Egypt is one of the biggest and affected country in Africa and Middle East, which affected by increasing population and many developing projects. The Nile is the artery of life to Egypt as it shares with other ten countries as it considered the longest river by adding its tributaries which reach 6,850 km. Egypt is suffering from deficit of water resources at the present and in the future. Modeling may be helpful in solving water shortage problems in the Nile valley with successful future planning. Many previous studies had applied mathematical, physical and mechanical models on Nile river basin and studying the impact of climate change and new strategies in water resources management and using the GIS and share decisions with al participates. In the present research, we apply WEAP program on east Nile delta and study Sharkia Governorate as case study as it is the third big governorate in population and it is expected to suffering from water deficit problem, so to achieve this deficit place and amount. We feed the program with total resources of main canals (Ismailia and Bahr Mowais) and total demand of water from different sectors; irrigation, domestic, and industrial water demands. then the program determines the deficit area and redistributes the water according to demand node priorities. We concluded that the water deficit value =11.6MCM/year occur at the end of irrigation network (San Al Hagar & Al Salheya region) where some illegal actions done by the farmers to overcome this water shortage.

1. http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 170 editor@iaeme.com
International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)
Volume 10, Issue 05, May 2019, pp. 170–180, Article ID: IJCIET_10_05_019
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
© IAEME Publication
EVALUATION OF WATER SHORTAGE IN EAST
NILE DELTA
G. Mostafa
Professor of Hydraulics, Water and Water Structures Eng. Dept.,
Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University
M. Fahmy
Assoc. Professor, Water and Water Structures Eng. Dept., Faculty of Engineering,
Zagazig University
S. Ramadan
Ph.D. Water Resources Management, Lecturer, Water and Water Structures Eng.
Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University
O. Shalash
Head of Building Maintenance Administration, Sharkia south sector,
Canal Company for Electricity Distribution
ABSTRACT
Egypt is one of the biggest and affected country in Africa and Middle East, which
affected by increasing population and many developing projects. The Nile is the artery
of life to Egypt as it shares with other ten countries as it considered the longest river
by adding its tributaries which reach 6,850 km. Egypt is suffering from deficit of water
resources at the present and in the future. Modeling may be helpful in solving water
shortage problems in the Nile valley with successful future planning. Many previous
studies had applied mathematical, physical and mechanical models on Nile river basin
and studying the impact of climate change and new strategies in water resources
management and using the GIS and share decisions with al participates. In the present
research, we apply WEAP program on east Nile delta and study Sharkia Governorate
as case study as it is the third big governorate in population and it is expected to
suffering from water deficit problem, so to achieve this deficit place and amount. We
feed the program with total resources of main canals (Ismailia and Bahr Mowais) and
total demand of water from different sectors; irrigation, domestic, and industrial
water demands. then the program determines the deficit area and redistributes the
water according to demand node priorities. We concluded that the water deficit value
=11.6MCM/year occur at the end of irrigation network (San Al Hagar & Al Salheya
region) where some illegal actions done by the farmers to overcome this water
shortage.
