International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams a case study near chennai,...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emperical and Numerical Solution Of Seepage Problems Underneath Hydraulic S...RafidAlboresha
Hydraulic structures are structures submerged or partially submerged in water, they’re used to retain or divert natural water flow. Any hydraulic structure that retains water is faced with seep-age problems as the water seeks the path with the least resistance through or under the hydraulic structure. If the water carries materials as it flows or exerts high pressure on the floor of the structure, it will cause failures such as piping and cracks and there are many ways to prevent that, including cutoffs. In this paper, seepage is analyzed for different cases by using the empirical method (Khosla’s theory) and the numerical method by using computer software (SEEP/W). The results had some slight differences between the two methods as a result of not taking into account the effect of soil characteristics of the empirical method. However, the water pressure heads underneath the impervious floor that calculated by the numerical method were greater.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This research is to analyses hydraulic parameters of the spillway design for WADI
HORAN Dam. The spillway design of type Ogee overflow and the design based on
Water Experiment Station (W.E.S) of the U.S. Corp of Engineers. The inflow are
routed in order to decrease the maximum discharge passing on the spillway. The
maximum discharge passing are 1400 m3/sec with maximum head over the crest equal
to 3.4 m and 50 m3/sec Attenuation and 2 hrs Reservoir Lag. Froude number is
determined in order to select the type of stilling basin, the Froude number equal to 5
that can choose type II stilling Basin. The method used for routing is Inflow- Storage
Discharge ( I.S.D.) The profile of the downstream and upstream are calculated.
A review on managed aquifer recharge by check dams a case study near chennai,...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Emperical and Numerical Solution Of Seepage Problems Underneath Hydraulic S...RafidAlboresha
Hydraulic structures are structures submerged or partially submerged in water, they’re used to retain or divert natural water flow. Any hydraulic structure that retains water is faced with seep-age problems as the water seeks the path with the least resistance through or under the hydraulic structure. If the water carries materials as it flows or exerts high pressure on the floor of the structure, it will cause failures such as piping and cracks and there are many ways to prevent that, including cutoffs. In this paper, seepage is analyzed for different cases by using the empirical method (Khosla’s theory) and the numerical method by using computer software (SEEP/W). The results had some slight differences between the two methods as a result of not taking into account the effect of soil characteristics of the empirical method. However, the water pressure heads underneath the impervious floor that calculated by the numerical method were greater.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This research is to analyses hydraulic parameters of the spillway design for WADI
HORAN Dam. The spillway design of type Ogee overflow and the design based on
Water Experiment Station (W.E.S) of the U.S. Corp of Engineers. The inflow are
routed in order to decrease the maximum discharge passing on the spillway. The
maximum discharge passing are 1400 m3/sec with maximum head over the crest equal
to 3.4 m and 50 m3/sec Attenuation and 2 hrs Reservoir Lag. Froude number is
determined in order to select the type of stilling basin, the Froude number equal to 5
that can choose type II stilling Basin. The method used for routing is Inflow- Storage
Discharge ( I.S.D.) The profile of the downstream and upstream are calculated.
Hydrodynamics and Morphological Changes Numerical Model of the Jeneberang Est...AM Publications
Jeneberang Estuary, located south of Makassar, Indonesia, is one of the largest and most important river in Sulawesi. In this paper, a numerical model has recently been developed hydrodynamic and morphological evolution of the downstream rubber dam of the Jeneberang Estuary. The hydrodynamic model is derived from the hydro static assumption and Boussinesq approximation. A high-resolution computational grid was generated covering the Jeneberang estuary. The model was run with time driven by tidal forcing at the ocean boundary and river hydro graph at the upstream. The observed tidal data and hydrography were accessible for the set-up of the model. Hydrodynamic simulations have been performed and computed water levels were compared to observations of existing water level along the estuary from DISHIDRO data. For the period of a neap-spring-neap cycle, the model settings determined in the calibration process are verified satisfactions with respect to water level measurements. Good agreement was shown between model results and observed temporal and spatial variations in water elevation and currents, in the Jeneberang Estuary. The suspended sediments were generally transported from the Jeneberang River towards the Makassar Strait when overflow discharge through the Jeneberang Rubber Dam. Morphology change at the Jeneberang Estuary delta is affected by many factors, including tide, waves, river flows and sediment
Groundwater models are simplified representation of large and real hydrogeologic systems like river basins or watersheds. GWM is attempted to analyse the mechanisms which control the occurrence and movement of groundwater and to evaluate the policies, actions and designs which may affect the systems. These models are less complex prototypes of complex hydrogeologic systems developed using spatially varying aquifer parameters, hydrologic properties, geologic boundary conditions and positions of withdrawal wells or recharging structures. These are designed to compute how pumping or recharge might affect the local or regional groundwater levels.
Prediction of Flood Risk under the Impact of Climate Change on the Thermal Po...Tuu Nguyen
In Gangwon Province, the rainy season with an extremely high precipitation caused extreme flood event in the summer in 2006. A one dimensional (1D) hydraulic model was developed for mountainous river reaches located closely to the Yeongwol thermal power plant. Input data, including topographical data and river flow measured every 10 minutes from July 1st to September 30th, 2013 by Han River Flood Control Office (HRFCO), were imported to a 1D hydraulic model. The results were the simulated water levels, water discharges and average flow velocities at each cross-section. The simulated water levels in different years (including 2011, 2012 and 2014) were used to calibrate and validate the applied model. Climate change scenarios were estimated by referencing the climate change adaptation strategies of the Korean government and historical information about the extreme flood events.
Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Met...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Abstract Urban watersheds produce an instantaneous response to rainfall. That results in stormwater runoff in excess of the capacity of drainage systems. The excess stormwater must be managed to prevent flooding and erosion of streams. Management can be achieved with the help of structural stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs). Detention ponds is one such BMP commonly found in the Austin, TX, USA. The City of Austin developed a plan to mitigate future events of flooding and erosion, resulting in the development and integration of stormwater BMP algorithms into the sub-hourly version of SWAT model. This paper deals with the development of a physically based algorithm for detention pond. The algorithm was tested using a previously flow-calibrated watershed in the Austin area. From the test results obtained it appears that the detention pond algorithm is functioning satisfactorily. The algorithm developed could be used a) to evaluate the functionality of individual detention pond b) to analyze the benefits of such structures at watershed or higher scales and c) as design tool. Keywords: flooding, detention, urban, watershed, BMP, algorithm, stormwater, modeling
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
The rapid drawdown effects directly on the stability of upstream slope of earth
dams, where the seepage direction will be in the reverse direction due to emergency
emptiness, which causes flow from downstream to upstream through the dam body,
such flow may be not considered in design. In this research two cases of rapid
drawdown are adopted, in the first case, the reservoir is empty from service canal
(outlet flow) where the discharge of this canal is 200 m3/sec. In the second case, the
reservoir is empty by spillway canal with discharge capacity equal to 2750 m3/sec.
The results show that the discharge from spillway takes a few hours which threaten
the dam stability compering with allowable factor of safety while discharge from
outlet flow service takes a few days and the threaten was nominal, both of them under
rapid drawdown condition .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Hydrodynamics and Morphological Changes Numerical Model of the Jeneberang Est...AM Publications
Jeneberang Estuary, located south of Makassar, Indonesia, is one of the largest and most important river in Sulawesi. In this paper, a numerical model has recently been developed hydrodynamic and morphological evolution of the downstream rubber dam of the Jeneberang Estuary. The hydrodynamic model is derived from the hydro static assumption and Boussinesq approximation. A high-resolution computational grid was generated covering the Jeneberang estuary. The model was run with time driven by tidal forcing at the ocean boundary and river hydro graph at the upstream. The observed tidal data and hydrography were accessible for the set-up of the model. Hydrodynamic simulations have been performed and computed water levels were compared to observations of existing water level along the estuary from DISHIDRO data. For the period of a neap-spring-neap cycle, the model settings determined in the calibration process are verified satisfactions with respect to water level measurements. Good agreement was shown between model results and observed temporal and spatial variations in water elevation and currents, in the Jeneberang Estuary. The suspended sediments were generally transported from the Jeneberang River towards the Makassar Strait when overflow discharge through the Jeneberang Rubber Dam. Morphology change at the Jeneberang Estuary delta is affected by many factors, including tide, waves, river flows and sediment
Groundwater models are simplified representation of large and real hydrogeologic systems like river basins or watersheds. GWM is attempted to analyse the mechanisms which control the occurrence and movement of groundwater and to evaluate the policies, actions and designs which may affect the systems. These models are less complex prototypes of complex hydrogeologic systems developed using spatially varying aquifer parameters, hydrologic properties, geologic boundary conditions and positions of withdrawal wells or recharging structures. These are designed to compute how pumping or recharge might affect the local or regional groundwater levels.
Prediction of Flood Risk under the Impact of Climate Change on the Thermal Po...Tuu Nguyen
In Gangwon Province, the rainy season with an extremely high precipitation caused extreme flood event in the summer in 2006. A one dimensional (1D) hydraulic model was developed for mountainous river reaches located closely to the Yeongwol thermal power plant. Input data, including topographical data and river flow measured every 10 minutes from July 1st to September 30th, 2013 by Han River Flood Control Office (HRFCO), were imported to a 1D hydraulic model. The results were the simulated water levels, water discharges and average flow velocities at each cross-section. The simulated water levels in different years (including 2011, 2012 and 2014) were used to calibrate and validate the applied model. Climate change scenarios were estimated by referencing the climate change adaptation strategies of the Korean government and historical information about the extreme flood events.
Application of Earth Resistivity, Hydrogeochemistry and Isotope Hydrology Met...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Geology and Geophysics (IOSR-JAGG) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Applied Geology and Geophysics. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Applied Geology and Geophysics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Abstract Urban watersheds produce an instantaneous response to rainfall. That results in stormwater runoff in excess of the capacity of drainage systems. The excess stormwater must be managed to prevent flooding and erosion of streams. Management can be achieved with the help of structural stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs). Detention ponds is one such BMP commonly found in the Austin, TX, USA. The City of Austin developed a plan to mitigate future events of flooding and erosion, resulting in the development and integration of stormwater BMP algorithms into the sub-hourly version of SWAT model. This paper deals with the development of a physically based algorithm for detention pond. The algorithm was tested using a previously flow-calibrated watershed in the Austin area. From the test results obtained it appears that the detention pond algorithm is functioning satisfactorily. The algorithm developed could be used a) to evaluate the functionality of individual detention pond b) to analyze the benefits of such structures at watershed or higher scales and c) as design tool. Keywords: flooding, detention, urban, watershed, BMP, algorithm, stormwater, modeling
Morphometry and Hydrology relationship in Lidder valleyShakil Romshoo
Morphometric analysis of the Lidder catchment was carried out using geospatial technique.The analysis revealed that the area has uniform lithology and is structurally permeable. The high drainage density of all
subwatersheds indicate more surface runoff.The morphometric analysis also indicates that the area is more prone to weathering due to very-coarse to coarse drainage texture.
