White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Literature Review on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
Research Paper Published by:
Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
M.Tech (Production and Industrial Engineering)
Paper Source:
http://ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV6I50167.pdf
http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I50167
REVIEW PAPER ON EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS OF ECDM ON RESPONSE VARIABLES ijiert bestjournal
Electrochemical discharge machining is a versatile machining process for micro drilling,micro texturi ng,and micro grooving of variety of glasses,ceramics and compos ites. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM),a lso known as spark assisted chemical engraving (SACE),is an effective micro-machining process for non-con ducting materials. It has high demand in Micro Electro Mech anical System (MEMS) applications. In this present review Paper,a study of the effective Parameters of ECDM has been carried out with their specific role in Ma terial removal;Surface Finish and Tool wear Rate. The eff ects of the electrolyte,the pulse on/off-time rati o,the voltage,the feed rate,the rotational speed,and the electr olyte concentration in the drilling and milling pro cesses were studied.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of ...IJERA Editor
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness or complex shapes, which have sharp edges that are very difficult to be machined by the main stream machining processes. This practical technology of the WEDM process is based on the conventional EDM sparking phenomenon utilizing the widely accepted non-contact technique of material removal. Since the introduction of the process, WEDM has evolved from a simple means of making tools and dies to the best alternative of producing micro-scale parts with the highest degree of dimensional accuracy and surface finish quality. Metal matrix composites are advanced materials having high specific strength, good wear resistance, and high thermal expansion coefficient. To achieve this task, machining parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, servo voltage, wire feed, wire tension etc. of this process should be selected such that optimal value of their performance measures like Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), Gap current, Dimensional deviation, etc. can be obtained or improved. In past decades, intensive research work had been carried out by different researchers for improvement and optimization of WEDM performance measures using various optimization techniques like Taguchi, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), etc. This paper also highlights the feasibility of the different control strategies of obtaining the optimal machining conditions. This literature review helps to identify the suitable process parameters and their ranges in machining of metal matrix composites.
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on Inconel 925 for EDM Proce...Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on Inconel 925 for EDM Process by using Taguchi Method
Research Paper Published by:
Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
M.Tech (Production and Industrial Engineering)
Paper Source:
http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV6I50198.pdf
http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I50198
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
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International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Literature Review on Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
Research Paper Published by:
Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
M.Tech (Production and Industrial Engineering)
Paper Source:
http://ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV6I50167.pdf
http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I50167
REVIEW PAPER ON EFFECT OF PROCESS PARAMETERS OF ECDM ON RESPONSE VARIABLES ijiert bestjournal
Electrochemical discharge machining is a versatile machining process for micro drilling,micro texturi ng,and micro grooving of variety of glasses,ceramics and compos ites. Electrochemical discharge machining (ECDM),a lso known as spark assisted chemical engraving (SACE),is an effective micro-machining process for non-con ducting materials. It has high demand in Micro Electro Mech anical System (MEMS) applications. In this present review Paper,a study of the effective Parameters of ECDM has been carried out with their specific role in Ma terial removal;Surface Finish and Tool wear Rate. The eff ects of the electrolyte,the pulse on/off-time rati o,the voltage,the feed rate,the rotational speed,and the electr olyte concentration in the drilling and milling pro cesses were studied.
Optimization of Process Parameters in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining of ...IJERA Editor
Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is a specialized thermal machining process capable of accurately machining parts with varying hardness or complex shapes, which have sharp edges that are very difficult to be machined by the main stream machining processes. This practical technology of the WEDM process is based on the conventional EDM sparking phenomenon utilizing the widely accepted non-contact technique of material removal. Since the introduction of the process, WEDM has evolved from a simple means of making tools and dies to the best alternative of producing micro-scale parts with the highest degree of dimensional accuracy and surface finish quality. Metal matrix composites are advanced materials having high specific strength, good wear resistance, and high thermal expansion coefficient. To achieve this task, machining parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time, peak current, servo voltage, wire feed, wire tension etc. of this process should be selected such that optimal value of their performance measures like Material Removal Rate (MRR), Surface Roughness (SR), Gap current, Dimensional deviation, etc. can be obtained or improved. In past decades, intensive research work had been carried out by different researchers for improvement and optimization of WEDM performance measures using various optimization techniques like Taguchi, Response Surface Methodology (RSM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Genetic Algorithm (GA), etc. This paper also highlights the feasibility of the different control strategies of obtaining the optimal machining conditions. This literature review helps to identify the suitable process parameters and their ranges in machining of metal matrix composites.