Key words: Integrated Water Resources Management, River Nile, Delta, WEAP

2. G. Mostafa, M. Fahmy, S. Ramadan and O. Shalash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 171 editor@iaeme.com
Cite this Article: G. Mostafa, M. Fahmy, S. Ramadan and O. Shalash, Evaluation of
Water Shortage in East Nile Delta, International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology 10(5), 2019, pp. 170–180.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=10&IType=5
1. INTRODUCTION
The world is facing severe and growing challenges in maintaining water quality and meeting
the rapidly growing demand with water resources. The complexity of the environment and
trade and industry system within a river basin makes it too difficult to plan and design an
optimal operation program. Modeling may be helpful in accounting for all important
components comprising a river basin and address different planning and management
objectives in addition to activities. Computer Modeling in the playing field of water resources
has a long history. Models are tools that represent essential features of a system so that
relationships can be analyzed within established boundary conditions. Modeling can used to
simulate natural conditions and scenarios of resource use. Analyses of models can be used to
study potential impacts of a decision. Ecological models are a tool for environmental
managers to improve accepting of both the complexity and the individuality of a given
condition and its reaction to management or change. More than half century many studies had
applied on river Nile basin by using different types of models(climate change models,
hydrological models and numerical and simulation models) in parallel different studies had
applied on the same basin(shared vision program studies (SVP),Nile basin project studies and
new strategies of IWRM in international basins).(RIBASIM) model has applied study the
effect of constructing water resources projects upstream the Aswan High Dam (in the upper
Nile region) on the water resources planning and management of Egypt. Resulted data from
the application of model after and before the construction of Aswan High Dam demonstrate
that, the dam construction has achieved more efficiency in water supply and reduced the water
deficit and increased hydropower production. In which the outcome were more helpful
achieving systematic calibration and verification of the developed improving model
(Ramadan,2011). The impact of climate change on water demands in delta region have
studied in 2003 using crop wat program by using three crops then conclude that the water
requirements for the three crops was increased by 10% for(maize and wheat but cotton13%)
(Attia,2003). development priorities in a fuzzy environment, has analized water resources
assessment based on climatic fluctuations in the Nile basin using artificial neural networks, to
achieve millennium development goals (MDG) in Egypt(Ayman,2000). Batisha had review
the cooperative shared water resources management in the Nile river basin then he concluded
that the Nile Basin Initiative is a vital parameter for economic growth ( Batisha,2011). Water
shortage problems have emerged in many regions because of an increase in water demand and
limitation of fresh water. This has had deleterious impacts on the economy, ecology and
human welfare. In the past, solution of water shortage were to increase the provision of water
resources, such as developing dams and reservoirs, diverting water, and exploiting deeper
groundwater but now new strategies like governance ,virtual water, harvesting and reuse of
sewage water after treatment is applied specially in middle east region. In 2018 a study on
Saudi Arabia concluded that better management of virtual water (VW) could reduce water
shortage because The export of VW was 4.2% of VW import ( Chowdhury,2018) . A GIS-
Based Integrated model for Assessing Water-Harvesting Zones in Maysan Governorate in
Iraq was concluded that (56%) of the area is good for water harvesting( Shahid, 2017 ). In
this paper we will evaluate water deficit in Sharkia Governorate as a case study for East Delta
by applying WEAP system to get best simulate of existing resources and demands then
calibrate the developed model to get optimum operation to help the planners to choose the
best strategy in water resources management in this region

3. Evaluation of Water Shortage in East Nile Delta
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1.1. The Study Area
The study area is located on the east of delta and bounded by latitudes 30 30and 31 00N and
longitudes 31 30 E covering area of about 7.77 km2
while the whole delta area is nearly 1200
km2
as shown in fig (1).East delta region contain main three governorates (Al Dakhalia,Al
Sharkia and Damietta) . For simplify we well study al Sharkia governorate as an example for
east delta. The study area has three main canals they appear in this figure as blue lines:
 Ismailia canal (lies at the east of Sharkia governorate and has abranch of al Wadi al Sharki
canal then al Jadidah canal which branch to:Al Hussainiah,Al Salheyah and AlSahehah canal.
 Bahr Mowais(start from el Raiah El Tawfeiki and lies at the west of Sharkia governorate and
have two main branchs Bahr Mashtoul and al Nasraniyah canal).
 Bahr Abou Al Akhdar and Bahr Fakows(lies at the middle of al Sharkia governorate and
branch to al Samaghna and Al Gazaly Alsofly canal).Bahr El Baker is considered the biggest
drain in Egypt,which represent the main sewer of cairo ,the drain start at Belbies as an
extension for two drains ,El Kalubia drain that brings waste water from cairo city and collect
water coming from Belbies drain .bahr El baker then moves north east until reaching
Manzala lake,with length equal 85km.
Bahr Hadous drain starts at the north of Benha city ,east of El Raiah El Tawfeiki and is
directed on north east with an average length of 50 km reaching Almanzala lake.
