HIV Virus (Info., causes, Treatment)
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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).[1][2] AIDS is a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype.[3] Infection with HIV occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk. Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells. HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells.[4] HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,[5] apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,[6] direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8 cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.[7] When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
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HEPATITIS
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This document discusses Hepadnaviridae, a group of DNA viruses that includes hepatitis viruses. Key points include:
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The presentation includes disease, treatment and management.
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1. HIV attacks T-cells in the immune system, leading to AIDS in advanced stages. Children progress more rapidly than adults, with half of untreated children dying within 2 years.
2. In India, around 2.4 million people live with HIV, with 25,000 new infections annually in children, most occurring during pregnancy or birth. Approximately 5,000 infected children progress to AIDS each year.
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1. Viruses contain either DNA or RNA as their genetic material but not both. This nucleic acid has unique chemical and physical features that distinguish it from human nucleic acid.
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3. Viruses are classified based on their nucleic acid composition, morphology, and whether they have an envelope.
Adenovirus
Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1935 from human tissues. They are double stranded DNA viruses that can cause respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. While many infections are mild, adenoviruses can cause pneumonia, gastroenteritis, and keratoconjunctivitis. Diagnosis involves isolating the virus from samples using cell culture or molecular techniques. Treatment focuses on symptom relief as there are no specific antivirals, though some drugs like cidofovir are being studied. Prevention emphasizes handwashing, pool chlorination, and infection control practices.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus
This document summarizes key information about HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV was discovered in 1983-1984 and is the cause of AIDS. It infects and destroys CD4 cells.
- HIV has three main genes - gag, pol, and env. Gag codes for core proteins, pol codes for enzymes, and env codes for envelope glycoproteins gp120 and gp41.
- HIV attaches to host cells via gp120 binding to CD4 receptors, then fuses and enters the cell. It replicates by converting RNA to DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- As CD4 cells decline due to infection, opportunistic infections can occur, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated. Common
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The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), also called human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is one of eight known human herpesvirus types in the herpes family, and is one of the most common viruses in humans.
Human immunodeficiency virus(hiv)
1. HIV attacks T-cells in the immune system, leading to AIDS in advanced stages. Children progress more rapidly than adults, with half of untreated children dying within 2 years.
2. In India, around 2.4 million people live with HIV, with 25,000 new infections annually in children, most occurring during pregnancy or birth. Approximately 5,000 infected children progress to AIDS each year.
3. HIV is diagnosed through PCR testing in children under 18 months or antibody testing along with clinical symptoms in older children. Management includes cotrimoxazole prophylaxis, antiretroviral therapy, treatment of opportunistic infections, adequate nutrition and immunization.
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Picornaviruses are a family of small, non-enveloped viruses that includes enteroviruses and rhinoviruses. Enteroviruses such as poliovirus, coxsackievirus, and echovirus can cause diseases ranging from the common cold to meningitis, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, and even paralysis. Poliovirus is classified into three serotypes and can be diagnosed through virus isolation from throat or stool samples or antibody detection in serum. Both injectable inactivated and oral live attenuated vaccines are used to protect against poliovirus. Global vaccination efforts have nearly eradicated polio, with transmission now only occurring in a few countries.
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Eye drops have less of a risk of side effects than do oral medicines, and such risk can be minimized by occluding the lacrimal punctum, (i.e. pressing on the inner corner of the eye) for a short while after instilling drops. Eye drops are also used for stopping itching and redness of the eyes
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The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, lymph organs (spleen and thymus), and diffuse lymphoid tissue. Lymph is a clear fluid that is similar to blood plasma but lacks proteins. It is formed from interstitial fluid that leaks from blood capillaries. Lymph vessels carry lymph through the body and lymph nodes before returning it to the bloodstream. The spleen, thymus, tonsils and other lymphoid tissues are involved in immune functions like phagocytosis and lymphocyte production.
Git j club fmt.
The document discusses the therapeutic potential of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). It describes how the gut microbiome can be altered by factors like diet, prebiotics, probiotics, and antibiotics. FMT has been shown to effectively treat recurrent or severe Clostridium difficile infection by restoring a healthy microbiome. The document reviews the methods of administering FMT and discusses its potential applications for other conditions like inflammatory bowel disease, metabolic disorders, and more. Controlled studies are still needed to fully evaluate FMT's therapeutic effects.