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on Inconel 925 for EDM Proce...Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
Experimental Investigation of Process Parameters on Inconel 925 for EDM Process by using Taguchi Method
Research Paper Published by:
Vishal Kumar Jaiswal
M.Tech (Production and Industrial Engineering)
Paper Source:
http://www.ijsrd.com/articles/IJSRDV6I50198.pdf
http://ijsrd.com/Article.php?manuscript=IJSRDV6I50198
Similar to MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TURNING PROCESS THROUGH RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
VARIOUS FUZZY NUMBERS AND THEIR VARIOUS RANKING APPROACHESIAEME Publication
A brief survey of this study is to identify the ranking formulas for various fuzzy numbers derived from research papers published over the past few years. This paper presents the latest results of fuzzy ranking applications very clearly and simply, as well as highlighting key points in the use of fuzzy numbers. This paper discusses the importance of pointing out the concepts of fuzzy numbers and their formulas for ranking.
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
LF Energy Webinar: Electrical Grid Modelling and Simulation Through PowSyBl -...DanBrown980551
Do you want to learn how to model and simulate an electrical network from scratch in under an hour?
Then welcome to this PowSyBl workshop, hosted by Rte, the French Transmission System Operator (TSO)!
During the webinar, you will discover the PowSyBl ecosystem as well as handle and study an electrical network through an interactive Python notebook.
PowSyBl is an open source project hosted by LF Energy, which offers a comprehensive set of features for electrical grid modelling and simulation. Among other advanced features, PowSyBl provides:
- A fully editable and extendable library for grid component modelling;
- Visualization tools to display your network;
- Grid simulation tools, such as power flows, security analyses (with or without remedial actions) and sensitivity analyses;
The framework is mostly written in Java, with a Python binding so that Python developers can access PowSyBl functionalities as well.
What you will learn during the webinar:
- For beginners: discover PowSyBl's functionalities through a quick general presentation and the notebook, without needing any expert coding skills;
- For advanced developers: master the skills to efficiently apply PowSyBl functionalities to your real-world scenarios.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Search and Society: Reimagining Information Access for Radical FuturesBhaskar Mitra
The field of Information retrieval (IR) is currently undergoing a transformative shift, at least partly due to the emerging applications of generative AI to information access. In this talk, we will deliberate on the sociotechnical implications of generative AI for information access. We will argue that there is both a critical necessity and an exciting opportunity for the IR community to re-center our research agendas on societal needs while dismantling the artificial separation between the work on fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethics in IR and the rest of IR research. Instead of adopting a reactionary strategy of trying to mitigate potential social harms from emerging technologies, the community should aim to proactively set the research agenda for the kinds of systems we should build inspired by diverse explicitly stated sociotechnical imaginaries. The sociotechnical imaginaries that underpin the design and development of information access technologies needs to be explicitly articulated, and we need to develop theories of change in context of these diverse perspectives. Our guiding future imaginaries must be informed by other academic fields, such as democratic theory and critical theory, and should be co-developed with social science scholars, legal scholars, civil rights and social justice activists, and artists, among others.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
2. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness and White Later Thickness in Wire-Electric
Discharge Turning Process through Response Surface Methodology
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2585 editor@iaeme.com
resistant parts, etc. [1,2]. In spite of the excellent properties of tungsten carbides, they are
difficult to process using traditional cutting methods. In WEDM, the material from the
workpiece is melted and vaporized by means of heat erosion. Since materials with electric
conduction can be machined by EDM, regardless of their mechanical properties, it is
