water
quality index (WQI) for different seasons. A total of 40 samples, that is, 20 in winter
and 20 in summer were collected from different sources for physicochemical analysis,
and a WQI was calculated. Twenty-seven parameters were evaluated (Rrgaonkar and
V. Deshpande et al. 2007).
Follow-up and physicochemical analyzes made it possible to determine the WQI
index. The results obtained show that raw water from Lake Aleg is classified in the
category "Unsuitable" (undesirable).
The overall quality of the waters is strongly influenced by the alternation of
seasons of the year. Correlation analysis showed a perfect correlation between WQI
and water turbidity (r = 0.999). This made it possible to specify the turbidity as a
factor of deterioration in the quality of the lake water
To prevent losing water resources and wetlands, and conserve existing wetlands
ecosystem for ecosystem and biodiversity services, good, wetlands habitats forstart
any sustainable development programs, it is necessary to detect, monitor and
inventory water resources and their surround uplands. Recently, AL-Razaza Lake
suffer from a critical situation because of the decreasing in the water level and
increase a salinity. We have propose a method to monitor and model the spatial and
multi-temporal changes of AL-Razaza Lake in the period 1992–2018. This study
includes pre-processing, processing and post-processing stages. In Addition, a
supervised classification was used to classify the satellite images. Validation result
reveals that the overall accuracies and kappa coefficients of the supervised
classifications were 88, 90.79, 95.94 and 87.67 respectively, and 82%, 86%, 93% and
79% respectively. The results showed that the percentage change was significant
during this period, such that the decreased surface area was from 1313.87 km2 in
1992 to 224.85 km2 in 201.The noticeable results show the rapidly decreasing in the
Lake area by 82.8% with area about 1089.02 km2 over the last three decades. All the
dehydration extended area of the Lake was replaced by soil.
IRJET- Hydrological Modeling of Penganga Sub-Basin using Arc-SWATIRJET Journal
This document discusses hydrological modeling of the Penganga sub-basin in India using the ArcSWAT model. It provides background on the hydrological cycle and importance of hydrological modeling. The study aims to simulate stream flow in the Penganga river to help water resource managers. Input data on soil, climate and land use were generated from GIS. The basin was delineated and hydrological response units were defined in ArcSWAT. The SWAT model was calibrated and validated, with results found to satisfactorily represent the hydrological regime of the sub-basin. The calibrated model can be used to inform future water resource management in the area.
Characterizing Automobile Industrial Wastewater and its Impacts on Surroundin...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The wastewater from industries varies so greatly in both flow and pollution strength. So, it is impossible to assign fixed values to their constituents. It is necessary to pretreat the wastes prior to release to the municipal system since lack of adequate treatment of the effluent can cause deterioration of the ecosystem, die off and contamination of the aquatic environment. These adverse effects necessitated the study of wastewater effect on surface water body at Emene Industrial Layout, Enugu State, Nigeria. Wastewater samples were collected, analyzed and compared with the plot of treatment means. The results obtained from the study were compared with WHO and NIS 554 water standards. The wastewater analysis suggested that contaminant at the untreated stage was very high. The results of the treated and river sample were within the WHO and NIS 554 allowable water ranges. Samples at discharge point recorded increased values which suggest high re-contamination along the open channel (from non-point sources) before discharge. This calls for proper monitoring and treatment of the industrial effluent prior to ground water recharge or discharge to surface water.
Water quality index mapping of kengeri industrial area of bangalore city usin...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in the 133.95 square kilometer Kengeri industrial area of Bangalore, India using a water quality index (WQI). Groundwater samples were collected from 30 locations during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for various water quality parameters. WQI values ranged from 0.92 to 361.41, with 24% exceeding the drinking water standard of 100. High WQI values indicated elevated levels of parameters like iron, nitrates, total dissolved solids, hardness, and fluorides. GIS mapping showed 42.78 square kilometers of groundwater was unfit for drinking after monsoons. The study concluded the groundwater requires treatment before domestic use
Water quality index mapping of kengeri industrial area of bangalore city usin...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in the 133.95 square kilometer Kengeri industrial area of Bangalore, India using a water quality index (WQI). Groundwater samples were collected from 30 locations during pre- and post-monsoon seasons and analyzed for various water quality parameters. WQI values ranged from 0.92 to 361.41, with 24% exceeding the drinking water standard of 100. High WQI values indicated elevated levels of parameters like iron, nitrates, total dissolved solids, hardness, and fluorides. GIS mapping showed that during post-monsoon, 42.78 square kilometers of groundwater was unfit for drinking. The study concluded that groundwater in parts
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the quality of drainage water in Al-Shamiya al-sharqi drain in Diwaniya city, Iraq for use in irrigation. 10 water samples were collected from locations along the drain and analyzed for various chemical parameters. An Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) was used to assess the water quality, taking into account parameters like EC, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate and SAR that most affect water quality for irrigation. The IWQI was then integrated with a GIS system to map the water quality. The results found that 52% of the drainage water fell in the "Low restriction" category, 47% was "Moderate restriction" and 1% was
IRJET- Irrigation Water Quality: A Case Study of Khadki Nala Basin, Mangalwed...IRJET Journal
1) The document analyzes irrigation water quality parameters for the Khadki Nala basin in Maharashtra, India.