The rapid drawdown effects directly on the stability of upstream slope of earth
dams, where the seepage direction will be in the reverse direction due to emergency
emptiness, which causes flow from downstream to upstream through the dam body,
such flow may be not considered in design. In this research two cases of rapid
drawdown are adopted, in the first case, the reservoir is empty from service canal
(outlet flow) where the discharge of this canal is 200 m3/sec. In the second case, the
reservoir is empty by spillway canal with discharge capacity equal to 2750 m3/sec.
The results show that the discharge from spillway takes a few hours which threaten
the dam stability compering with allowable factor of safety while discharge from
outlet flow service takes a few days and the threaten was nominal, both of them under
rapid drawdown condition .
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
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El enigmático Albert Dellschau… autor del no menos intrigante diario
En 1969, durante la celebración en la Universidad de Saint Thomas (Houston) de una exposición sobre aeronáutica, Navarro halló un antiguo álbum con recortes y notas coloristas pertenecientes a un desconocido autor. En las amarillentas páginas de aquellos documentos, que se asemejaban a un diario personal, se observaban naves aéreas dibujadas con una exquisita precisión, enmarcadas entre recortes de prensa de la época referidos a la incipiente ciencia aeronáutica.
Experimental conceptualisation of the Flow Net system construction inside the...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
ABSTRACT
By means of a drainage and seepage tank, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model, formed from Leighton Buzzard Silica sand, was developed and studied in this experimental research paper.
Water flow through dams is one of the basic problems for geotechnical engineers. Seepage analysis in an important factor to be considered in the proper design of many civil engineering structures. Seepage can occur in both through the structure itself as the case of earth dams and under foundations of an engineering structure. Successful seepage analysis is achieved on the proper and accurate construction of a flow net.
Amongst the various existing methods of seepage analysis, the “Finite Element Method” and the method of “Experimental Flow Nets” are the most widely used ones.
Construction of a flow net is mainly used for solving water flow problems through porous media where the geometry makes sometimes analytical solutions impractical. This method is usually used in soil mechanics, geotechnical or civil engineering as an initial check for problems of water flow under hydraulic structures like embankments or dams. As such, a grid obtained by drawing a series of equipotential lines and stream or flow lines is called a flow net. In this procedure the Laplace equation principles must be satisfied.
Hence, the construction of a flow net is an important tool in analysing two-dimensional irrotational flow problems and provides an approximate solution to the flow problem by following simple rules, as initially set out by Forchheimer, 1900, and later refined by Casagrande,1937. It can also be very useful tool even for problems with complex geometries, as proven in this experimental research paper.
The objectives of this experimental research paper are:
• To determine the position and shape of the flow line representing the uppermost free water surface inside the body of a dam by using a drainage and seepage tank,
• To conceptualise the flow lines system and to demonstrate that each flow line starts perpendicular to the upstream slope of the dam and that that slope is a boundary equipotential line,
• To construct an experimental flow net and subsequently to verify and analyse it by the FEA method,
• To calculate the rate of seepage through the dam body, and
• To summarise the calculations and experimental findings in a concise and readable format.
In order to achieve these objectives, an experimental flow net system inside the body of a homogeneous earth embankment dam model was formulated by using a drainage and seepage tank.
From the constructed flow net in the present experimental research paper, an attempt has been made to analyze, determine and present the following parameters:
The pressure drop from one side of the embankment to the other,
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Mj3621112123
1. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
RESEARCH ARTICLE
www.ijera.com
OPEN ACCESS
Experimental and Artificial Neural Networks Modeling for Rivers
Bed Morphology Changes near Direct Water Supply Intakes
Rasul M. Khalaf 1 Rafa H. Al-Suhaili 2 Sanaa A. T. Al-Osmy3
1 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq.
2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Visiting Prof. , City College of New York. New York, USA.
3 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Al-Mustansiriyah, Baghdad, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
In this research, the problem of sediment movements near direct intakes was investigated from the river bed
morphology point of view rather than that concerning the effect of sediment withdrawal by the intake to the water
treatment plant. As expected the river bed morphology will be affected by the intake operation, and when the
pumping stops, the river will tend to recover this effect by its natural flow, hence a model is required to relate the
rate of river bed morphology recovery to the variables that are expected to be relevant, such as the pumping rate, the
geometrical variables and time of operation to time of non-operation ratio. A physical model was built. Experiments
were conducted to create a data base for these input-output variables, which were used to find an (ANN) model, for
the representation of this relationship. Image processing technique is used in this study to analyze the scour and
deposition photos from which the volumes of the scour holes after intake operation time and that after intake nonoperation time were found, which allows the estimation of the rate of recovery. The results obtained from the image
processing of these photos had prevailed that these volumes can be approximated as a half ellipsoid. An ANN.factorized back propagation model was fitted to the data base with a correlation coefficient of (0.843), which was
considered acceptable according to Smith (1986) criteria. Comparison between the output values(rate of recovery)
obtained using this (ANN) model and those obtained experimentally for cases that are not included in the data base,
indicates high compatibility with a maximum percentage difference of (7.15% and 5.07%) for overestimating and
underestimating respectively.