appropriate to use EDM to finish tungsten carbide. In recent research, it has been shown that
surface integrity is not only a key factor in tools made from tool steel, but it is also a factor in
tools made from cemented carbides. In fact, since breakdowns are often caused by existing rim
zone defects, and high investment costs have resulted in a lot of research in order to find ways
to increase the tool's life, particularly for molds and forming dies used in cold forming. It has
been found that defects can either occur during the primary production process or during the
secondary tool manufacturing process [3, 4, 5]. As a result of the high hardness of cemented
carbides, it has become almost uneconomical to machine them using conventional cutting
technologies, although there has been a lot of progress in this area [6,7]. In the tool making
industry, electrical discharge machining (EDM) has become one of the most important
technologies. The major advantage of this manufacturing technology is the inherent ability to
machine materials independent of their mechanical properties as well as the high rate of removal
from the material being machined. It is for this reason, as well as the need for high precision,
that electrical discharge machining has become one of the most important technologies used to
manufacture dies and molds [8,9]. In today's EDM industry, improving surface integrity by
reducing surface defects and minimizing surface fine finishing processes is the main challenge.
Wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) is one of the most important variant of wire electric
discharge machining (WEDM). The working principle of WEDT is same as WEDM. WEDT
utilizes rapid, repetitive spark discharges from direct current supply between the workpiece and
the tool submerged into a dielectric liquid [10]. The work material melts or evaporates during
each discharge, resulting in intense heat. When plasma flushing efficiency decreases, some
molten material may be sucked and severely boiled and removed from the molten crater due to
intense suction [11].
WEDT considers the surface quality to be the most important performance parameter. The
surface quality is expressed through the surface roughness and the WLT. It is evident that WLT
plays a vital role in providing operational characteristics for the part (e.g. fatigue, corrosion,
creep life, etc. fracture resistance, surface friction and coating ability). A white layer represents
a layer that has been heated to melting point but has not yet been sufficiently heated to be
ejected into the gap between the wire electrode and the workpiece and ejected. During the
flushing process, the un-ejected molten metal is rapidly cooled by the dielectric fluid and
resolidified in the cavity, resulting in a change in the metallurgical structure and characteristics
of the layer. Some of the particles that have been expelled have solidified and have been
redeposited on the surface before they are flushed out of the gap. There is a dense infiltration
of carbon in the white layer, which makes its structure distinct from that of the base material.
As the electrode and dielectric fluid melt, the hydrocarbons of the electrode and dielectric fluid
leak into the white layer, enriching carbon during the WEDM process.
According to Levi and Maggi [12], WEDM produces a thin heat-affected zone thickness
varying from 1 µm at 5 µJ to 25 µm at high spark energy. Moreover, the white layer will be
produced by annealing the zone under the machined surface. During WEDM machining, the
WLT is proportional to the discharge energy. 50 μm for finish machining to around 200 μm for
high cutting speed [13,14]. For low WLT values, the part must be machined more than once.
As a result, the desired WLT is usually specified, and the appropriate processes are selected to
reach the desired quality [13]. Prediction systems or post-process inspections can be used to
monitor the actual WLT. However, post-process inspection can't prevent parts from being
processed before defective batches are discovered. Further, WEDM is a complex process
3. Baki Naresh and A Chennakesava Reddy
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2586 editor@iaeme.com
controlled by many variables. Variations in a process parameter can impact WLT. In order to
determine the best machining strategy, it is necessary to identify the various factors that affect
the WEDM process and find a variety of approaches to obtain the best possible machining
conditions and performance [15,16]. Finally, the WLT prediction system can be used to
determine the best machining conditions as well as the indirect calculation of the WLT using
the results from the prediction [17,18].
