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This document summarizes key concepts related to osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how animals regulate solute concentrations and water balance through osmoregulation and remove nitrogenous waste through excretion. Specific topics covered include osmosis, osmoconformers vs osmoregulators, adaptations in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial animals, countercurrent exchange, transport epithelia, nitrogenous waste, and excretory structures like nephrons.
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3) Marine fish face the challenge of living in saltwater that is hypotonic to their bodies, while freshwater fish face the opposite challenge of living in fresh water that is hypertonic to their bodies. Both have adaptations to regulate their water balance.
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The proximal convoluted tubule selectively reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, salts, and some waste from the glomerular filtrate through co-transporter proteins and microvilli in its cell membranes. This brings about changes in blood concentrations of these substances.
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The document discusses osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It describes how different animals regulate water balance and eliminate nitrogenous wastes depending on their environment. The key physiological mechanisms involved are filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion via specialized tubular systems that vary between species but are generally based on transport epithelia and tubules.
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Osmoregulation and excretion systems allow animals to balance water and solute levels. Freshwater animals gain water and lose salts, while marine animals deal with water loss and salt gain. Land animals conserve water. Kidneys and other tubular systems filter, reabsorb, and secrete materials to produce urine for nitrogen waste excretion. The form of nitrogenous waste, such as ammonia, urea, or uric acid, depends on an animal's habitat and phylogeny. Diverse excretory organs, including protonephridia, metanephridia, Malpighian tubules, and kidneys, regulate solute levels through tubular networks. Kidneys consist of nep
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The document summarizes key concepts about osmoregulation and excretion in animals. It discusses how different animals, such as fish, terrestrial vertebrates, and invertebrates, regulate water and salt balance and excrete waste through various organs like kidneys, gills, and nephridia. In humans, the kidneys play an important role in homeostasis by excreting urea and maintaining water-salt balance and acid-base balance. The kidneys work with other systems like the lungs, skin, and hormones to precisely control fluid and electrolyte levels in the blood.
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The excretory system regulates water and salt balance and removes metabolic waste from the body. At the cellular level, waste diffuses out of cells. Multicellular organisms have specialized excretory organs to remove waste. The kidneys filter blood and regulate ion and water levels, producing concentrated urine. Aquatic animals also regulate salt levels to prevent too much or too little water from crossing their membranes. Terrestrial animals have developed ways to reduce water loss through their skin and produce concentrated urine.
The+Excretory+System
The document summarizes the key functions and processes of the excretory system. It discusses homeostasis and how regulators and conformers respond to internal and external changes. It describes the four methods of heat exchange and how circulation aids in temperature regulation. It explains osmoregulation and the nitrogen waste products of different organisms. It provides details on the key functions of excretion including filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion that occur in the nephron. Feedback mechanisms that control water and salt balance are also summarized.
Unit 2 excretion and osmoregulation
Marine bony fish maintain osmotic balance by drinking seawater and excreting salts to counteract water loss, while freshwater fish excrete large volumes of dilute urine and absorb salts through their gills. The kidneys play a key role in osmoregulation and excretion for humans and other animals by filtering waste from the blood into urine via nephrons, and reabsorbing useful solutes while regulating water and electrolyte levels through hormones like ADH and aldosterone.
Osmoregulation Mechanisms and Adaptations in Various Organisms.pdf
Osmoregulation is the process by which living organisms regulate the concentration of water and solutes (such as salts) in their bodies to maintain homeostasis, or a stable internal environment. This is especially important in aquatic organisms, which are surrounded by water of varying salt concentrations, but also in terrestrial organisms that need to conserve water.
In animals, osmoregulation involves a variety of physiological processes such as filtration, reabsorption, and secretion by the kidneys. Fish, for example, have specialized organs called gills that are adapted to exchange water and solutes with their environment. They also have kidneys that regulate the concentration of ions in their bodies. Other animals, such as birds, excrete waste products in the form of uric acid, which conserves water.
Plants also engage in osmoregulation, using a process called osmosis to absorb water and nutrients from the soil. They also use various mechanisms, such as opening and closing stomata, to control water loss through transpiration.
Overall, osmoregulation is an essential process for maintaining the internal environment of living organisms and ensuring their survival.