Keywords: River morphology, Souring, Sedimentation, Rate of recovery, Artificial Neural Networks, Water
intakes.
I.
INTRODUCTION
Sediment movement near the river intake
structures is a complex problem that reduces the system
efficiency and increases the cost of dredging and system
maintenance.
In case of power-plants using rivercooling water, sediment reduces the withdrawn capacity
of the plant, causes damage to the pumping system and
partial or full blockage at the entrance of intake.
Sediment blockage may result in the stopping of the
plant, Abd Al-Haleem, (2008).
As water is abstracted through the intake,
sediment is typically drawn towards the intake structure
or point of diversion. Sediment may either be drawn into
the intake structure or may be trapped behind it. This
reduces the amount of sediment that is supplied to
downstream reaches. If sediment is drawn into the
intake, there is the risk of damage to the intake facility
and end operation machinery (e.g. turbines, gates and
valves), Ali et al.(2012).
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Many researches had been conducted
concerning the problem that occurs in the water supply
projects due to sediment withdrawal, Amin
(2005),Zheng and Alsaffar(2000). However, very little
work had been done on the effect of direct water intakes
operation on the river bed morphology, Formann et al.
(2012), Zaitsev et al.(2004). These intakes operation
can affect the river bed morphology by creating
considerable changes in the bed formation near the
intake, and disturb the river as a system. This operation
causes movement of sediments near the intake creating
some sort of a hole in the vicinity of the intake. Part of
the sediments moved due to pumping will be withdrawn
with the pumped water, while the other part will move
just downstream the intake where it deposited creating
local sediment accumulation. The reduction in sediment
downstream and increased erosion can damage
important habitats (e.g. bank-side habitat) and habitats
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2. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
that depend on a supply of sediment from upstream
reaches,SEPA (2008).
For a scientific and rational approach to
different river problems and proper planning and design
of water resources projects, an understanding of the
morphology and behavior of the river is a pre-requisite.
River morphology is a field of science which deals with
the change of river plan and cross sections due to
sedimentation and erosion. In this field, dynamics of
flow and sediment transport are the principal elements.
The morphological studies, therefore, play an important
role in planning, designing and maintaining river
engineering structures, Agrawl(2005).
These changes in the river morphology near the
intake may disturb the natural river system. It may have
effects on the natural flow and the ecosystem. However,
the river system will try to retain its natural properties
when the disturbance created by the water intake
operation stop. This is the recovery property of any
natural system such as rivers.
Artificial neural networks modeling had been
used for the modeling of scour phenomena at outlet
structures, Emamgholizadeh (2012). These models had
proved their capability of estimating the depth of scour
holes created by the flow around bridge piers, Jeng et al.
(2005).
In this research it is intended to look at the
problem of sediment movements near direct intakes
from the river bed morphology point of view rather than
those problems concerning the water treatment. The
reasons for this attention are due to the facts that little
researches had been conducted on this issue compared
to the concern of the water treatment problems, and that
so many direct intakes were already exist in Iraq and
still working. Exchanging these direct intakes into side
intakes is an expensive and impractical action, hence it
is believed that proper operation of these direct intakes
can minimize the effect on the river morphology.
The following main steps were conducted to
achieve the aim of the research.
1- Building a physical model, that simulates a direct
intake operation on a river.
2- Conduct experiments to establish a data base for the
set of data relating the rate of recovery of the river
bed material to the pumping rate and time schedule.
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3- 3- Develop an artificial neural networks model for
relating the variables using the data base developed
in step2.
II.
THE EXPERMENTAL SETUP
A movable bed flume, re-circulating type was
built. Its parts are collected from different public
markets in Baghdad, Iraq, such as electrical pumps and
flow meters. The system is a closed operating system.
Figure (1) shows the general layout of the flume. The
flume is consisted of the following main parts:
Flume Body
The main flume is of 3m long and has a
rectangular cross-section (1.2 m x 1 m). The flume
structure is built up from iron and its sides and bed are
manufactured from 8 mm thickness acrylic material,
The entrance of the flume is provided with a stilling
basin with a fine mesh screen to ensure an even flow
distribution across the flume. At the downstream end of
the flume, there exists a rectangular Sharp crested weir
which has been manufactured to calculate the flume
(river) flow. The working section of the flume is 2.5m
length, 1.2m width and 1m in depth. This working
section is filled with 15cm thickness layer of natural
river soil taken from Tigris River.
Ground Tank with Re-circulating Pump
The ground tank was built using aluminum
material, has dimensions of (3 m x 1.20 m x 2 m). Water
is pumped from this tank to the flume, by means of two
centrifugal pumps each with a capacity of (280) lit/s.
The suction pipe of the centrifugal pump is (3) m long
and (0.33) m in diameter. It is submerged in the ground
tank to deliver water for the flume. Figure (2) shows the
ground tank and the re-circulating pump.