In order to achieve an efficient machining process, a predictive model between the input
WEDM parameters and the output performance characteristics must be available. There is a
paucity of research that has been done on the modeling and analysis of the WEDT process with
a focus on white layer thickness (WLT) and the surface roughness (Ra) as the machining
performance parameters. According to this study, mathematical models have been developed
using response surface methodology in order to predict the Ra and WLT. For the purpose of
ensuring the validity of a model, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used.
2. RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Using the response surface methodology, we can model the response variables as well as
optimize models that include quantitative independent variables in order to model and optimize
the response variable models [19]. The modeling of the desired response to several independent
input variables can be obtained by utilizing a design of experiments and applying regression
analysis to the modeling of the response to several independent input variables. A response
surface for a set of measurable variables can be expressed as follows [20]:
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3 … … . 𝑥𝑘) + 𝜀 (1)
Where y is the answer of the system, f is the response function (or response surface),
𝑥1, 𝑥2, 𝑥3, … … . . 𝑥𝑘 are the independent variables and 𝜀 is the fitting error. In this study, for five
variables under consideration, a second order polynomial regression model, which is called
quadratic model, is proposed. The quadratic model of f can be written as follows [21]:
𝑓 = 𝑎𝑜 + ∑ 𝑎𝑖
3
𝑖=1 𝑥𝑖 + ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑥𝑖
3
𝑖=1 + ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗𝑥𝑖𝑥𝑗
3
𝑖<𝑗 + ε (2)
Statistical software, Design Expert 13.0 can be used to determine the coefficients of
regression models from the experimental results.
3. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Experiments are planed and executed based on the Taguchi’s Design of Experiments. Among
the most important DOE's, Taguchi's method provides a simple, systematic, and efficient
approach to determining the optimal process parameters. Using Taguchi's method, a large
number of control factors can be selected with a reduced number of experiments using an
orthogonal array of DOEs. The Taguchi L27 orthogonal array was selected because of the five
machining variables with three levels as shown in Table 1. The machining parameters spindle
speed (x2), pulse-on time (x3), wire feed (x4) and pulse-off time (x5) were chosen in this study
to investigate the effect on machining performance including WLT. The other machining
parameters were kept constant as a fixed value during experiments as recommended by the
machine maker to optimize the process as shown in Table 2.
4. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness and White Later Thickness in Wire-Electric
Discharge Turning Process through Response Surface Methodology
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2587 editor@iaeme.com
Table 1 Control variables and their levels
S.
No.
Control
variable
Notation Units
Levels
-1 0 1
1
Cobalt
percentage
A Wt.% Co 8 10 12
2 Rotational speed B rpm 10 20 30
3 Pulse-on time C μs 7 10 13
4 Wire Feed D m/min 6 9 12
5 Pulse-off time E μs 30 35 40
Table 2 Machining Conditions
Wire: uncoated brass wire of diameter 0.25 mm
Work piece material: tungsten carbide
Work piece dimensions: 10 mm dia. × 25mm L, 10.2 dia. × 25mm L
Length of cut: 10 mm
Angle of cut: vertical
Dielectric fluid: distilled water
Wire tension: 9 Kg
Servo Voltage: 30 V
Arc ON: 10 μs
Arc OFF: 35 μs
Length of cut: 10 mm
Depth of cut: 0.15mm
Table 3 Experimental results for surface roughness and white layer thickness values based on
Taguchi’s L27 array.
Exp.
No.