Serological tests
This document describes various serological tests used to detect antigens and antibodies. It discusses primary tests like ELISA, IFAT, and RIA. Secondary tests include agglutination, complement fixation, precipitation, and neutralization tests. Tertiary tests determine antibody protective value. Agglutination tests can qualitatively and quantitatively detect particulate antigens. Coombs tests detect non-agglutinating antibodies. ELISA is then explained in detail, including indirect, sandwich, and competitive formats. ELISA is widely used to detect antigens and antibodies in applications like HIV and food allergen testing.
Shistosoma species
S. mansoni and S. japonicum are parasitic flatworm species that cause schistosomiasis. They have complex multi-stage life cycles involving freshwater snail intermediate hosts and human definitive hosts. In humans, the worms reside in veins of the intestines or liver and cause symptoms like abdominal pain or blood in the stool or urine. Diagnosis involves examining stool or urine for eggs. Treatment options include praziquantel and oxamniquine. Prevention focuses on improving sanitation and limiting contact with infected freshwater.
Morel natalia final_ppp slides
This document contains links to two images hosted on Pixabay. The first link is to an image titled "icewolf-canvas-picture-art-ice" showing an artwork depicting an icy wolf. The second link is to an image titled "house-fire-place-wood" showing the interior of a house with a lit fireplace and wooden furnishings.
VIRULOGY - HIV (AIDS) , POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS, RABIES VIRUS
This document discusses three viruses: HIV, poliovirus, and rabies virus. It provides details on the history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of HIV/AIDS. It describes how HIV weakens the immune system making individuals vulnerable to opportunistic infections. For poliovirus, it outlines the routes of transmission and details on the oral polio vaccine and inactivated polio vaccine. It notes India's success in eliminating polio through extensive vaccination campaigns. The document is authored by Dr. Ashish Jawarkar and appears to be an educational presentation or paper on these three important viruses.
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01.04 laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of hiv infection
Laboratory tests play an important role in diagnosing and monitoring HIV infection. Tests used for diagnosis include ELISA, rapid tests, and confirmatory tests like Western Blot. CD4 counts and viral load are used to determine when to start ART, monitor disease progression and response to treatment. Other tests like hematology and biochemistry panels help monitor for side effects and coinfections. Proper use and interpretation of HIV laboratory tests is crucial for effective clinical management of patients.
HIV and AIDS /prosthodontic courses
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A017520106
This document proposes an Enhanced Cooperative Bait Detection Scheme (ECBDS) to combat Byzantine attacks in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). It summarizes existing research on security threats in MANETs like black hole and gray hole attacks. The Cooperative Bait Detection Scheme (CBDS) detects but does not prevent malicious nodes. ECBDS improves on CBDS by having two phases: detection to identify malicious nodes using bait requests and reverse tracing, and prevention to avoid routing through detected nodes and broadcast their identifiers. The scheme is evaluated in MATLAB and shown to increase throughput and packet delivery ratio while reducing energy consumption compared to CBDS.
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Loadแนวข้อสอบ เจ้าหน้าที่การเงินและบัญชี โรงพยาบาลธรรมศาสตร์เฉลิมพระเกียรติ
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01.04 laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of hiv infection
01.04 laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of hiv infection
Similar to HIV Virus (Info., causes, Treatment)
About human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was discovered in 1983 by Montagnier and Gallo. It is the cause of AIDS. HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4 cells of the immune system and overtime destroys them. This leaves the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections. There are two types, HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV is transmitted through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids and breast milk. As the virus replicates it progresses from primary infection to clinical latency to AIDS. Diagnosis involves detecting antibodies, antigens or viral RNA. While there is no cure, antiretroviral treatment can suppress the virus and prolong a healthy life.
HIV
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) was discovered in 1983 by Luc Montagnier and Robert Gallo. HIV is the cause of AIDS. It is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages. The virus attaches and enters the host cell, converts its RNA to DNA using reverse transcriptase, and integrates into the host genome to establish a lifelong infection. The infection progresses from primary infection to clinical latency to AIDS as CD4+ T cell counts decline. Opportunistic infections define AIDS as the immune system is too weak to fight off pathogens. There is currently no cure for HIV/AIDS.