Intake Structure
The intake structure is made up of a suction
pump with a capacity of (500) lit/sec which was used to
withdraw water from the flume through the intake pipe
to the storage or ground tank. This pump is connected
with a UPVC pipe (1.25)" ,in diameter and (40)" ,in
length which works as an intake vertical pipe. This pipe
was submerged into the river (flume) and convey the
water to the flume (river) then finally to the ground tank
as shown in figure (3).
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3. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
www.ijera.com
Fig. (1) General layout of the flume
Fig.(2) Ground water storage tank and re-circulating pumps.
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4. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
www.ijera.com
Flow meter
Intake Pump
Intake Pipe
Fig. (3) Intake pump and flowmeter.
Flow meters
The inlet flow to the flume and outlet flow
from the intake pump were measured by using two
flow meters. One of them is connected to the flume
inlet pipe which was coming from the ground pumps
to measure the flume flow (QR) and the other is
connected to the intake pump to measure the intake
flow as shown in figure (4) .
Fig. (4) Ground flow meter and intake flow meter for measuring the intake discharge.
Point gauge
A Point gauge was installed within the flume
as shown in figure (5). A Carriage was constructed on
the two rails on the two sides of the main and intake
flumes. The carriage could be moved along the whole
length of the flume. The point gauge was fitted on the
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carriage and used to measure both water and bed levels.
An industrial scraper was manufactured from an iron
material in order to be used for making a level bed
before each run. The point gauge was also used to
measure the bed topography on the working section of
the flume before each run.
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5. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
www.ijera.com
Fig. (5) The movable point gauge.
Digital Camera
A digital camera of (16Mega Pixel) was used
to monitor the bed topography on the whole working
section (2.5)m with a grid of (60 cm x 60 cm) around
the intake suction pipe. The photos were then analyzed
by using the image processing technique.
III.
EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Experiments were carried out considering the
main parameters that affect the movement of the noncohesive sediments near the water intakes. The studied
effective parameters are as follows:-intake pumping flow, (Qp)
-River flow,(QR)
-horizontal position of the intake pipe, (d)
-width of the river(flume),(w)
-horizontal coordinate of any point along the river
flow direction,(x)
-length of river reach,(Lr)
-Transverse coordinate of any point along the direction
perpendicular to river flow direction (along the tank
widthdirection),(y)
- depth of sediments at any point (x,y),(z)
- Vertical position of the intake point,(dsn)
- Normal depth of river,(Yn)
- time of operation condition of the intake, top
- time of non-operation condition of the intake, tnop
The experimental tests are divided into many
different sets. For each set of experiments, different
ratios of ( Qr) i.e., (Qp/Qr) were used. For each value
of discharge ratio, different values of time ratios(tr)
i.e., (top/tnop) were used.
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IV.
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
ANALYSIS
The analysis of the experimental results is
presented here for some of the experiments only for
the purpose of illustration. The given sample will
show the obtained scour hole after direct pumping and
the analysis of its photo using the image processing
technique. The recovery of scour hole after nonoperating stage is also shown here using the image
processing technique. Figure (6) shows a typical scour
hole photo and its image processing analysis. Figures
(7) and (8) show the scour hole and its image
processing before and after operation of the intake for
Qr=0.37,tr=0.33 , the estimated percentage recovery is
Pr=82.69%. All the photos of the other experimental
work runs were analyzed in a similar manner to that
shown in figures (7) and (8), using the image
processing technique. This technique can give the
dimensions of the scour hole after operation and nonoperation periods. The image processing technique can
also give the z- coordinate for the (x-y) coordinates of
any point on the scour hole. It also can draw a section
of the z- coordinates along any longitudinal line (x),
and/or transverse line (y), selected through the scour
hole section. For each photo of scour hole , relation
between x-y coordinates and depth z can be obtained
through the scour section . Table (1) represents the
depths (z) at different locations in a rectangular section
(60*60)cm, i.e., the z- coordinates for each 6 cm along
x and y directions of the section, for one of the images
analyzed.
Investigating all of the experimental results
had revealed that the shape of scour hole is similar to
a half of an ellipsoid, hence the volume of scour hole
can be approximated by the following formula:
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6. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
𝑉=
∗
1
2
4
π. Ls1. Ls2
. ds
Where:
Ls1=Horizontal axis of the ellipsoid.
Ls2=Vertical axis of the ellipsoid.
ds= central depth of scour hole.
3
(1)
Table (2) represents the obtained experimental results
for some experiments conducted. These data can be
classified into two parts:
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1- The data which were measured during the
experiments such as (Yn, dsn,Qp, Qr, top and tnop).
2- The data obtained from the image processing
analysis of the scour holes volumes after pumping
operating and non-operating periods, (Vop, Vnop and
Pr%) ,which are the volume of hole after the operation
of intake, volume of hole after the period of nonoperation of the intake, and the percent recovery of the
hole, respectively. The percentage recovery is
estimated using the following equation:
𝑉𝑜𝑝 − 𝑉𝑛𝑜𝑝
𝑃𝑟 =
∗ 100
(2)
𝑉𝑜𝑝
Half of semiellipsoid
2
0
-2
-4
12
10
8
12
10
6
8
4
6
4
2
0
2
0
Fig. (6) A sample of a scour hole photo and its image processing after pumping operation time.
