Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides that serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information. There are two main types of nucleic acids: DNA contains an organism's genetic sequence and is found in the nucleus, while RNA helps direct protein synthesis and is found both inside and outside the nucleus. DNA was discovered in 1869 and was later demonstrated to contain genetic information. Nucleic acids are made up of nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar, and phosphate groups and hydrolyze into nucleotides which are the monomeric units of nucleic acids.
This is a continuation of the earlier slide with a name "Nucleotides". Please refer to the previous mentioned slide before moving to this slide for a better overall concept on nucleotides and nucleic acids.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
These slides may be helpful for grabbing basic knowledge regarding Nucleic acids for the students of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Nursing, Agriculture, Veterinary,Pharmacy..etc
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
The slide has some brief introduction to nucleotide chemistry, History, General features of nucleotides, Nomenclature, Individual properties of bases, Classification
and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information.
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) held by 3′and 5′phosphate bridges. In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units—nucleotides (It may be recalled that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions in the living cells, besides being the building blocks or monomeric units in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure.
This is a continuation of the earlier slide with a name "Nucleotides". Please refer to the previous mentioned slide before moving to this slide for a better overall concept on nucleotides and nucleic acids.
RNA- A polymer of ribonucleotides, is a single stranded structure. There are three major types of RNA- m RNA,t RNA and r RNA. Besides that there are small nuclear,micro RNAs, small interfering and heterogeneous RNAs. Each of them has a specific structure and performs a specific function.
These slides may be helpful for grabbing basic knowledge regarding Nucleic acids for the students of Microbiology, Biochemistry, Nursing, Agriculture, Veterinary,Pharmacy..etc
Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or small biomolecules, essential to all known forms of life. They are composed of nucleotides, which are monomers made of three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is a compound ribose, the polymer is RNA (ribonucleic acid); if the sugar is derived from ribose as deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid).
The slide has some brief introduction to nucleotide chemistry, History, General features of nucleotides, Nomenclature, Individual properties of bases, Classification
and Synthetic analogues of biomedical importance.
There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic information.
Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides) held by 3′and 5′phosphate bridges. In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units—nucleotides (It may be recalled that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
Nucleotides are composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Nucleotides perform a wide variety of functions in the living cells, besides being the building blocks or monomeric units in the nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) structure.
Nucleic acid play an important role in transmission of hereditary characteristics and biosynthesis of proteins.
DNA and RNA
* CONTENTS Introduction to Nucleic acids History of Nucleic acids Structure of Nucleic acids Description of Nucleic acids Chemical structure of DNA and RNA Classifications of Bases Sites of Nucleic acids Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides Conclusion References
* Structure of Nucleic acids NA structure is often divided into four different levels: Primary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Quaternary structure
* Primary structure: consists of a linear sequence of nucleotides that are linked together by phosphodiester bond. Nucleotides consists of 3 components: Nitrogenous base 5-carbon sugar One or more phosphate groups
* Secondary structure This is the set of interactions between bases. In DNA double helix, the two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds. The nucleotides on one strand base pairs with the nucleotide on the other strand. The secondary structure is responsible for the shape that the nucleic acid assumes.
* Tertiary structure This is the locations of atoms in three-dimensional space, taking into consideration geometrical and steric constraits. A higher order than the secondary structure in which large scale folding in a linear polymer occurs and the entire chain is folded into a specific 3-dimensional shape.
* Quaternary structure This is similar to that of protein quaternary structure. Although some of the concepts are not exactly the same. QS refers to a higher level of organization of nucleic acids moreover, it refers to the interactions of the nucleic acids with other molecules.
* NNuucclleeiicc AAcciiddss Nucleic acids are molecules that store information for cellular growth and reproduction
* There are two types of nucleic acids: - deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)
* These are polymers consisting of long chains of monomers called nucleotides A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group.
* DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, long, thread-like polymers made up of a linear array of monomers called nucleotides All nucleotides contain three components: 1. A nitrogen heterocyclic base 2. A pentose sugar 3. A phosphate residue
* Ribonucleotides have a 2’-OH Deoxyribonucleotides have a 2’-H
* Bases are classified as Pyrimidines or Purines
* Nucleus Cytoplasm replication DNA transcription RNA (mRNA) translation Proteins
* reverse transcription messenger RNA (mRNA) transfer RNA (tRNA) ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
* Names of Nucleosides and Nucleotides
* X-ray diffraction patterns produced by DNA fibers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins
* 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material" James Watson Francis Crick Maurice Wilkins
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Nuclei acid is a naturally occurring chemical compound containing phosphoric acid, sugars, and a mixture of organic bases (purines and pyrimidines).
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses. DNA is the chemical basis of heredity and may be regarded as the reserve bank of genetic formation. DNA is exclusively responsible for maintaining the identity of different species of organisms over millions of years.
RNA is the genetic material of certain viruses, but it is also found in all living cells. The genes control protein synthesis through the mediation of RNA.
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2. Introduction
• Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides (polynucleotides)
held by 3' and 5' phosphate bridges.