AIDS.pptx
This document provides an overview of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). It begins with an introduction defining AIDS as being caused by HIV. It then discusses the epidemiology, finding that as of 2017 approximately 36.9 million people globally are infected with HIV. It explores the etiology of AIDS, explaining that it is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus HIV. The document outlines the structure of HIV and its routes of transmission including sexual contact, intravenous drug use, and mother-to-child transmission. It describes the pathogenesis and life cycle of HIV, how it infects cells and integrates into the host cell genome. The document concludes with sections on symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis and management of AIDS.
HIV by gaurav yadav
It contain all information like introduction,stages,life cycle,treatment , laboratory diagnosis and first people on earth who cured from the infection with HIV.
Hiv
The document discusses human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It defines HIV as a retrovirus that infects and damages the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells. The three stages of HIV infection are described as primary infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. The structure, life cycle, transmission modes, types (HIV-1 and HIV-2), diagnostic tests, treatment options, and goals of antiretroviral therapy are summarized. Recommended first and second-line antiretroviral regimens are also provided.
Pathogenisis of aids
1) HIV is a retrovirus that causes AIDS by depleting CD4 T cells, weakening the immune system.
2) HIV enters host cells via CD4 and CCR5/CXCR4 receptors, integrating its genetic material which is then transcribed and new virions are assembled and released, infecting other cells.
3) As CD4 cells are gradually depleted, the immune system weakens over time, allowing opportunistic infections and cancers to develop, eventually leading to AIDS if untreated.
HIV & AIDS- RAHUL SAHU
The document provides an overview of HIV and AIDS, including:
- The origin and history of HIV, tracing it back to transfers from chimpanzees to humans in Africa in the late 19th/early 20th century.
- The structure and life cycle of HIV, which involves adsorption, penetration, reverse transcription, integration, transcription, and assembly/release of new virus particles.
- How HIV interacts with and affects the immune system, preferentially infecting CD4+ T cells and macrophages/monocytes and ultimately causing immunosuppression.
- The four stages of HIV infection: primary infection, asymptomatic stage, symptomatic stage, and AIDS.
HIV by Dr. Rakesh Prasad Sah
This document summarizes HIV and retroviruses. It discusses that retroviruses possess reverse transcriptase which converts viral RNA to DNA. HIV is classified as a lentivirus that causes AIDS. HIV was discovered in 1983 and is the causative agent of AIDS. It is a retrovirus with an RNA genome and envelope. The virus enters host cells using envelope proteins gp120 and gp41 to bind CD4 receptors. The virus has structural and regulatory genes. Infection progresses from primary infection to clinical latency to AIDS as CD4 counts decline. Opportunistic infections occur when CD4 counts drop below 200. Common infections include PCP, CMV, TB, candidiasis and cancers like Kaposi's sarcoma.
Human retroviruses
Human Retroviruses are RNA viruses that contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase, allowing them to convert their RNA genome into DNA. The two major genera that affect humans are Lentiviruses, which include HIV-1 and HIV-2, and HTLV-BLV group, which includes HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. HIV binds host cells via gp120, enters via fusion, reverse transcribes into DNA then integrates into the host genome. It replicates using host cell machinery. Infection can lead to AIDS as CD4+ T cells are depleted. Opportunistic infections are treated with antiretrovirals that target reverse transcriptase and protease.
Pathology - HIV (AIDS)
The document provides information on HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4+ T cells and macrophages, progressively destroying the immune system.
- The virus enters cells using envelope glycoproteins, and its RNA is converted to DNA by reverse transcriptase. The DNA integrates into the host cell's genome.
- As the virus replicates and destroys immune cells, it can eventually cause AIDS, characterized by opportunistic infections. Current antiretroviral treatment aims to suppress viral replication and boost the immune system.
Hiv, aids
Retroviruses like HIV possess the enzyme reverse transcriptase which allows the viral RNA genome to be transcribed into DNA and integrated into the host cell genome. HIV specifically infects CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, hijacking their machinery to replicate. Over time, HIV destroys increasingly more of the immune system by killing infected cells, until opportunistic infections or cancers can take hold, defining the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage of the infection.
AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV is a retrovirus that infects CD4 T-lymphocytes and causes immunosuppression. The virus is transmitted via bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal secretions. HIV enters cells, converts its RNA to DNA then incorporates into the host cell's genome. This leads to a reduction in CD4 cells and impairment of immune function. Over time AIDS develops, characterized by opportunistic infections as the immune system is compromised.
HIV infection. HIV-associated related opportunistic infections and invasions
This document discusses HIV/AIDS, including:
- HIV infects and replicates in human lymphocytes and macrophages, weakening the immune system over years until immune deficiency and opportunistic infections develop.
- Globally in 2018, there were 37.9 million people living with HIV, with 1.7 million newly infected. Sub-Saharan Africa accounts for 70% of cases.
- HIV is transmitted via blood, sexual contact, or vertically from mother to child. It progresses from asymptomatic infection to AIDS over 10-15 years on average.
2.HIV infections.ppt
This document provides information about HIV infections and AIDS. It begins by describing HIV and AIDS, noting it was first recognized in 1981 and is caused by the HIV virus. It then discusses epidemiology, stating that as of 2000 there were an estimated 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS worldwide and 4 million in India. The document goes on to describe the normal immune system, how HIV works including its lifecycle, and the stages of HIV infection from primary infection through disease progression. It also covers transmission methods, high risk groups, viral structure, diagnosis, oral manifestations, and prevention.
Immunopathology 5
This document summarizes secondary immunodeficiency states and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). It describes AIDS as being caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which leads to immunosuppression and opportunistic infections. The virus is transmitted through unprotected sex, blood transfusions, from mother to child, and sharing of infected needles. HIV infects immune cells like CD4+ T cells and macrophages. This results in loss of CD4+ T cells and ultimately immune system failure putting individuals at risk for infections and cancers.
Immuno presentation: hiv
The document summarizes the journey from HIV infection to AIDS, including details on:
1) HIV is a retrovirus that can be categorized into HIV-1 and HIV-2, which infects CD4+ T cells and causes AIDS by destroying these cells.
2) The virus has an RNA genome that is converted to DNA and integrated into the host cell, then uses the cell's machinery to replicate. It buds from the cell to infect others.
3) Without treatment, HIV progressively lowers CD4 counts over many years until the immune system is too weak to fight off infections, at which point AIDS is diagnosed.
HIV
Transmission of HIV occurs sexually, through blood or blood products, or from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, or breastfeeding. HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells and macrophages, infecting these cells. Initial infection causes an acute viral illness, followed by 8 years on average of clinical latency during which the virus replicates and slowly destroys CD4 T-cells. This eventually leads to AIDS, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections, from which death typically occurs within 2 years without treatment.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS
Transmission of HIV occurs sexually, through blood or blood products, or perinatally from mother to child. Once in the bloodstream, HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T-helper cells and macrophages, fuses with the cell, and begins replicating. Initial infection causes an acute viral illness, then a median 8-year clinical latency during which HIV slowly destroys CD4 T-cells. This progresses to AIDS within 2 years if left untreated, defined by a CD4 count below 200 or opportunistic infections. HIV can be diagnosed via antibody tests 3-6 weeks post-infection. Viral load and CD4 count determine infection severity and risk, with higher viral load correlated to faster disease progression.
Lecture 15 AIDS .pptx
This document provides information about HIV and AIDS. It begins with statistics on HIV including 37.9 million people living with HIV in 2018, 770,000 deaths from AIDS in 2018, and 1.7 million new infections in 2018. The document then defines HIV and AIDS and describes the structure and life cycle of HIV. It discusses how HIV is transmitted and replicates by infecting CD4 cells. The clinical stages of HIV infection are outlined including acute infection, clinical latency, and AIDS. Laboratory diagnosis and tests for HIV are also summarized including ELISA, Western Blot, P24 antigen detection, viral load testing, CD4 counts, and considerations for pediatric HIV diagnosis.
Tutorial secondary idd aids
This document defines secondary immune deficiency diseases and discusses HIV/AIDS in particular. It covers the causes, pathogenesis, clinical presentations, diagnosis, and monitoring of secondary immune deficiencies, with a focus on HIV. Key points include: (1) Secondary immune deficiencies are acquired and common, caused by defects in antibodies, phagocytes, complement, or cell-mediated immunity; (2) HIV progresses through early, chronic, and crisis phases defined by declining CD4+ T-cell counts; (3) AIDS is diagnosed when CD4+ counts fall below 200 cells/μL and opportunistic infections or cancers develop.