2) Testing of 72 groundwater samples from 2011-2014 found parameters like SAR, %Na, RSBC, SSP, KR, MAR, CAI-I and PI were within suitable ranges for irrigation.
3) The groundwater was found to have SAR values less than 10, %Na values less than 60, SSP values less than 50, and KR and MAR values less than 1, indicating the water quality was generally suitable for irrigation.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the impact of wastewater leaching from Madduana drain in Faisalabad, Pakistan on local groundwater quality. Wastewater and groundwater samples were collected from areas near the drain and analyzed for various water quality parameters. The study found that parameters like COD, BOD, TDS, and hardness in the wastewater exceeded national standards and that the quality of groundwater in the area was unsuitable for drinking or agricultural purposes due to pollution from wastewater leaching into the aquifer. The research concluded that wastewater treatment is needed at industries discharging into the drain to prevent further deterioration of groundwater resources.
This document presents a case study of coupling surface water and groundwater models in the Netravathi river basin located in southern India. It summarizes the data collected and methodology used. Key data included a digital elevation model, soil data, land use/land cover maps, rainfall and weather data, hydrological data including streamflow, and groundwater levels. The methodology involved using SWAT to model surface water hydrology and estimate groundwater recharge, then coupling the SWAT outputs to a MODFLOW groundwater model to allow a more complete analysis of the regional hydrological system.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Assessment of Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation of Rugende Dam, Rw...IRJET Journal
This document assesses the water quality and suitability for irrigation of Rugende Dam in Rwanda. Water samples were collected from eight locations in the dam and analyzed for physicochemical parameters including pH, EC, TDS, cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), and anions (Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, HCO3-). The results showed mean values within normal ranges according to FAO standards. Hydrochemical analysis indicated the dominant cation was Ca2+ and the dominant anion was Cl-. Plots of water quality indices showed samples were in the excellent category for irrigation with low salinity and sodium hazards. The study concluded water from Rugende Dam has low ionic concentration and
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
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Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
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Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
2. Prof. Dr Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S. Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 2 editor@iaeme.com
Key words: Al-Kufa River, Water Quality, Spatial Distribution Mapping, GIS.
Cite this Article: Prof. Dr. Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S.
Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various
Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical Information System (GIS).
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(10), 2015, pp.
01-14.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=6&IType=10
1. INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the most essential natural resources for eco-sustainability and is likely
to become critical scarce in the coming decades due to increasing demand, rapid
growth of urban populations, development of agriculture and industrial activities
especially in semi-arid regions [1]. Variations in availability of water in time, quantity
and quality can cause significant fluctuations in the economy of a country. Hence, the
conservation, optimum utilization and management of this resource for the betterment
of the economic status of the country become paramount [2].
The definition of water quality is very much depending on the desired use of
water. Therefore, different uses require different criteria of water quality as well as
standard methods for reporting and comparing results of water analysis [3]. On the
other hand, GIS is very helpful tool for developing solutions for water resources
problems to assess in water quality, determining water availability and understanding
the natural environment on a local and / or regional scale. From GIS, spatial
distribution mapping for various pollutants can be done. The resulting information is
very useful for decision-makers to take remedial measures [4].
Al-Kufa River is, the source of water for Al-Najaf province. Due to the population
growth, agriculture and urbanization, municipal wastes and agricultural wastes have
been increased considerably into the river. The problems of water quality have
become more important than the quantity. Therefore, the present study focuses on the
water quality analysis of Al-Kufa River using GIS.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Description of the Study Area
Kufa is a city in Iraq, about 170 kilometres south of Baghdad (capital of Iraq), and 10
kilometres northeast of Najaf. It is located on the banks of the Euphrates River.