Figure 1. The study area
2. METHODOLOGY
The previous researches have studied the Nile basin in several ways considering different
parameters affecting it such as: Climate change studies, Numerical and simulation models
studies, Shared vision program studies (SVP), Nile basin project studies, New strategies of
IWRM in international basins, and GIS studies. (SWAT) model was examined for Hydrologic
and Water Quality Modeling in Thachin River Basin, Thailand and get good results even
under data scarcity( Yasin,2014) . But in this research we will apply WEAP program on
Sharkia governorate as a case study of East Nile Delta region. Make balance between water

4. G. Mostafa, M. Fahmy, S. Ramadan and O. Shalash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 173 editor@iaeme.com
resources and demands in the present case then predict water deficit in the future for period of
five years (2017-2022).
2.1. Model Setup
WEAP was created in 1988, with the aim to be a flexible, integrated, and apparent forecasting
tool for evaluating the sustainability of current water demands and supply patterns in addition
to exploring different long-range scenarios. The first major application of WEAP was in the
Aral Sea region 1989 with the sponsorship of the newly formed Stockholm Environment
Institute (SEI). The WEAP program is complete straightforward and easy-to-use, and attempts
to help rather than alternate for the skilled planner. As a database, WEAP provides a system
for maintaining water demand and supply information (www.WEAP,2015). As a tool, WEAP
simulates water demands, supply, flows, and storage, and pollution production treatment and
discharge. As a procedure analysis tool, WEAP evaluates a full range of water improvement
and management options, and consider multiple and competing uses of water systems.
2.2. Model Development
In this paper Water Evaluation and planning System (WEAP) program is applied on East Nile
delta (Sharkia Governorate) as a case study as shown in figure (2). Ismailia canal and Bahr
Mowais as the main canals in east delta will be feed the model with the total monthly inflow
of the two canals as initial condition as shown in table (1). The total ground water for the
study area = 0.482 BCM/year from Ministry of Irrigation and the reuse rate = 33.4% =
( )
=
we summarize the demand nodes in 24 nodes and eight domestic water boosters as initial
condition then we make run to the program to evaluate and plan the required study area then
check summation of supplies and compare with total demands.
Figure 2. WEAP Schematic of east Nile delta

5. Evaluation of Water Shortage in East Nile Delta
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Table 1 Monthly Discharge for both canals (M.m3
/mon )(MIWR,2016)
Month
Canal Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Total
Ismailia
canal
22.7 21.2 27.27 33.17 30.27 31.75 33.16 32.21 26.32 25.93 25.58
Bahr
Mowais
41.1 30 66.4 68.9
110.0
5
143.7 143.7 137.6 97.07 56.3 57.3
total
discharge
(m3
/sec)
63.8 51.15 93.67
102.0
7
140.3
2
175.4
5
176.8
7
169.8
2
123.3
9
82.23 82.88
total
discharge
(
M.m3
/mon)
165.3
7
132.5
8
242.7
9
264.5
7
363.7
1
454.9
4
458.4
5
440.1
7
319.8
3
213.1
4
214.8
2
total 3456.56
2.2.1. Main water resources
The main resources of study area are Ismailia Canal and Bahr Mowais(neglecting main drains
impact as initial condition).the monthly discharge of both canals are represented in the above
table.
The total resources =3.456+0.482 = 3.938 BCM/year
2.2.2. Main water demands
The main water demands in Sharkia Governorate were summarized in thirteen water booster
for simplification applies WEAP on eight big boosters as in table (2). The total cultivated area
is represents by 24 demand nodes as in table(3).Then we check by compare summation of
water demands with summation of water resources as shown in table (4).