Control variable Ra
(µm)
WLT
(µm)
A B C D E
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2.77 9.6
2 -1 -1 0 0 0 3.87 9.3
3 -1 -1 1 1 1 5.20 46.9
4 -1 0 -1 0 0 3.02 31.4
5 -1 0 0 1 1 3.39 38.5
6 -1 0 1 -1 -1 3.86 35.7
7 -1 1 -1 1 1 2.34 27.4
8 -1 1 0 -1 -1 1.83 15.9
9 -1 1 1 0 0 3.91 25.8
10 0 -1 -1 0 1 4.42 40.4
11 0 -1 0 1 -1 5.19 28.7
12 0 -1 1 -1 0 4.02 31.0
13 0 0 -1 1 -1 4.34 25.8
14 0 0 0 -1 0 2.19 11.2
15 0 0 1 0 1 5.40 39.7
16 0 1 -1 -1 0 1.14 15.9
17 0 1 0 0 1 3.48 13.3
18 0 1 1 1 -1 5.23 18.2
19 1 -1 -1 1 0 5.28 42.7
20 1 -1 0 -1 1 3.53 23.5
21 1 -1 1 0 -1 5.21 30.1
22 1 0 -1 -1 1 2.68 19.5
23 1 0 0 0 -1 3.38 7.9
24 1 0 1 1 0 6.37 40.3
25 1 1 -1 0 -1 2.33 21.5
26 1 1 0 1 0 4.34 37.1
27 1 1 1 1 1 3.55 34.3
5. Baki Naresh and A Chennakesava Reddy
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2588 editor@iaeme.com
4. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
The specimens that are used in this investigation was a tungsten carbide composite rod with a
diameter of ϕ10.2 mm and ϕ10.5 mm for a length of 35 mm. The Wire electric discharge turning
(WEDT) experiments have been carried out on CNC wire-cut machine model JOEMARS WTT
655 (Taiwan make) using a brass wire with a diameter of ϕ0.25 mm. An in-house fabricated
rotary axis spindle is attached to WEDM which can be submergible in the dielectric during
machining. Figure 1 shows the experimental setup used in the present work.
Figure 1 Experimental setup on WEDM with an attached rotary spindle system for turning
The surface roughness of the machined surface after each experiment was measured using
a MITUTOYO make Talysurf model, with a cut off length of 0.8mm (according to DIN EN
ISO 3274:1998). Fig. 2 show the measurement of surface roughness. For every experiment, the
surface roughness on the machine workpiece surface at 6 different locations were taken and
was recorded their average as the final response value.
Figure 2 Measurement of surface roughness of the machined workpieces
6. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness and White Later Thickness in Wire-Electric
Discharge Turning Process through Response Surface Methodology
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2589 editor@iaeme.com
4.1. Sample Preparation
Figure 3 Sample preparation
After machining, cross-sections were polished as shown in Fig. 3 and etched with
Murakami’s etchant (KOH (10g/100ml water) + K3[Fe(CN)6] (10g/100ml water)) for WC-Co
to get a better image of the different WC-Co phases. As a next step, the samples were examined
using an SEM with secondary electrons (SE) and backscattered electrons (BSE) to assess white
layers, cracks, and pores. The purpose of such images is to determine the thickness of the white
layer, to measure the crack length, and to identify pores in the rim zone. The spindle speed,
pulse-on time, wire feed and pulse-off time were independent variables studied to predict Ra
and WLT responses.
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Cobalt percentage (wt.%Co), spindle speed, Pulse-on time (Pon), Wire feed (Wfeed) and
pulse-off time (Poff) were the independent variables studied to predict responses (Ra and
WLT). The independent variables and their levels used in this study are shown in Table 1. Eq.