Sure, here are some additional details about osmoregulation:Types of Osmoregulation: There are two types of osmoregulation, depending on the organism's environment. In freshwater environments, organisms have to regulate the inflow of water and outflow of salts. In contrast, marine organisms have to regulate the outflow of water and inflow of salts.
Osmoregulatory Organs: Different organisms have evolved various osmoregulatory organs to maintain the balance of water and solutes in their bodies. For example, insects have Malpighian tubules, which remove waste and excess water from the body. Terrestrial animals such as reptiles, birds, and mammals have kidneys that filter blood and excrete waste products in the form of urine.
Osmolarity: Osmoregulation maintains the balance of osmolarity in the body, which is the concentration of solutes in a solution. Osmolarity is measured in units of osmoles per liter (osmol/L) and is important for the regulation of water balance in organisms.
Regulation of Salt Balance: In addition to regulating water balance, osmoregulation also involves the regulation of salt balance. Salt balance is critical for cellular functions such as enzyme activity, nerve function, and muscle contraction.
Osmoregulation and Adaptation: Different organisms have evolved various mechanisms for osmoregulation to adapt to their environment. For example, some desert animals conserve water by producing dry feces or uric acid instead of urea, which conserves water. Some marine organisms, such as sharks, have a high concentration of urea in their blood, which helps them retain water in the ocean's salty environment.
Osmoregulation and Human Health: Osmoregulation is essential for human health, and disruptions in the body's water and salt balance can lead to health problems such a
Excretory system
This document discusses several components of animal excretory systems:
1. The excretory system regulates chemical composition of body fluids by removing waste and maintaining proper water, salt, and nutrient levels.
2. Osmoregulation controls water balance in aquatic, terrestrial, and hyperosmotic environments using different processes depending on the animal. Aquatic animals regulate to match surrounding water, while terrestrial animals conserve water through impermeable surfaces and kidneys.
3. Kidneys filter blood, reabsorb useful molecules, and excrete waste as urine, regulating water, waste, and pH balance.
osmoregulation in invertebrates.
osmoregulation in invertebrates- it is a processes by which any organisms maintains the fluid and salt balance of its body, which is important for proper functioning of organs .
Endocrine control of osmoregulation in fish zeinab klaab
Osmosis is the movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of higher solvent potential to lower. Fish use osmoregulation to maintain water balance as they live in environments with varying salt concentrations like estuaries. They have mechanisms to rapidly or slowly respond to salinity changes through transport proteins and hormones. Fish can be hypo-osmotic, hyperosmotic, or isosmotic depending on their environment, and various organs help regulate water and ion levels including the gills, kidneys, and hormones from endocrine glands.
10 +chapter+10+-+excretion
Thermoregulation, osmoregulation, and excretion help maintain homeostasis in animals. Thermoregulation uses mechanisms like insulation, vasodilation, sweating and shivering to regulate body temperature. Osmoregulation controls water and solute levels through processes like filtration and reabsorption. Excretion eliminates nitrogenous wastes through the kidneys, which filter blood to form urine, and reabsorb useful solutes and secrete wastes. Plants also regulate gases, water and solutes through transpiration and structures like stomata.
2 excretion osmoregulation rev
The document discusses animal excretion and osmoregulation. It describes how animals eliminate nitrogenous waste through excretion systems and regulate water and ion concentrations through osmoregulation. The key points are:
1) Excretion involves removing nitrogenous wastes from the body through systems like the kidneys, which filter blood to produce urine for waste elimination.
2) Osmoregulation maintains water and ion balances in body fluids through mechanisms like selective reabsorption and secretion.
3) Aquatic animals like fish use specialized gills and kidney functions to regulate salt and water levels to match their environments.
Salt and water regulation in insects
ď‚— Excretory system
ď‚— Fuction of excretory system
ď‚— Excretory organ
ď‚— 1>Malpighian tubules
ď‚— 2>Nephrocyte
ď‚— 3>Oenocytes
ď‚— 5>Integument
ď‚— 6>rectum
 →Urine production
ď‚— Formation of primary urine
ď‚— Movement of solute
ď‚— Excreation of ions
ď‚— Modification of primary urine
ď‚— Salt and water balance
ď‚— terrestial insects
ď‚— Fresh water insect
ď‚— Salt water insect
ď‚— Nitrogen Excretion
Osmoregulation, exercetion
Osmoregulation refers to the physiological processes organisms use to regulate water balance and maintain proper osmotic concentrations of body fluids. Terrestrial animals are more prone to water loss and have developed strategies like specialized excretory organs to prevent it. Freshwater animals often have contractile vacuoles that collect and expel excess water to prevent bursting from osmosis. Marine animals need to conserve water and actively expel excess salts through gills and kidneys to maintain hypotonic internal environments.