Table 2. Average monthly of domestic demands in 8 big boosters in Sharkia( Water Holding
company,2015)
No. Booster Name Design
Capacity
A c t u a l C a p a c i t y ( m 3
/ d a y ) Average
of 3
months
Design
Capacity
m3
/mon
m3
/day Apr May Jun m3
/day
1 Zagazig 69120 59222 62233 2343663 62233 2343663
2 Al Abassa 152000 134330 141158 5116728 141158 5116728
3 MeniaAlkamh 86400 59560 62587 1877620 62587 1877620
4 Hehia 34560 35841 37663 1129876 37663 1129876
5 Sangaha 103680 100934 106065 3181957 106065 3181957
6 Fakows 103680 101226 103757 4763305 103757 4763305
7 Al Hussainia 25920 13090 13755 1076157 13755 1076157
8 Khafr Sakr 22464 21047 22117 690933 22117 690933
Table 3. The area surved of total demand nodes
Demand Node No Aarea Name Area Surved/Fed Area Surved/hec
dem(1) Zagazig 49441 20765.22
dem(2) Al Kenayat 13198 5543.16
dem(3) Menia AL Kamh 55909 23481.78
dem(4) Belbies 72920 30626.4
dem(5) Mashtool 16184 6797.28
dem(6) Abo Hammad 54850 23037
dem(7) Hehia 23095 9699.9
dem(8) AlEbrahemia 16487 6924.54
dem(9) Diarb Nejm 41224 17314.08

6. G. Mostafa, M. Fahmy, S. Ramadan and O. Shalash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 175 editor@iaeme.com
dem(10) Abo Kabeer 36586 15366.12
dem(11) Kafr Sakr 34839 14632.38
dem(12) Awlad Sakr 23882 10030.44
dem(13) Kassassin Al Azhar 15171 6371.82
dem(14) Telrak 5831 2449.02
dem(15) Fakoos 75688 31788.96
dem(16) Kafr Al Ashkam 8088 3396.96
dem(17) Al Hussayniah 64817 27223.14
dem(18) San Al Hajar 99838 41931.96
dem(19) Abou Omar 21681 9106.02
dem(20) Kassassin Al Shark 26111 10966.62
dem(21) Al Salhyia(1) 60000 25200
dem(22) Al Salhyia(2) 40000 16800
dem(23) Al Salhyia(3) 18371 7715.82
dem(24) Al Qurain 3877 1628.34
Total 878088 368796.96
Table 4. Theoretical total water shortage (M.m3
/mon)
Month
total
W.U.R(M.
m3
/mon)
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total
(dem1-12) 128.
08
103.
31
178.
67
196.
51
249.
64
295.
61
326.
06
294.
81
217.
94
159.
60
157.
36
138.
44
2446.
03
(dem13-24) 123,
57
96.7
0
176.
87
191.
37
255.
58
306.
92
292.
98
305.
56
220.
87
156.
49
154.
29
136.
20
2417.
42
Boosters 20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
20.1
8
242.1
6
Boosters&24
dem
271.
83
220.
19
375.
72
408.
06
525.
4
622.
71
639.
22
620.
55
458.
99
336.
27
331.
83
294.
82
5105.
61
total
discharge(M.
m3
/mon)
165.
37
132.
58
242.
79
264.
57
363.
71
454.
94
458.
45
440.
17
319.
83
213.
14
214.
82
186.
18
3456.
55
total
shortage(M.
m3
/mon)
-
106.
46
-
87.6
1
-
132.
93
-
143.
49
-
161.
69
-
167.
77
-
180.
77
-
180.
38
-
139.
16
-
123.
13
-
117.
01
-
108.
64
-
1649.