A)
B)
Fig. (7) A scour hole photos for (Qr=0.37,tr=0.33 , PR=82.69%), A) after pumping operation time period, B)
after non operation time period.
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7. Rasul M. Khalaf et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 3, Issue 6, Nov-Dec 2013, pp.2111-2123
www.ijera.com
2
0
-2
10
8
6
10
4
8
6
2
4
2
0
0
A)
B)
Fig. (8) Imag Processing for the Scour holes for (Qr=0.37,tr=0.33 , PR=82.69%), A) after pumping operation
time period, B) after non operation time period.
Table(1 ) Sample of the Image Processing Data results for a sample run.
X
1
2
3
4
5
6
Y
0.921
0.033
0.303
0.265
0.419
0.496
-0.352
0.651
0.033
-0.468
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
-0.275
-0.043
0.342
-0.120
0.265
0.728
0.651
0.728
0.574
-1.047
-0.082
-0.159
0.998
1.114
0.805
0.265
0.805
0.458
0.921
-0.54
0.303
-0.082
0.342
-0.082
0.535
-0.429
-0.236
0.342
0.033
-0.429
-0.506
-0.005
-0.043
0.767
-1.664
-1.626
-0.468
0.149
0.188
-0.198
-0.159
-0.236
0.110
-1.085
-0.854
-0.159
0.072
-0.622
-0.005
0.265
7
8
9
10
-0.005
0.535
-0.468
0.381
-0.120
0.033
0.496
0.767
0.612
-0.159
-0.622
-0.506
-0.120
-0.275
0.303
0.072
0.689
0.072
-0.545
-1.008
0.072
-0.699
0.188
0.574
0.612
0.458
0.419
-1.047
0.188
-0.506
-0.198
0.226
0.265
-0.005
0.381
0.188
-0.082
0.728
0.149
-0.506
Table (2) Sample of the measured experimental results.
Run No.
Qp
(m3/sec)
Qr
(m3/sec)
d
(cm)
W
(cm.)
dsn
(cm.)
Yn
(cm.)
top
(min.)
tnop
(min.)
1
4.1
5.83
32
120
18
22
9
25
2
3.35
5.8
32
120
21
22.5
9
20
3
3.53
6.33
29
120
16
19
13.5
40
4
3.19
7.614
27.5
120
14.5
17.5
27
50
5
3.19
4.68
27.5
120
10.5
14.5
15
30
6
2.91
3.86
34
120
13.5
17.2
33
60
7
3.05
4.76
34
120
14.2
18.2
25
90
8
2.23
2.84
34
120
13.3
18.3
21
35
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9
2.18
4.33
34
120
15.8
19.8
18
60
10
2.79
4.53
34
120
16.2
18.2
9
31
11
3.19
5.61
34
120
18.5
20
13
40
12
3.48
4.53
34
120
17
19
10
60
13
2.31
3.19
34
120
19
22
10.5
41
The Developed ANN Model
Using the data base developed in the
experimental work and ANN modeling technique,
different trials were made and finally an ANN.factorized back propagation model was obtained with
a correlation coefficient of (0.843), which was
considered acceptable according to smith(1986)
criteria. The input variables were changed to a
dimensionless terms to provide generality of the
model. These dimensionless variables are as follows:
dow=(d/w), the ratio of the horizontal position of the
intake pipe to the river width.
Qr=(Qp/QR), the ratio of the pumped discharges to
the river discharge.
tr=(top/tnop), the ratio of the time of operation of the
intake to time of non-operation.
dr=(dsn/yn), the ratio of the depth of the
submergence of the intake strainer to the normal
depth of the river.
These variables were used as input
variables, while the rate of recovery Pr is used as the
output variable. The SPSS (Statistical Procedures of
Social Sciences), version 19 was used for obtaining
the required ANN model.
Table (3) shows the data division, where the
application of (SPSS) software allows the selection of
this data division into training set, testing set, and
validation (holdout) set. The best data division that
was obtained is 79.2% (38Runs) for training, 8.3% (4
Runs) for testing, and 12.5% (6 Runs) for the
validation.
Table(3) Case Processing Summary.
Sample
Training
Testing
Holdout
Valid
Excluded
Total
N
38
4
6
48
0
48
Percent %
79.2
8.3
12.5
100
Table (4) shows the model network information, which indicates a number of hidden nodes in the hidden layer of
(7). The obtained required activation functions for the hidden and output layers were hyperbolic tangent and identity
functions respectively. Figure (9) shows the architecture of the network.
Table (4) Artificial neural network information.
Input Layer
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1
dow
Covariates
Hidden Layer(s)
Factors
1
2
3
Qr
tr
dsn/yn
9
Standardized
1
Number of Units*
Rescaling Method for Covariates
Number of Hidden Layers
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Number of Units in Hidden Layer 1*
Activation Function
Dependent Variables
1
7
Hyperbolic tangent
Pr
Number of Units
Rescaling Method for Scale Dependents
Activation Function
Error Function
Output Layer
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1
Standardized
Identity
Sum of Squares
*. Excluding the bias unit
Figure (9) The architecture of the artificial neural network (ANN) model required for the modeling of the
phenomena.
Table(5) shows the error analysis of the obtained ANN model. This table indicates low sum of square errors and
relative errors for each of the training, testing and verification subsets.