Euphrates river branches after Al-Kifil town directly about1km into two branches,
first one is Al-Kufa river with a length of 73 km and width about 100 m and another
branch named Al-Abbasia river. The main source of water for Al-Kufa river is rain
water, stored water as lake and reservoirs. The water level is not stable at the river,
according to the season of the year. In summer, decline is attributed to its lowest level
so that the bottom of the river can be seen in some areas and even in winter the water
levels are not rising as required, and the center of the river is not covered with water
even in winter and the rainy season. The nature of the land surrounding the river is
agricultural land, with some residential buildings and farming land on the other side
[5]. Fig. (1) shows the study area.
3. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 3 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 1 The study area [5].
2.2. Samples collection
In order to give a comprehensive idea of the overall water quality of the river, water
samples are collected from seven stations along Al-Kufa River nearby Al-Najaf
station to the QadesyiaBridge.
These stations were selected to carry out the present study a long 58.859 km
stretch of Al-Kufa River situated in AI-Najaf city. According to the readings of GPS
instrument (Garmin modal GPS 72H) the coordinates (x, y, z) for the locations of
water samples along Al-Kufa River are described in table (1) and in fig. (2).
Table 1 Description of the monitoring stations along Al-Kufa River within Al-Najaf province
Stations Location
Coordinates Distance
between
stations
(km)
Accumulated
distance
(km)
X Y Z
K1
Near the water project
of Najaf
441263 3550167 14m - 0
K2
Near the water project
of Al-Kufa
443406 3545394 13m 6.916 6.916
K3
Near the water project
of Issa
448076 3538949 12m 11.115 18.031
K4
Near the water project
of Manathira
452230 3529787 11m 13.316 31.347
K5
Near the Mashkhab
bridge
452283 3518815 11m 11 42.347
K6
Near the Shaalan
market
453979 3514772 11m 5.739 48.086
K7
Near the Qadisiyah
bridge
450873 3507105 11m 10.773 58.859
4. Prof. Dr Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S. Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 4 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 2 Stations location for water quality monitoring along Kufa River within Al-Najaf
province
2.3. GIS for Water Resources
GIS is a powerful tool for developing solutions for water resources such as assessing
water quality and managing water resources on a local or regional scale. Use GIS
technology to integrate various data and applications into one, manageable system.
The suite of tools contained in Arc Hydro facilitate the creation, manipulation, and
display of hydro features and objects within the Arc GIS environment [6].So Arc
GIS(10.2.2) provides tools to produce mapping of Kufa river.
2.4. The Standards
Table 2 Iraqi Standards for Drinking Water [7]
Iraqi standardUnitParameter
6.5-8.5-pH
200-125mg/lAlkalinity as CaCO3
500mg/lTotal Hardness as CaCO3
100mg/lMagnesium (Mg)
150mg/lCalcium (Ca)
200mg/lSodium (Na)
350mg/lChloride (Cl)
5NTUTurbidity
2000s/cmµConductivity
1000mg/lTDS
10mg/lPotassium(K)
5. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 5 editor@iaeme.com
Table 3 FAO standards for irrigation water [8].
Limits FAO (1997)UnitParameter
6-8.5-pH
400mg/lCalcium (Ca)
150mg/lMagnesium (Mg)
78mg/lPotassium(K)
500mg/lTotal Hardness as CaCO3
920mg/lSodium (Na)
1065mg/lChloride (Cl)
3000s/cmµConductivity
2000mg/lTDS
Table 4 The standard values of industries [9].
Industries Parameters Standard value (Si )
Food industry Turb. 10
Plastic industry Turb. 2
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Water Quality
This study involves determining the physical and chemical parameters of surface
water at different stations along Kufa River. In order to reach a better view on the
causes of deterioration in water quality. The results were compared with the standards
of drinking water, industries and irrigation.
3.1.1. Temperature (Temp)
Temperature values throughout the period of the study at all stations were between
(12.5- 40) Co
for surface water. The highest value recorded was (40) Co
at station (K6)
in June 2014 and the lowest value was (12.5) Co
at station (K3) in January 2014. The
temperature distribution in this way is considered normal suited with the nature of the
climate of the region. Iraqi standards did not specify certain limits for temperature,
but the importance of the temperature influences the properties of water affects the
chemical reactions in addition to its effect on taste and color[10].Turbidity (Turb):
3.1.2. Turbidity(Turb)
The turbidity values at all stations were between (1.29-34.6) (NTU) for surface
water. The highest value recorded was (34.6) (NTU) at station (K3) in September
2013, while the lowest value was (1.29)(NTU) at station (K3) in April 2014. The
highest concentration of turbidity attributed to the existence of Albrakiyah treatment
plant. The maximum concentrations of turbidity exceeded Iraqi standards for drinking
6. Prof. Dr Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S. Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 6 editor@iaeme.com
water, No.417, 2001.According to the standards of (Maas, 1972), the results of
turbidity were unacceptable to be used in industries.