04
From the above table we can notice that the total water shortage in the study area = 1.6
BCM/year distributed on all months with different values which mean more than 45%
(1.6/3.5*100)of water resources of the study area became water deficit if we couldn’t use
ground water and drainage and waste water reuse. But in WEAP we consider ground water
and 34% (MIWR) drainage reuse get different value of water deficit.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
In this research we will evaluate water deficit value in Sharkia governorate as an example for
East Delta by applying WEAP Program on two main canals (Ismailia canal and - Bahr
Mowais) feed the area with surface water in addition to ground water distributed on 24
demand node + 8 boosters.The initial condition (reference scenario) showed there is shortage
in demand nodes (dem 18,22&23)which located in San Al Hajar and Al Salheyah at the end
of irrigation net work, where the biggest agriculture area served with high population growth,
we fix value of priority of water boosters at 1 and priority of other demand nodes vary
from(4-15) as shown in fig(3&4) and tables(5,6&7).the results of the WEAP is summarized
as follows:
Total demands (not including loss, reuse &DSM) = 4,546.6 MCM/year, Total Supply
delivered= 3,097 MCM/year and total supply requirements (including loss, reuse & DSM)

7. Evaluation of Water Shortage in East Nile Delta
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=3,108.6 MCM/year. The total shortage= 3108.6-3097 = 11.6 MCM/year occurs in February
only at the end of network in dem (18, 22&, 23) ( San Al Hagar &AlSalhyiah area) at the end
of irrigation net work. WEAP consider constant value of water deficit for all years(2017-
2022) which reach 6*11.6 =69.6 MCM by2022 which is differ from MIWR plan for the same
period (13*6 = 78 MCM).
Figure 3. Unmet demand in reference case
Figure 4. Water demand (not including loss or reuse) in reference scenario for all demand nodes

8. G. Mostafa, M. Fahmy, S. Ramadan and O. Shalash
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Table 5 Unmet demand for all 24 demand site &boosters (MCM/year)
Month
Dem Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Sum
All
boosters
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dem(1-
17)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dem
(19-
21&24)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Dem(18) 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
Dem(22) 0.0 9.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.4
Dem(23) 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1
Sum 0.0 11.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.6
Table 6. Supply requirements (including loss, reuse & DSM) MCM
Dem
Month Sum M.
m3
/monJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Abbassa 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 61.4
Fakos 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 57.2
Hehia 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 13.6
KafrSak 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 8.3
Menia
Alkhamh
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 22.5
Sangaha 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 38.2
Zagazig 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 28.1
Al
Hussainyah
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 12.9
dem1 7.6 5.0 12.2 12.3 20.3 25.6 26.5 25.4 17.3 10.4 10.2 9.2 181.9
dem10 5.6 3.7 9.1 9.1 15.0 19.0 19.6 18.8 12.8 7.7 7.6 6.8 134.6
dem11 5.3 3.5 8.6 8.7 14.3 18.1 18.7 17.9 12.2 7.3 7.2 6.5 128.2
dem12 3.7 2.4 5.9 5.9 9.8 12.4 12.8 12.2 8.4 5.0 4.9 4.4 87.9
dem13 2.3 1.5 3.8 3.8 6.2 7.9 8.1 7.8 5.3 3.2 3.1 2.8 55.8