Day 2
The document discusses the digestive and excretory systems. It describes the main parts and functions of the digestive system including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas. It also outlines the key components and processes of the excretory system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra as well as filtration, reabsorption, and secretion in urine production.
Mechanisms of osmoregulation in fresh water and marine water invertebrates
Mechanisms of osmoregulation in fresh water and marine water invertebrates.
content :-
1. INTRODUCTION
2. DEFINITION OF OSMOREGULATION
3. TYPES OF INVERTEBRATES ACCORDING TO THE MEDIUM
4. CLASSIFICATION OF INVERTEBRATES ON THE BASIS OF 5. OSMOREGULATION
(I) OSMOCONFORMERS
(II) OSMOREGULATORS
6. MECHANISMS OF OSMOREGULATION
7. OSMOREGULATION IN FRESH WATER INVERTEBRATES
8. OSMOREGULATION IN MARINE WATER INVERTEBRATES
9. CONCLUSION
10.REFERENCE
for more refer to Faunafondness.com
Ch. 7 (homeostasis osmoregulation, endocrine, temperature)
This document provides an overview of homeostasis in fishes. It discusses four main topics: osmoregulation, endocrine regulation, thermal regulation, and the immune response. For osmoregulation, it describes the four main strategies fishes use to regulate their solute and water concentrations in different environments. It also discusses the roles of gills, kidneys, drinking, and ion exchange in maintaining homeostasis. For endocrine regulation, it outlines the major endocrine tissues like the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, and gonads, and the hormones they produce. It notes fishes use behavior to regulate temperature within their tolerance ranges. Finally, it introduces the non-specific and specific components of the immune system that help protect fishes
Chapter 25: Excretion [compatibility mode]
This document summarizes key points from a chapter on thermoregulation and osmoregulation. It discusses how animals regulate their internal temperature and water balance through various physiological adaptations and mechanisms. Specifically, it covers how endothermic and ectothermic animals gain and lose heat, the categories of adaptations that help thermoregulation, and the challenges of osmoregulation for freshwater fish, saltwater fish and terrestrial animals. It also briefly outlines the processes of filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion involved in urine production by the kidneys.
Osmotic and temperature regulation, excretion
The document discusses various mechanisms of osmoregulation, temperature regulation, and excretion in organisms. It describes diffusion, osmosis, and active transport as methods of water and solute regulation. Ectotherms and endotherms are discussed in relation to temperature regulation strategies. Finally, the major excretory structures are outlined for invertebrates and vertebrates.
Inscet excretory system
The excretory system of insects involves several organs that work together to remove nitrogenous waste from the body. The main excretory organs are the Malpighian tubules, which produce a filtrate that selectively reabsorbs water and ions while eliminating waste. For terrestrial insects, the main waste product is uric acid, while aquatic insects excrete ammonia. The filtrate produced by the Malpighian tubules passes to the gut where further modification occurs before excretion, helping to maintain fluid and ion balance in the insect's body.
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Presentation1
- 1. Osmoregulation & Excretion Kevin Kwan Jeffery Khou Jessica Dai Jason Yiu
- 10. Countercurrent heat exchange cont. • Countercurrent heat exchange involves a special arrangement of arteries and veins • The countercurrent heat exchange conserves heat by arteries that carry warm blood which circulate through limbs, which come into contact with veins that convey blood in the opposite direction. This arrangement facilitates heat transfer from arteries to veins along the entire length of the blood vessel. • Examples of how an ectotherm maintains higher than expected temperature: behavioral adaptations (seek ideal environments), physiological adaptations (vasoconstriction).
- 12. Â
- 18. Excretion cont. Metanephridia of Earthworm
- 19. Malpighian Tubules of insects Excretion cont.
