The HMP shunt pathway, also known as the pentose phosphate pathway or phosphogluconate pathway, is an alternative metabolic pathway to glycolysis for glucose. It is more anabolic and produces NADPH and pentoses through oxidative and non-oxidative phases of reactions. The HMP shunt pathway is important for biosynthesis in tissues like the liver, testes, ovaries, and mammary glands. It provides reducing power in the form of NADPH for biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, and steroid hormones. NADPH also helps maintain red blood cell membrane integrity and protects against oxidative damage.
It is an metabolic pathway of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, amino acid, glycerol etc. Main sites are liver and kidney. It uses enzymes from both cytosol and mitochondria.
It is an metabolic pathway of synthesis of glucose from non carbohydrate precursors like pyruvate, lactate, amino acid, glycerol etc. Main sites are liver and kidney. It uses enzymes from both cytosol and mitochondria.
Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. These slides will provide you detail explanation of Glycogenolysis.
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
introduction of Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides, biological functions and metabolic disorders, chemical analogues and therapeutic drugs, uric acid metabolism
Pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for oxidation of glucose. It is a shunt of glycolysis. It is also known as hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt or phosphogluconate pathway. It occurs in cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it involves oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis and is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
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This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
Glycogenolysis, process by which glycogen, the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells of animals, is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting. These slides will provide you detail explanation of Glycogenolysis.
explains the breakdown of purine. source and excretion of purine is explained. hyperuricemia and hypouricemia is discussed. types of Gout, clinical features and treatment is included.
introduction of Purine and Pyrimidine metabolism, biosynthesis and degradation of nucleotides, biological functions and metabolic disorders, chemical analogues and therapeutic drugs, uric acid metabolism
Pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathway to glycolysis and TCA cycle for oxidation of glucose. It is a shunt of glycolysis. It is also known as hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt or phosphogluconate pathway. It occurs in cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. While it involves oxidation of glucose, its primary role is anabolic rather than catabolic. It is an important pathway that generates precursors for nucleotide synthesis and is especially important in red blood cells (erythrocytes).
The electron transport chain is comprised of a series of enzymatic reactions within the inner membrane of the mitochondria, which are cell organelles that release and store energy for all physiological needs.
As electrons are passed through the chain by a series of oxidation-reduction reactions, energy is released, creating a gradient of hydrogen ions, or protons, across the membrane. The proton gradient provides energy to make ATP, which is used in oxidative phosphorylation.
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
Complete Set of Metabolism of Carbohydrate in that second chapter, glycolysis.
This presentation covers complete glycolysis pathway with step wise animated reactions and it includes clinical aspects also. This presentation is good for MBBS students.
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. HMP SHUNT PATHWAY
(Pentose phosphate pathway or Phospho gluconate pathway or
Dickens-Horecker pathway)
Introduction:
• It is an alternative route for the metabolism of glucose. It is more complex
pathway than glycolysis.
• It is more anabolic in nature.
• It concern with the biosynthesis of NADPH and pentoses. It is minor metabolic
pathway of glucose.
• It is major catabolic pathway (Oxidative) next to glycolysis.
Occurrence
• RBC, Adrenal Cortex, Liver, lactating mammary gland and adipose tissue, testes
and ovaries, lens of eye
• Operates in cytoplasm
3. TISSUES WITH ACTIVE HMP SHUNT PATHWAY
• Liver - Fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis
• Testes - Steroid synthesis
• Adipose tissue - Fatty acid synthesis
• Ovary - Steroid synthesis
• Mammary gland - Fatty acid synthesis
• Red blood cells - Maintenance of reduced glutathione
4. Reactions of the pathway
The sequence of reactions of HMP shunt is divided into two phases
• oxidative
• non-oxidative phase.
8. SIGNIFICANCE OF HMP SHUNT
PATHWAY
I. Produce NADPH and pentose phosphates
• NADPH is required for Reductive biosynthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and steroid hormones
• Free Radical scavenging
• Maintains RBC membrane integrity by keeping GSH in reduced state
• NADPH protects RBC from oxidative damage by H2O2
• To keep the ferrous iron of haemoglobin in the reduced state and to prevent accumulation of meta-
haemoglobin.
• Detoxification by hydroxylation
• Maintain the transparency of lens
• Bactericidal activity of macrophages
II. Ribose 5 phosphate is required for nucleic acid synthesis
III Clinical importance
9. a. Glu 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
b. Drug induced hemolytic anemia
c. Methemoglobinemia
d. Thiamine deficiency leads to reduced transketolase activity
• NADPH seen in lens of eye for preserving the transparency of lens.
• NADPH is required for production of superoxide anion by
macrophages to kill bacteria.
• Most of the drugs and other foreign substances are detoxified by liver
microsomal P450 enzymes with the help of NADPH