2 can be rewritten according to five variables in the coded form as:
𝑦 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1𝑥1 + 𝑎2𝑥2 + 𝑎3𝑥3 + 𝑎3𝑥3 + 𝑎4𝑥4 + 𝑎5𝑥5 + 𝑎11𝑥1
2
+ 𝑎22𝑥2
2
+ 𝑎33𝑥3
2
+ 𝑎44𝑥4
2
+
𝑎55𝑥5
2
+ 𝑎12𝑥1𝑥2 + 𝑎13𝑥1𝑥3 + 𝑎14𝑥1𝑥4 + 𝑎15𝑥1𝑥5 + 𝑎23𝑥2𝑥3 + 𝑎24𝑥2𝑥4 + 𝑎25𝑥2𝑥5 + 𝑎34𝑥3𝑥4 +
𝑎35𝑥3𝑥5 + 𝑎45𝑥4𝑥5 (3)
𝑅𝑎 = 4.07 + 0.2344 ∗ 𝐴 − 0.2456 ∗ 𝐵 + 0.7178 ∗ 𝐶 − 0.3967 ∗ 𝐷 + 0.8444 ∗ 𝐸 + 0.0600 ∗ 𝐴 ∗
𝐵 − 0.0808 ∗ 𝐴𝐶 − 0.0650 ∗ 𝐵𝐶 − 0.1267 ∗ 𝐵𝐷 + 0.1050 ∗ 𝐶𝐷 − 0.2675 ∗ 𝐶𝐸 − 0.1600 ∗ 𝐵2
+
0.3600 ∗ 𝐶2
(4)
𝑊𝐿𝑇 = 22.88 − 0.7201 ∗ 𝐴 − 6.77 ∗ 𝐵 + 0.9673 ∗ 𝐶 + 5.82 ∗ 𝐷 + 4.30 ∗ 𝐸 + 4.40 ∗ 𝐴𝐷 −
2.69 ∗ 𝐵𝐸 + 3.53 ∗ 𝐷𝐸 + 6.33 ∗ 𝐶2
(5)
5.1. Checking the Adequacy of the Developed Models
The adequacies of the models are checked by using the analysis of variance (ANOVA)
technique. The ANOVA tables for Ra and WLT are presented in Tables 5 and 6, respectively.
The p-values in Table 5 and Table 6 for models are less than 0.05, which indicate model terms
are significant. In case of surface roughness model, A, B, C, D, E, CE, C² are significant model
terms. Main effects plot as shown in Fig. 8 (a) reveals the most influencing parameters on
surface roughness are Pulse-off time followed by pulse-on time, wire feed, spindle speed and
wt. %Co. The Interaction of Pulse-on time and Pulse off time have significant effect on surface
roughness.
7. Baki Naresh and A Chennakesava Reddy
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2590 editor@iaeme.com
In the case of White layer thickness, B, D, E, AD, BE, DE, C^2 are significant model terms.
Table 4 ANOVA table for response surface Reduced Quadratic model (response: surface roughness)
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value p-value
Model 29.01 13 2.23 46.70 < 0.0001 significant
A-wt. %Co 0.9894 1 0.9894 20.71 0.0005
B-Speed 1.09 1 1.09 22.71 0.0004
C-Pon 9.27 1 9.27 194.08 < 0.0001
D-Wfeed 2.83 1 2.83 59.27 < 0.0001
E-Poff 12.84 1 12.84 268.63 < 0.0001
A*B 0.0289 1 0.0289 0.6054 0.4504
A*C 0.0731 1 0.0731 1.53 0.2382
B*C 0.0507 1 0.0507 1.06 0.3218
B*D 0.1641 1 0.1641 3.43 0.0867
C*D 0.1210 1 0.1210 2.53 0.1355
C*E 0.5725 1 0.5725 11.98 0.0042
B² 0.1536 1 0.1536 3.21 0.0963
C² 0.7776 1 0.7776 16.27 0.0014
Residual 0.6212 13 0.0478
Cor Total 29.63 26
Std. Dev. 0.2186 R² 0.9790
Mean 4.20 Adjusted R² 0.9581
C.V. % 5.20 Predicted R² 0.9313
Adeq Precision 24.0625
Table 5 ANOVA table for response surface Reduced Quadratic model (response: white layer
thickness)
Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F-value p-value
Model 2117.75 9 235.31 13.38 < 0.0001 significant
A-wt.%Co 5.94 1 5.94 0.3379 0.5687
B-Speed 781.91 1 781.91 44.45 < 0.0001
C-Pon 15.98 1 15.98 0.9086 0.3538
D- Wfeed 558.89 1 558.89 31.78 < 0.0001
E-Poff 212.08 1 212.08 12.06 0.0029
A*D 125.67 1 125.67 7.14 0.0161
B*E 80.38 1 80.38 4.57 0.0474
D*E 80.55 1 80.55 4.58 0.0471
C² 236.47 1 236.47 13.44 0.0019
Residual 299.01 17 17.59
Cor Total 2416.76 26
Std. Dev. 4.19 R² 0.8763
Mean 28.12 Adjusted R² 0.8108
C.V. % 14.92 Predicted R² 0.6770
Adeq Precision 13.2953
Further, using the models, we plotted the experimental and predicted data in Fig. 4 and Fig.