dem14 0.9 0.6 1.4 1.4 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 21.4
dem15 11.6 7.6 18.7 18.8 31.0 39.2 40.5 38.8 26.5 15.9 15.6 14.0 278.4
dem16 1.2 0.8 2.0 2.0 3.3 4.2 4.3 4.1 2.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 29.8
dem17 9.9 6.5 16.0 16.1 26.6 33.6 34.7 33.2 22.7 13.6 13.4 12.0 238.4
dem18 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.7
dem19 3.3 2.2 5.4 5.4 8.9 11.2 11.6 11.1 7.6 4.5 4.5 4.0 79.8
dem2 2.0 1.3 3.3 3.3 5.4 6.8 7.1 6.8 4.6 2.8 2.7 2.4 48.6
dem20 4.0 2.6 6.5 6.5 10.7 13.5 14.0 13.4 9.1 5.5 5.4 4.8 96.1
dem21 15.1 14.1 18.1 22.1 20.2 21.1 22.1 21.4 17.5 17.3 17.0 14.7 220.7
dem22 10.1 9.4 12.1 14.7 13.4 14.1 14.7 14.3 11.7 11.5 11.3 9.8 147.1
dem23 4.6 4.3 5.6 6.8 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.5 67.6
dem24 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 14.3
dem3 8.6 5.6 13.8 13.9 22.9 29.0 29.9 28.7 19.6 11.7 11.6 10.4 205.7
dem4 18.4 17.1 22.0 26.8 24.5 25.7 26.8 26.0 21.3 21.0 20.7 17.8 268.2
dem5 2.5 1.6 4.0 4.0 6.6 8.4 8.7 8.3 5.7 3.4 3.3 3.0 59.5
dem6 13.8 12.9 16.6 20.2 18.4 19.3 20.2 19.6 16.0 15.8 15.6 13.4 201.8
dem7 5.8 5.4 7.0 8.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 8.2 6.7 6.6 6.6 5.6 84.9
dem8 2.5 1.7 4.1 4.1 6.8 8.5 8.8 8.5 5.8 3.5 3.4 3.1 60.6
dem9 6.3 4.2 10.2 10.2 16.9 21.4 22.1 21.1 14.4 8.6 8.5 7.6 151.6
Sum 166.5 135.3 228.1 246.3 319.5 378.8 391.7 377.3 277.2 204.9 202.3 180.8 3,108.6

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Table 7. Supply delivered MCM
Dem
Month Sum M.
m3
/monJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Abbassa 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 61.4
Fakos 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.8 57.2
Hehia 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 13.6
KafrSak 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 8.3
Menia
Alkhamh
1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 22.5
Sangaha 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 38.2
Zagazig 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 28.1
Al
Hussainyah
1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 12.9
dem1 7.6 5.0 12.2 12.3 20.3 25.6 26.5 25.4 17.3 10.4 10.2 9.2 181.9
dem10 5.6 3.7 9.1 9.1 15.0 19.0 19.6 18.8 12.8 7.7 7.6 6.8 134.6
dem11 5.3 3.5 8.6 8.7 14.3 18.1 18.7 17.9 12.2 7.3 7.2 6.5 128.2
dem12 3.7 2.4 5.9 5.9 9.8 12.4 12.8 12.2 8.4 5.0 4.9 4.4 87.9
dem13 2.3 1.5 3.8 3.8 6.2 7.9 8.1 7.8 5.3 3.2 3.1 2.8 55.8
dem14 0.9 0.6 1.4 1.4 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.0 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.1 21.4
dem15 11.6 7.6 18.7 18.8 31.0 39.2 40.5 38.8 26.5 15.9 15.6 14.0 278.4
dem16 1.2 0.8 2.0 2.0 3.3 4.2 4.3 4.1 2.8 1.7 1.7 1.5 29.8
dem17 9.9 6.5 16.0 16.1 26.6 33.6 34.7 33.2 22.7 13.6 13.4 12.0 238.4
dem18 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.6
dem19 3.3 2.2 5.4 5.4 8.9 11.2 11.6 11.1 7.6 4.5 4.5 4.0 79.8
dem2 2.0 1.3 3.3 3.3 5.4 6.8 7.1 6.8 4.6 2.8 2.7 2.4 48.6
dem20 4.0 2.6 6.5 6.5 10.7 13.5 14.0 13.4 9.1 5.5 5.4 4.8 96.1
dem21 15.1 14.1 18.1 22.1 20.2 21.1 22.1 21.4 17.5 17.3 17.0 14.7 220.7
dem22 10.1 0.0 12.1 14.7 13.4 14.1 14.7 14.3 11.7 11.5 11.3 9.8 137.7
dem23 4.6 2.2 5.6 6.8 6.2 6.5 6.8 6.6 5.4 5.3 5.2 4.5 65.5
dem24 1.0 0.9 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.9 14.3
dem3 8.6 5.6 13.8 13.9 22.9 29.0 29.9 28.7 19.6 11.7 11.6 10.4 205.7
dem4 18.4 17.1 22.0 26.8 24.5 25.7 26.8 26.0 21.3 21.0 20.7 17.8 268.2
dem5 2.5 1.6 4.0 4.0 6.6 8.4 8.7 8.3 5.7 3.4 3.3 3.0 59.5
dem6 13.8 12.9 16.6 20.2 18.4 19.3 20.2 19.6 16.0 15.8 15.6 13.4 201.8
dem7 5.8 5.4 7.0 8.5 7.8 8.1 8.5 8.2 6.7 6.6 6.6 5.6 84.9
dem8 2.5 1.7 4.1 4.1 6.8 8.5 8.8 8.5 5.8 3.5 3.4 3.1 60.6