3.1.3. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)
The pH values at all stations were between (6.7-8.3) for surface water. The highest
value recorded was (8.3) at station (K4) in August 2013, while the lowest value was
(6.7) at stations (K6 and K7) in January 2014. The pH value of water decreased as the
content of CO2 increased, while it increased as the content of bicarbonate alkalinity
increased in river water [11]. In general, the maximum and minimum concentrations
of pH were within Iraqi standards for drinking water. According to the standards of
(FAO, 1997), the results of pH were acceptable to be used in irrigation.
3.1.4. Electrical Conductivity (Ec)
Conductivity values throughout the period of the study at all stations were between
(1007-3014) (µs/cm). The highest value recorded was (3014) (µs/cm) at station (K7)
in December 2013, while the lowest value was (1007) (µs/cm) at station (K1) in
September 2013. The results showed that high values of Ec because of heavy rainfall
in this month on agricultural land surrounding the river, which led to the increased
concentrations of dissolved ions that seeping into the river. The maximum
concentrations of conductivity exceeded Iraqi standards for drinking water. According
to the standards of (FAO, 1997), the results of Ec were acceptable to be used in
irrigation for all stations except at station (K7).
3.1.5. Alkalinity (Alk)
The values of alkalinity at all stations were between (100-156) mg/l as CaCO3 for
surface water. The highest value obtained was (156) mg/l as CaCO3 at station (K6) in
February 2014, while the lowest value obtained was (100) mg/l as CaCO3at station
(K7) in July 2013. In general, the concentrations of alkalinity were within Iraqi
standards for drinking water.
3.1.6. Total Hardness (TH)
The values of total hardness at all stations were between (353-710) mg/l as CaCO3 for
surface water. The highest value obtained was (710) mg/l as CaCO3 at station (K2) in
December 2013, while the lowest value obtained was (353) mg/l as CaCO3 at station
(K7) in September 2013. The highest concentration of total hardness attributed to the
existence of northern drainage of Al-Kufa and due to the weathering processes during
the rainy season especially in December 2013, and the disposal of municipal and
agricultural wastes into the river. The maximum of total hardness concentrations
exceeded Iraqi standards for drinking water. According to the standards of (FAO,
1997), the results of total hardness were unacceptable to be used in irrigation.
3.1.7. Calcium (Ca++
)
The values of calcium concentration for surface water were (72.38-215) (mg/l). The
highest value obtained was (215) (mg/l) at station (K6) in November 2013. The
lowest value was (72.38) (mg/l) at station (K5) during June 2014.Soil erosion and
mining of dolomite can be attributed to high values of calcium and magnesium
concentration in river water [12]. The maximum of calcium concentrations exceeded
Iraqi standards for drinking water. According to the standards of (FAO, 1997), the
results of calcium ion were acceptable to be used in irrigation.
7. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 7 editor@iaeme.com
3.1.8. Magnesium (Mg++
)
Magnesium concentrations for surface water were ranging (15.1- 92.6) (mg/l). The
highest value obtained was (92.6) (mg/l) at station (K3) in January 2014. The lowest
value was (15.1) (mg/l) at station (K6) in November 2013.All values of magnesium
concentrations were within Iraqi standards for drinking water. According to the
standards of (FAO, 1997), the results of magnesium ion were acceptable to be used in
irrigation.
3.1.9. Chloride (Cl-
)
The values of chloride concentrations for surface water were between (107-344)
(mg/l). The highest value obtained was (344) (mg/l) at station (K7) in December
2013. The lowest value was (107) (mg/l) at station (K2) in October 2013.All values of
chloride concentrations were within Iraqi standards for drinking water. According to
the standards of (FAO, 1997), the results of chloride ion were acceptable to be used in
irrigation.
3.1.10. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Total dissolved solids values at all stations were between (706-1922) (mg/l) for
surface water. The highest value obtained was 1922 (mg/l) at station (K7) in
December 2013, while the lowest value obtained was (706) (mg/l) at station (K6) in
July 2013. The results showed that high value of TDS because of heavy rainfall in this
month on agricultural land surrounding the river, which led to the increased
concentrations of dissolved ions that seeping into the river. The maximum
concentrations of the total dissolved solids exceeded Iraqi standards for drinking
water. According to the standards of (FAO, 1997), the results of total dissolved solids
were acceptable to be used in irrigation.
