This document discusses glycogen metabolism pathways. It describes that glycogen metabolism has two pathways: glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. Glycogenesis is the formation of glycogen in the liver and muscles, requiring ATP and UTP. Glycogenolysis is the degradation of stored glycogen in the liver and muscles by glycogen degrading enzymes. Glycogen storage diseases can occur due to deficiencies in the enzymes involved in glycogenesis or glycogenolysis.
De novo synthesis of fatty acids (Biosynthesis of fatty acids)Ashok Katta
Synthesis of fatty acids in the body. Detailed pathway for de novo synthesis of fatty acids in the body including its energetic and regulation. also cover Multienzyme complex
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Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosisJinal Tandel
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies is part of lipid metabolism. After completion of this topic one can understand about Ketogenesis, utilization of Ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Gluconeogenesis: Defined as biosynthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors
-Gluconeogenesis: an intro
-Thermodynamic Barriers (Each barrier detail explanation)
- Energetics of gluconeogenesis
-Substrates of gluconeogenesis (each substrate and pathway explained)
-Regulation of Gluconeogenesis, hormonal and transcriptional regulation
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies; ketoacidosisJinal Tandel
Formation and utilization of ketone bodies is part of lipid metabolism. After completion of this topic one can understand about Ketogenesis, utilization of Ketone bodies and ketoacidosis
Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells.
It involves the breakdown or storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes.
In animals, these fats are obtained from food or synthesized by the liver.
Glycogen is the storage from of glucose. The metabolism of glycogen both as glycogenolysis, breakdown of glycogen, and glycogenesis, formation of glycogen along with their regulation is briefed in the slides.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. Glycogen
Glycogen is a homo polysaccharide with 1-4 linkage and alpha 1
Branching makes more globular and less space consuming .
Glycogen metabolism has two metabolic pathway glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Glycogen metabolism has two metabolic pathway glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
4 linkage and alpha 1-6 linkage
Branching makes more globular and less space consuming .
Glycogen metabolism has two metabolic pathway glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
Glycogen metabolism has two metabolic pathway glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.
3. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
GLYCOGEN
Main stores of glycogen:
. Skeletal muscle
. Liver
Main function of:
Muscle Glycogen: Fuel reserve for the synthesis of ATP during
iver Glycogen: Maintain the blood glucose concentration, particularly
Storage form of carbohydrate in liver and muscle
Provide glucose during fasting.
The glycogen content of liver is 10g/100g tissue and 1-2 g/
When blood glucose lowers, liver glycogen is broken down
About 5 hours after taking food, the blood sugar tends to
met
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
during muscle
particularly during the early stages of a fast
g/100g in skeletal muscle
down and helps to maintain glucose level
fall. Glycogen is lyzed to glucose so that energy needs ar
4. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
GLYCOGEN
After 18 hr fasting, most of the liver glycogen is depleted, when depot fats are hydrolyzed and energy
requirement is met by fatty acid oxidation
The function of muscle glycogen is to act as reserve fuel for muscle contraction
All the enzyme related to glycogen metabolism are cytoplasmic
MOUNTS OF LIVER AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN
• Resting Muscle: Approximately 400 g i.e. 1–2% of the fresh weight of resting muscle
• Well-Fed Liver: Approximately 100 g of glycogen i.e.10% of the fresh weight of a well
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
fasting, most of the liver glycogen is depleted, when depot fats are hydrolyzed and energy
The function of muscle glycogen is to act as reserve fuel for muscle contraction
All the enzyme related to glycogen metabolism are cytoplasmic
MOUNTS OF LIVER AND MUSCLE GLYCOGEN
2% of the fresh weight of resting muscle
Fed Liver: Approximately 100 g of glycogen i.e.10% of the fresh weight of a well-fed adult liver.
5. STRUCTURE OF GLYCOGEN:
Polysaccharide made exclusively from α -D – glucose • Primary glycosidic bond is an
an average of eight to ten glucosyl residues, there is a branch containing an
Molecular mass of up to 108 daltons
STRUCTURE OF GLYCOGEN:
glucose • Primary glycosidic bond is an α (1→ 4) linkage. Afte
an average of eight to ten glucosyl residues, there is a branch containing an α (1→ 6) linkage
6. Glycogenesis
Definition of glycogenesis:
It is the formation of glycogen, which occurs in all tissues of the body, but in large amount in liver and
muscles.
There are very small amount of glycogen synthesis and storage in the central nervous system; this is why it is
completely dependent on blood glucose as a source of energy.
ite
Cytosol of all cells particularly liver and muscles and requires ATP and UTP (
It is the formation of glycogen, which occurs in all tissues of the body, but in large amount in liver and
There are very small amount of glycogen synthesis and storage in the central nervous system; this is why it is
completely dependent on blood glucose as a source of energy.
Cytosol of all cells particularly liver and muscles and requires ATP and UTP (Uridine-5’- triphosphates).
9. Glycogenolysis
The degradation of stored glycogen in liver & muscle constitutes glycogenolysis
The synthesis & degradation of glycogen are not reversible.
An independent set of enzymes present in the cytosol carry out glycogenolysis
Glycogen is degraded by breaking ɑ-l,4 & ɑ-1,6- Glycosidic bonds.
The degradation of stored glycogen in liver & muscle constitutes glycogenolysis
The synthesis & degradation of glycogen are not reversible.
An independent set of enzymes present in the cytosol carry out glycogenolysis
Glycosidic bonds.
13. Glycogen Storage Diseases
Glycogen storage diseases are groups of inherited disorders characterized by deposition (over
bnormal type or quantity of glycogen or failure of storage of glycogen in the tissues.
They are mainly due to deficiency of one of enzymes of glycogenesis or glycogenolysis,
hosphofructokinase, or lysosomal glycosidases.
These include type I to type VIII glycogen storage diseases.
Glycogen Storage Diseases
Glycogen storage diseases are groups of inherited disorders characterized by deposition (over-storage) of a
bnormal type or quantity of glycogen or failure of storage of glycogen in the tissues.
They are mainly due to deficiency of one of enzymes of glycogenesis or glycogenolysis,
These include type I to type VIII glycogen storage diseases.