• In other words, nucleic acids are built up by the monomeric units-nucleotides ( It
may be re-called that protein is a polymer of amino acids).
• There are two types of nucleic acids, namely deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and
ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• Primarily, nucleic acids serve as repositories and transmitters of genetic
information.
3. History
• DNA was discovered in 1869 by Johann Friedrich Miescher, a Swiss
researcher.
• The demonstration that DNA contained genetic information was first
made in 1944, by Avery, Macleod and MacCarv .
4. Chemical nature
• Nucleic acids are made of nitrogenous base, pentose sugar and a phosphate group
and contain C, O, N and P elements.
• Nitrogen is from 15 to 16% while phosphorus is from 9 to 10%.
• Nucleic acids are substances with high molecular weight ranging from 1286 to
3000000.
• On hydrolysis with either an enzyme or by heating with dilute acids or alkalies,
nucleic acids yield a group of compound known as Nucleotides.
5. Classification
• Kinds of Nucleic Acids
❑DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) –found only inside the nucleus of the cell. Contains
the organism’s genetic information, including instructions for how to make
proteins.
❑RNA(ribonucleic acid) – found both inside and outside of the nucleus. Directs
the building of proteins.
• primarily concerned with the synthesis of protein.
❑POLYPEPTIDES are the building blocks of nucleic acids.
6. DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic acid is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used
in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The main role
of DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information and DNA is often
compared to a set of blueprints, since it contains the instructions needed to
construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules.
• The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, but other
DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use of
this genetic information.
7. RNA
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) functions in converting genetic information from genes
into the amino acid sequences of proteins. The three universal types of RNA
include transfer RNA (tRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and ribosomal RNA
(rRNA).
• Messenger RNA acts to carry genetic sequence information between DNA and
ribosomes, directing protein synthesis.
• Ribosomal RNA is a major component of the ribosome, and catalyzes peptide
bond formation.
• Transfer RNA serves as the carrier molecule for amino acids to be used in protein
synthesis, and is responsible for decoding the mRNA. In addition, many other
classes of RNA are now known.
8. Properties of Nucleic Acid
• Nucleic acids are insoluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in cold water, but readily dissolved in hot
water and dilute alkalies, forming alkali salts. They are precipitated by HCL and by excess of
acetic acid.
• Feulgen Test differentiates the DNA from RNA, if the deoxyribose sugar is present, a red color is
produced with the dye. Ribose sugar do not exhibit this reaction.
• Hydrolysis of nucleic acids gives nucleotide, which can be considered the units that make up
the polymer. A nucleotide consists of three parts:
1. Heterocyclic base
2. sugar
3. phosphoric acids
Nucleosides
9.
10. Heterocyclic base or Nucleic base
• Present in nucleic acids are divided into two types- PURINES and PYRIMIDINES.
• The two Purines present both DNA and RNA are adenine and guanine.
• The Pyrimidines cytosine is present in both DNA and RNA, whereas thymine is found in DNA
only and Uracil is present in RNA only.
11. THE PYRIMIDINES
• Pyrimidines is a six-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atom.
• Three important derivatives of Pyrimidine found in nucleic acids are thymine(2,4-
dioxy-5- methylpyrimidine), cytosine(2-oxy-4- aminopyrimidine), and Uracil(2,4-
dioxypyrimidines).
• Other important compound containing Pyrimidines are thiamin (vitamin B1).
12. THE PURINES
• The Purines found in nucleic acids are derivatives of a substances, Purine, that
does not occur naturally.
• As indicated by their structures, adenine is 6-aminopurine and guanine is 2-
amino-6-oxypurine.
13.
14. Sugar
• The five carbon monosaccharides(pentoses) are found in the nucleic acid structure.
• RNA contains D-ribose while DNA contains D-deoxyribose.
• Ribose and deoxyribose differ in structure at C2. Deoxyribose has one oxygen less at C2 compared
to ribose.
15. Biological role of Nucleic acid
❑Functions of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):
• DNA is a permanent storage place for genetic information.
• DNA controls the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid).
• The sequence of nitrogenous bases in DNA determines the protein development in
new cells.
• The function of the double helix formation of DNA is to ensure that no disorders
occur. This is because the second identical strand of DNA that runs anti-parallel to
the first is a back up in case of lost or destroyed genetic information. Ex. Down’s
Syndrome or Sickle Cell Anemia.
16. Biological role of Nucleic acid
❑Functions of RNA (ribonucleic acid):
• RNA is synthesized by DNA for the transportation of genetic information to the
protein building apparatus in the cell.
• RNA also directs the synthesis of new proteins using the genetic information it has
transported.
• -mRNA (messenger ribonucleic acid) is used to transfer genetic information
through plasma membranes.
❑ Nucleic acids (specifically DNA) carry out a vital role in the human body. In
particular, nucleic acids play an essential role in: Mitosis, Meiosis.
• Providing Energy – Nucleic acids can be used to create energy in the form of
ATP (adenosine triphosphate - C10H16N5O13P3). ATP is formed with the
nitrogenous bases adenosine and ribose.