Table (5) Error analysis of the developed ANN model.
Training
Testing
Holdout
Sum of Squares Error
Relative Error
Stopping Rule Used
Training Time
Sum of Squares Error
Relative Error
Relative Error
3.654
0.197
1 consecutive step(s) with no decrease in error *
0:00:00.03
1.620
1.079
2.462
Dependent Variable: Pr
*. Error computations are based on the testing sample.
Table (6) shows the model parameters vectors and matrices obtained for the model. The correlation coefficient
between the predicted and measured percentage recovery is (0.843).
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Table (6) The ANN model Parameters.
Where: 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑝,1 , and 𝑉𝑛 ,𝑝 are the bias vector and
weight matrix between the input and hidden layers, p is
the number of hidden nodes in the hidden layer. For the
developed model, p=7 and the vector and matrix are as
given below:
−0.93
−0.548
−1.398
……(5)
𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑝,1 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠7,1 = −0.766
−0.220
0.656
−0.023
𝑉𝑛,𝑝 =𝑉4,7 =
0.969 0.644 −0.1970.033−0.229 0.023 −0.551
1.498 1.159 0.693 0.031 0.042 −0.375 0.532
𝑎(1) 𝑎(2) 𝑎(3) 𝑎(4) 𝑎(5) 𝑎(6) 𝑎(7)
0.677−0.658 1.105 0.053−0.743 0.469 0.095
(6)
Where the vector a(i) , i=1 to 7 is given by table(7).
In order to use the developed ANN model for
estimating the rate of recovery for a given input data set
the model can be represented by the following steps:
1- Put the input variables (dow,Qr,tr and dsn/yn)
in a the input vector 𝑋 𝑖 and obtain a
standardized form column vector 𝑋 ∗ using
𝑛,1
the following equation:
𝑋 𝑖 − 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑥 𝑖
𝑋∗ =
(3)
𝑖
𝑆𝑑𝑥 𝑖
Where: 𝑋 ∗ , and 𝑋 𝑖 are the standardized and
𝑖
normal input variables respectively,
i=1,2,….N, where N is the number of input variables
(N=4 for the developed model), and
𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑖 , , 𝑆𝑑𝑥 𝑖 are the observed means and standard
deviations of the input variables.
2- Obtain the weighted input vector to the nodes
of the hidden layer 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑝,1 ,using the following
matrix equation:
𝑇
𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑝,1 = 𝑉𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑝,1 + 𝑉𝑛 ,𝑝 ∗ 𝑋 ∗
4
𝑛,1
Table(7) Values of (ai) vector related to (d/w) values.
d/w
a1
0.2292
0.2417
0.2583
0.2625
0.2667
0.2833
-0.096
-0.045
0.182
0.501
0.252
-1.287
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a2
a3
0.956
-0.337
0.310
-0.527
0.041
0.886
a4
a5
a6
a7
0.487
-0.339
0.021
0.120
-0.874
-0.766
-0.456
-0.615
0.108
0.455
0.770
-0.036
-0.517
0.063
-0.174
0.244
0.195
0.146
0.862
-0.266
-0.101
0.574
0.318
0.073
-0.098
0.078
-0.397
0.199
0.347
0.385
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3- Obtain the output vector from the nodes of the hidden layer as follows:
𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝,1 = 𝐹ℎ 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑝,1 (7)
Where: Fh is the activation function of the hidden layer. This function for the developed model is a
hyperbolic tangent.
4- Obtain the input weighted vector to the nodes of the output layer, 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑚 ,1 using:
𝑇
𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑚 ,1 = 𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑚 ,1 + 𝑊𝑝,𝑚 ∗ 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝,1
(8)
Where: 𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑚 ,1 ,and 𝑊𝑝,𝑚 are the bias vector and weight matrix between the hidden and output
layers, m is the number of nodes in the output layer. For the developed model, m=1 and the vector and
matrix are as given below:
𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠 𝑚 ,1 =𝑊𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑎𝑠1,1 = (-0.117)
(9)
−1.389
1.037
1.591
𝑊𝑝,𝑚 = 𝑊7,1 = −1.026
0.067
0.849
−0.378
5- Find the standardized output vector𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗𝑚 ,1
(10)
𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑡 ∗𝑚 ,1 = 𝐹𝑜(𝑌𝑖𝑛) 𝑚 ,1
and then obtain the output variables using:
𝑌𝑗 ,1 = 𝑌𝑗 ∗ ∗ 𝑆𝑑𝑦 𝑚𝑗 + 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑗
,1
(11)
(12)
Where j=1,2,…m,. For the developed the
output variable is only one, since m=1, and that is the
value of Pr.
The reason for using the standardized variables
in the ANN model as shown in equations (3) and (12) is
that the model vectors and matrices parameters are
estimated using the standardized input and output
variables. This is usually recommended for ANN
modeling to avoid the effect of order of magnitude of
each variable on these parameters. However the SPSS
software allows four method of modeling for the input
variables, non-scaling, standardized, normalized and
adjusted normalized. The standardized scaling method
was used for the input data since it was found to
produce the higher correlation coefficient between the
predicted and observed output variable. For the output
variables, the software uses a standardization method
by default, i.e. the output values (Pr%) is not the real
values but the standardized values, hence using this
model, the output values should be returned to the real
values by multiplying by the standard deviation and
adding the mean of each output variables. This will
require also the calculation of a mean value and the
standard deviation (sd) for output variable (Pr%) which
will be used later for returning the real output values of
(Pr%).