6 for Ra and WLT, respectively. These figures and ANOVA analysis for Ra and WLT indicated
that the models Eqs. (4) and (5) were highly significant and adequate to represent the actual
relationship between the variables and responses, with very small P values (<0.05) and high
values of coefficient of determination (R2
=0.07 for Ra and R2
= 0.87 for WLT).
In addition, the developed response surface models for Ra and WLT have been checked by
using residual analysis. The residual plots for response parameters Ra and WLT are shown in
8. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness and White Later Thickness in Wire-Electric
Discharge Turning Process through Response Surface Methodology
https://iaeme.com/Home/journal/IJARET 2591 editor@iaeme.com
Fig. 5 (a-c) and Fig. 7 (a-c) respectively. In normal probability plots, the data are distributed
approximately in a straight line, which show a good correlation
Table 7 Observed and predicted values of surface roughness and white layer thickness
Run
Factors Ra (μm) WLT (μm)
A B C D E Observed Predicted Observed Predicted
1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 2.77 2.74 29.6 30.85
2 -1 -1 0 0 0 3.83 3.98 26.4 30.36
3 -1 -1 1 1 1 5.72 5.62 46.9 49.60
4 -1 0 -1 0 0 3.24 3.40 31.4 28.96
5 -1 0 0 1 1 4.25 4.28 38.5 32.84
6 -1 0 1 -1 -1 4.68 4.71 32.7 28.71
7 -1 1 -1 1 1 3.41 3.48 27.4 28.75
8 -1 1 0 -1 -1 2.95 3.05 16.9 17.33
9 -1 1 1 0 0 4.53 4.46 25.8 24.13
10 0 -1 -1 0 1 4.91 4.85 40.4 42.00
11 0 -1 0 1 -1 2.95 3.04 28.7 24.94
12 0 -1 1 -1 0 5.62 5.46 31.1 31.13
13 0 0 -1 1 -1 2.36 2.10 25.8 26.23
14 0 0 0 -1 0 4.85 4.47 12.9 17.06
15 0 0 1 0 1 5.36 5.73 39.7 34.48
16 0 1 -1 -1 0 4.11 4.00 15.9 15.66
17 0 1 0 0 1 4.73 4.51 12.5 17.72
18 0 1 1 1 -1 3.65 3.68 18.2 24.09
19 1 -1 -1 1 0 3.63 3.61 42.7 44.51
20 1 -1 0 -1 1 5.35 5.45 23.5 22.17
21 1 -1 1 0 -1 4.79 4.82 30.1 29.23
22 1 0 -1 -1 1 5.56 5.64 19.5 18.08
23 1 0 0 0 -1 3.32 3.46 13.9 17.86
24 1 0 1 1 0 5.18 5.01 40.3 39.68
25 1 1 -1 0 -1 2.47 2.64 21.5 19.15
26 1 1 0 1 0 3.45 3.44 32.6 25.61
27 1 1 1 1 1 5.85 5.89 34.3 38.05
between experimental and predicted values for both responses as shown in Fig. 5(a) and 7
(a). Fig. 5 (b) and 7(b) indicate the residual versus predicted values, which show only the
minimal variation between observed and fitted values. Fig 5(d) and 7(d) show the residuals
calculated against the order of experimentation. As a whole analysis of residual plots for both
responses, the models do not reveal inadequacy.