3.1.11. Sodium (Na+
)
Sodium values throughout the period of the study at all stations were between (74-
290) (mg/l) for surface water. The highest value recorded was (290) (mg/l) at station
(K7) in December 2013 and the lowest value was (74) (mg/l) at station (K2) in
October 2013. The maximum concentrations of sodium exceeded Iraqi standards for
drinking water. According to the standards of (FAO, 1997), the results of sodium ion
were acceptable to be used in irrigation.
3.1.12. Potassium (K+
)
Potassium values at all stations were between (3.5-13) (mg/l) for surface water. The
highest value recorded was (13) (mg/l) at stations (K2, K6) in December 2013 and the
lowest value was (3.5) (mg/l) at stations (K1, K3, K4) in January 2014. The maximum
concentrations of potassium exceeded Iraqi standards for drinking water. According
to the standards of (FAO, 1997), the results of potassium ion were acceptable to be
used in irrigation.
3.1.13. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
The test results showed that the SAR values at all stations in surface water varied
from (2.344–2.699) (meq/l). Based on the classification of the salinity laboratory of
the U.S. Department of Agriculture for (SAR) values, the test results showed that
there is no harmful effects from sodium on plants because the values of SAR were
less than ten[13].
8. Prof. Dr Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S. Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 8 editor@iaeme.com
3.2. Using the (GIS) software
In this study thirteen physico–chemical parameters were considered in the analysis.
GIS is used to represent the spatial distribution of the parameters. Producing new
maps of GIS represented the maximum and minimum values of the parameters at all
stations in the study area to show the impact of pollution on the surface water quality.
The following Figures from (3) to (27) show the distribution of most parameters.
Figure 3 Temp. Maximum Figure 4 Temp. Minimum
Figure 5 Turb. maximum Figure. 6 Turb. minimum
9. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 9 editor@iaeme.com
imum
Figure 7 pH maximum Figure 8 pH minimum
Figure 9 Ec maximum Figure 10 Ec minimum
Figure 11 Alk. Maximum Figure 12 Alk. Minimum
10. Prof. Dr Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S. Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 10 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 13 TH maximum Figure 14 TH minimum
Figure 15 Ca+2
maximum Figure 16 Ca+2
minimum
Figure 17 Mg+2 maximum Figure 18 Mg+2 minimum
11. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 11 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 19 Cl-
maximum Figure 20 Cl-
minimum
Figure 21 TDS maximum Figure 22 TDS minimum
Figure 23 Na+
maximum Figure 24 Na+ minimum
12. Prof. Dr Mohammad A. Alanbari, Asst. Prof. Saif S. Alquzweeni and Rusul A. Aldaher.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 12 editor@iaeme.com
Figure 25 K+
maximum Figure 26 K+
minimum
Figure 27 SAR values
4. CONCLUSIONS
The maximum concentrations of (Cl-
, Ca+2
, Mg+2
, Ec, TH, Na+
, Alk., K+
, SAR
and TDS) for surface water were during winter season especially in December
2013 because of heavy rainfall on agricultural land surrounding the river which
led to the increased concentrations of dissolved ions that seeping into the river.
The deterioration increased of water quality of Al-Kufa River during 2013-2014
because there are many agricultural drainages surrounding the river. In addition
to the wastewater treatment plant non-efficient because of an old plant and
receive discharges higher than the design capacity of the plant.
The results showed that the maximum values of (Turb, Ca+2
, Ec, TH, Na+
, K+
,
and TDS) were exceeded Iraqi standards for drinking water, No.417, 2001. This
means that the water is certainly unfit for drinking purposes (without treatment).
13. Spatial Distribution Mapping For Various Pollutants of Al-Kufa River Using Geographical
Information System (GIS)
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 13 editor@iaeme.com
According to the standards of FAO (1997), Al-Kufa River is considered
acceptable to be used in irrigation. And based on (SAR) classification, the test
results showed that there is no harmful effects from sodium on plants.
According to the standards of Maas (1972), Al-Kufa River is considered
unacceptable to be used in food and plastic industries.
The spatial distribution of various physico-chemical parameters are developed by
using (GIS) facilitated in identifying the potential zones of drinking water quality,
irrigation and industry, where GIS is an efficient tool to the decision makers in
order to be able to understand the status of the surface water quality.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Deep thanks must be expressed to Environment Department of Babylon for their help.
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