The mean and standard deviation values are
needed for the model use as mentioned above, hence,
considered as a model parameters. Table (8) shows
these means an standard deviations.
Table (8) The means and standard deviations of the input-output variables.
Variable
Mean
Standard deviation
Qr
tr
d/w
dsn/Yn
Pr
0.617143
0.142285
0.319061
0.13545
0.26399
0.014037
0.892245
0.047778
62.6795
16.44976
Even though the ANN modeling process
involves the division of data into three sub-samples as
mentioned above, the training, testing and verification
sub samples, and obtaining the model parameters using
the first two sub-samples leaving the third sub-sample
for verification, further verification was made herein to
ensure the model performance. This further verification
was done using some additional experimental data that
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are not used in the ANN modeling. Table (9) shows the
results of the observed and predicted rate of recovery of
these additional experiments. The maximum percentage
difference was found to be (7.15) overestimating and
(5.07) underestimating. This ensures the model good
performance. Hence this model can be used for design
and/or operation purposes for direct intakes on rivers.
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Designers and operators of such intake can use
this model to estimate the rate of recovery for proposed
or existing intake geometric and pumping capacity
variables. For example if the required daily pumping
volume is V and the proposed number of cycles per day
is nc, then:
𝑇𝑜𝑝 =
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𝑉
(13)
𝑄𝑝
Top=nc (top+tnop)
𝑡𝑜𝑝
𝑡𝑟 =
𝑡𝑛𝑜𝑝
(14)
(15)
Table (9) Percentage difference between observed and estimated rate of recovery percent using the developed
ANN model.
Input Variables
Qr
0.703
0.5577
0.7539
0.7852
0.7741
0.7296
0.5114
tr
0.3600
0.3375
0.5500
0.6000
0.2561
0.5000
0.2500
d/w
0.2667
0.2417
0.2833
0.2833
0.2833
0.2583
0.2583
Output Variables
dsn/yn
0.8182
0.8421
0.8430
0.8361
0.8636
0.9444
0.9000
The designer and operators can use a trial and
error procedure by the following steps:
1- For the given V and 𝑄 𝑝 estimating Top from
equation(13)
2- Solving equations(14) and (15) to find tr for a
proposed values of nc and top.
3- Using the tr with the other proposed values as input
variables in the developed ANN model to obtain
the rate of recovery then repeating the process until
a satisfied rate of recovery is obtained.
Table(8) Independent Variable Importance analysis.
Variable number
Variable name
PR Observed
73.5331
67.0000
54.2210
40.1530
89.8600
77.2300
63.3000
PR Estimated
78.7900
70.1000
51.4700
39.6300
88.4140
73.7900
63.7900
% difference
-7.15
-4.69
5.07
1.30
1.62
4.46
-0.72
A relative normalized importance analysis was
performed in order to find which of the input variables
has the most effect on the output variable. Table (10)
shows the results which indicate the effect of input
variables in descending order as d/w, Qr, tr and ds/yn
respectively. The last three variables has almost the
same effect of approximately (60%) on the rate of
recovery.
Importance
Normalized importance
VAR00001
d/w
0.356
100%
VAR00002
Qr
0.216
60.7%
VAR00003
tr
0.219
61.6%
VAR00004
dsn/yn
0.209
58.71%
V.
CONCLUSIONS:
Form the experimental and analytical study
conducted above the following conclusions can be
deduced:
1- Photos should be taken by fixing the digital
camera at the same vertical location or level
during the experimental work. Different locations
of the camera will lead to different range of data
and will not help to make a precise comparison
between operation and non-operation behavior of
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the river bed morphology. In addition to that
photos should be taken using the same digital
camera settings and the same section dimensions
for all of the experiments. Using different pixels
and section dimensions will lead to give different
range of data, which will not give a real
presentation of the phenomena under study.
2- The analysis of the results of the image processing
indicate the possibility of approximating the
volume of the created hole by measuring the
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principal axis of this hole and using the formula of
half ellipsoid volume.
3- Comparison between the rates of recovery values
obtained using the physical model with those
obtained using the developed (ANN) model
indicates high compatibility with a maximum
percentage difference of (7.15% and 5.07%) for
overestimating and underestimating respectively.
4- The normalized importance analysis indicates that
the ratio (d/w) has the highest effect on the rate of
recovery with normalized relative importance of
100%.The other three variables (Qr, tr, dsn/yn)
has almost the same normalized relative effect on
the rate of recovery, which is about 60%.
5- Using this modeling technique, different trials
were made and finally an (ANN.-factorized back
propagation model) was observed with a
correlation coefficient of (0.843), which was
considered acceptable according to smith criteria.
The reason for obtaining a factorized ANN model
rather than the traditional one is due to the fact
that (d/w) was found to have an effect on the
percent recovery as a factorized factor rather than
as a variable.
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
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Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia,
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Scottish Environment Protection Agency
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Smith, M. (1993), “Neural Networks for
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Zaitsev, A. A., Belikov, V.V. and Militeev,
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10.1061/40517(2000)273 ,pp. 1-8.
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