dem9 6.3 4.2 10.2 10.2 16.9 21.4 22.1 21.1 14.4 8.6 8.5 7.6 151.6
Sum 166.5 123.7 228.1 246.3 319.5 378.8 391.7 377.3 277.2 204.9 202.3 180.8 3,097.0
We can note that Bahr Mowais Canal feed 18 demand nodes (dem(1,2,
3,5,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19&20),which contain most crowded areas in Sharkia
Governorate. While Ismailia Canal feed only 6 demand nodes (4, 6,21,22,23 &24) which
means that 18/24 = 75% of the demand nodes are fed by Bahr Mowais and 6/24 =0.25% of
them are fed by Ismaillia Canal. But the water shortage is bigger in Ismailia canal =9.5MCM (
ALSalhiyah area)and only 0.1 MCM on Bahr Mowais (San Al Hajar area) . That because the
total water resources (discharge) of Bahr Mowais is nearly 75 %(2.60/3.45) of the study area
while it is 25% (0.870/3.45) for Ismailia Canal which fed the biggest agriculture area at
ALSalhiyah which is 118371 Fadden so that we divide it to three demand nodes at the end of
net work (dem 21,22&23) while all demand nodes on Bahr Mowais are small areas ( except
the biggest one San Al Hajar = 99838Fadden). Although the population density is bigger at
Bahr Mowais area than Ismailia Canal area but the water shortage appear clearly in Ismailia
Canal area because all boosters take priority = 1 and the agriculture lands take different
priority from(4 to 15) and all boosters consume only 0,242MCM/year. But total water use rate
for agriculture land = 3.45 BCM for Bahr Mowais demand nodes and = 1.4 BCM for Ismailia
Canal demand nodes (theoretical calculations). In other hand most of reclamation lands are in
ALSalhiyah area and they are using new irrigation methods to overcome water shortage
problem. We notice also that the total supply increase in the model than theoretically because
we add ground water &drainage reuse in the model then total demands and shortage decrease
in model also for the same reason where the water distribution efficiency in irrigation network
is better in program than it in theoretical calculations (where Abo Hammad regulators
discharge water in Al Wady alsharki canal in two directions). Note that the program fixes the

10. G. Mostafa, M. Fahmy, S. Ramadan and O. Shalash
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.asp 179 editor@iaeme.com
unmet demand value in all years at 11.6 MCM/year so that we represent results for one year
only and other years will be the same. Note that drainage reuse increase total resources by 0.5
BCM than theoretical calculations as in table (4). We can see some illegal action of farmers in
south al Sharkia region in fig (5) to overcome water shortage problem.
4. CONCLUSIONS
Sharkia governorate is suffering from water shortage problem because of increasing
population generation and the increasing demands of municipal, industrial and agriculture.
The water shortage value is 11.6 MCM/year at dem(18,22&23) at San Al Hajar& AL
Salheyah at the end of network where some illegal actions from the farmers are caused water
deficit at north Al Sharkia region. This water deficit is overcome by mixing water in drains
with canals and increasing drainage &waste water reuse after treatment to reduce pollution.
The government applies laws strongly and prohibits rice agriculture and new strategies in
water resources management and involves public and institutional sectors are advised to
apply. The uncertain and unknown economic, social, political, legal and institutional
organizational changes strongly affect water resources management, so we suggest long term
model considering political and socioeconomic factors in the future studies
Figure 5. Farmers attack irrigation net work by abstract water illegally
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