Figure 4 Comparison of experimental and predicted surface roughness values
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5.2. Effect of Variables on Responses
Figure 8 shows the plots of the main effects of five variables on Ra and WLT for each of the
five variables. Using this figure, it would be possible to analyze data in a designed experiment
with respect to the important factors, where the factors are multi-level and have two or more
levels of significance each. Based on an approximate measurement of graphs, namely the
difference between two points for each factor, it was found that pulse-off time is the most
significant factor when it comes to Ra and WLT, while spindle speed seems to be the least
important factor. As a result of a pulse-off time, there is a decrease in the rates of heat energy,
which is subjected to both electrodes by the electricity, as well as a decrease in the rates of
melting and evaporation due to the decreased rate of heat energy. Consequently, as the pulse
off time increases, less heat is transferred into the workpiece, and the dielectric is unable to
clear away the molten material, so the molten material accumulates on top of the parent
material, causing it to become hotter. In terms of the volume of the molten material, the
thickness of the white layer varies depending on the amount of the molten material that is
resolidified during the pulse off-time.
a. Normal probability plot of the residuals
b. Residuals versus the fitted values c. Residuals versus the order of the data
Figure 5 Plot of residuals for response surface roughness
10. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness and White Later Thickness in Wire-Electric
Discharge Turning Process through Response Surface Methodology
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Figure 6 Comparison of experimental and
predicted white layer thickness values
a. Normal probability plot of the residuals
b. Residuals versus the fitted values c. Residuals versus the order of the data
Figure 7 Plot of residuals for white layer thickness
Three-dimensional (3D) response surface plots were also formed based on the quadratic
model to assess the change of response surface as shown in Figs. 9 and 10. The relationship
between the variables and responses can be also further understood by these plots. The effects
of pulse on time and pulse off time and cobalt %, and pulse on time and wire feed on responses,
while keeping the other parameter at center level, are shown in Figs. 9 and 10
a) Surface roughness
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b. White layer thickness
Figure 8 of main effects on responses
a. Effect of pulse-on time and pulse-off time on surface
roughness
b. Effect of percentage of cobalt and pulse-on time on
surface roughness
c. Effect of spindle speed and pulse-on time on surface roughness
Figure 9 3D response surface plots showing the effects of two variables on surface roughness.
12. Modeling and Analysis of Surface Roughness and White Later Thickness in Wire-Electric
Discharge Turning Process through Response Surface Methodology
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a. Effect of wt.%Co and wire feed rate on white layer
thickness
b. Effect of spindle speed and pulse-off time on white
layer thickness
c. Effect of wire feed and pulse-off time on white layer thickness
Figure 10 3D response surface plots showing the effects of two variables on white layer thickness.
Fig. 10 (a) shows %Co has significant effect on WLT at lower wire feed rate and Fig. 10
(b) Pulse off time has significant effect combined with spindle speed. Fig.10 (c) reveals that at
lower levels of pulse-off and wire feed will lead to lower WLT formation.
6. CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of this study was to model and analyze the Ra and WLT during the wire electric
discharge turning process via response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi's orthogonal
array L27 in RSM is made up of five variables, in order to compute the training data. Wt. This
experimental study has been carried out utilizing %Cobalt, spindle speed, pulse-on time, wire
feed, and pulse-off time as variables in order to conduct the experiment. In order to analyze the
data, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used. In summary, we can draw the following
conclusions based on the main features of the study:
• The predicted values of the surface roughness and the WLT are reasonably close to the
experimental values, with the R2 for surface roughness being 0.97 and the R2 for WLT
being 0.87.
• Pulse-off time was found to be the most important factor affecting the Ra, while wire
feed was found to be the most influential factor affecting the WLT, while weight.%Co
had no significant effect on either of the responses.
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• There is a greater understanding of individual variable effects and interactions between
variables if we use the main effect and 3D response surface plots for each variable.
• There is no doubt that the RSM model can be successfully used to model some
machining parameters for Ra and WLT, and it is a very economical method of obtaining
information on any system with the least number of experiments necessary.
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