- 20. Nephron and Associated Structures Structure and Function of the Nephron: -nephron: functional unit of the vertebrate kidney -renal cortex: outer part of a mammalian kidney -renal medulla: inner part of a mammalian kidney -glomerulus: single long tubule and a ball of capillaries - Bowman’s capsule: blind end of a tubule that forms a cup-shaped swelling surrounding the glomerulus. 80% of the nephrons in the human kidney are cortical nephrons and they have reduced loops of Henle. Juxtamedullary nephrons are about 20% and have well-developed loops that extend deeply into the renal medulla. Â
- 21. The relationship of the kidney and the circulatory system: The kidneys produce urine and regulate the composition of the blood. The urine is conveyed to the urinary bladder via the ureter and to the outside via the urethra. Branches of the aorta, retinal arteries, convey blood to the kidneys; renal veins drain blood from the kidneys into the posterior vena cava. Excretion cont. Posterior Vena cava Kidney Renal artery and vein Aorta Ureter Urinary Bladder Urethra Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Afferent arteriole from renal artery Efferent arteriole from glomerulus Branch of renal vein Proximal tubule Peritubular capillaries Distal tubule Collecting duct Loop of Henle Descending limb Ascending limb Vasa recta Renal pelvis Ureter Renal Medulla Renal cortex Juxtamedullarnephron Cortical nephron Renal cortex Renal medulla
- 22. Filtration of the Blood: It occurs as blood pressure forces fluid from the blood in the glomerulus into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule. It contains a variety of substances including nitrogenous wastes. Pathway of the filtrate: (Blood filtrate to Urine) proximal tubule-> Descending limb of the loop of Henle-> Ascending limb of the loop of Henle-> Distal tubule-> Collecting duct-> renal pelvis-> drained by ureter Nephron and Associated Structures
- 23. Blood Vessels Associated with the Nephrons Afferent arteriole: supplies blood to each Nephron Efferent arteriole: formed by the capillaries that converge as they leave the glomerulus Peritubular capillaries: formed by vessels subdividing Vasa recta: capillaries that serve the loop for Henle
- 25. How the human kidney concentrates urine
- 27. Hormonal Control of the Kidney by Negative Feedback Circuits
- 29. ADH: antidiuretic hormone - Produced in the hypothalamus, stored in and released from the posterior pituitary gland, osmoreceptor cells monitor the osmolarity of the blood. If it rises about a set point of 300 mosm/L, more ADH is released into the bloodstream/reaches kidney. The main targets are the distal tubules and collecting ducts where it increases the permeability of the epithelium to water, amplify water reabsorption, reduce urine volume and prevent further increase of blood osmolarity above the set point. If negative feedback- less ADH. Only gain of additional water in food/drink can bring osmolarity back. Large intake of water-> little ADH is released thus decreases permeability of the distal tubules and collecting ducts (more urine).
- 31. ·        RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system : part of a complex feedback circuit that functions in homeostasis, drop in blood pressure/blood volume triggers renin release from JGA. In turn, rise in blood pressure/volume from various actions of angiotensin II/aldsterone reduce the release of renin. ·        ADH vs RAAS : ADH is a response to an increase in osmolarity of the blood and lowers blood sodium ion concentration by stimulating water reabsorption in the kidney. RAAS responds to a fall in blood volume/pressure by increasing water and sodium ion reabsorption.
- 32. ANF: atrial natriuretic : a hormone/peptide that opposes the RAAS. Walls of atria of the heart release ANF in response to an increase in blood volume/pressure and inhibits the release of renin from JGA, NaCl reabsorption by the collecting ducts, reduces aldosterone release from the adrenal glands, and lower blood volume and pressure.
- 33. All animals have different habitats, functions of osmoregulations, physiological machines (organs) to maintain solute and water balance and excreting nitrogenous wastes.
- 34. AMOEBA -water enters amoeba by osmosis -excess water collects in the contractile vacuole(contains water soluble nitrogenous wastes) -osmoregulation is the main function of the contractile vacuole -EXCRETION: when the contractile vacuole is full and is ready to burst, it goes to the surface of the amoeba and uses energy from the mitochondria to release all the nitrogenous wastes. -Then, a new contractile vacuole is formed and water enters the amoeba and the same steps repeat. EXTRA CREDIT: Amoeba vs. Human ^ THAT IS SOOO COOL!!! O.O xP