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We are one of the top Massage Spa Ajman Our highly skilled, experienced, and certified massage therapists from different corners of the world are committed to serving you with a soothing and relaxing experience. Luxuriate yourself at our spas in Sharjah and Ajman, which are indeed enriched with an ambiance of relaxation and tranquility. We could confidently claim that we are one of the most affordable Spa Ajman and Sharjah as well, where you can book the massage session of your choice for just 99 AED at any time as we are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
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Top Rated Massage Center In Ajman Chandrima Spa
The best massage spa Ajman is Chandrima Spa Ajman, which was founded in 2023 and is exclusively for men 24 hours a day. As of right now, our parent firm has been providing massage services to over 50,000+ clients in Ajman for the past 10 years. It has about 8+ branches. This demonstrates that Chandrima Spa Ajman is among the most reasonably priced spas in Ajman and the ideal place to unwind and rejuvenate. We provide a wide range of Spa massage treatments, including Indian, Pakistani, Kerala, Malayali, and body-to-body massages. Numerous massage techniques are available, including deep tissue, Swedish, Thai, Russian, and hot stone massages. Our massage therapists produce genuinely unique treatments that generate a revitalized sense of inner serenely by fusing modern techniques, the cleanest natural substances, and traditional holistic therapists.
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The South Beach Coffee Java Diet is a variation of the popular South Beach Diet, which was developed by cardiologist Dr. Arthur Agatston. The original South Beach Diet focuses on consuming lean proteins, healthy fats, and low-glycemic index carbohydrates. The South Beach Coffee Java Diet adds the element of coffee, specifically caffeine, to enhance weight loss and improve energy levels.
Luxurious Spa In Ajman Chandrima Massage Center
Chandrima Spa Ajman is one of the leading Massage Center in Ajman, which is open 24 hours exclusively for men. Being one of the most affordable Spa in Ajman, we offer Body to Body massage, Kerala Massage, Malayali Massage, Indian Massage, Pakistani Massage Russian massage, Thai massage, Swedish massage, Hot Stone Massage, Deep Tissue Massage, and many more. Indulge in the ultimate massage experience and book your appointment today. We are confident that you will leave our Massage spa feeling refreshed, rejuvenated, and ready to take on the world.
Visit : https://massagespaajman.com/
Call : 052 987 1315
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Tobacco Use: Immediate effects include increased heart rate, while long-term risks encompass cancer and heart disease.
Drug Use: Risks vary depending on the drug type, including health and psychological implications.
Prevention Strategies: Education, healthy coping mechanisms, community support, and policies are vital in preventing substance use.
Harm Reduction Strategies: Safe use practices, medication-assisted treatment, and naloxone availability aim to reduce harm.
Seeking Help for Addiction: Recognizing signs, available treatments, support systems, and resources are essential for recovery.
Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
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- 1. HIV VIRUS PREPARED BY :- BHASKAR DEWANGAN B. Pharmacy Institute Of Pharmacy Pt. R. S. University, Raipur(C.G.)
- 3. “Human Immunodeficiency Virus” A specific type of virus (a retrovirus) HIV invades the helper T cells to replicate itself. No Cure
- 4. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome HIV is the virus that causes AIDS Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection A person with AIDS has a very weak immune system No Cure
- 5. (a) HIV (red) attaches to two cell-surface receptors (the CD4 antigen and a specific chemokine receptor). (b) The virus and cell membrane fuse, and the virion core enters the cell. (c) The viral RNA and core proteins are released from the virion core and are then actively transported to the nucleus. (d) The viral RNA genome is converted into double-stranded DNA through an enzyme unique to viruses, reverse transcriptase (red dot). (e) The double-stranded viral DNA moves into the cell nucleus. (f) Using a unique viral enzyme called integrase, the viral DNA is integrated into the cellular DNA. (g) Viral RNA is synthesized by the cellular enzyme RNA polymerase II using integrated viral DNA as a template. Two types of RNA transcripts shorter spliced RNA (h) and full- length genomic RNA (j) are produced. (h) Shorter spliced RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm and used for the production of several viral proteins that are then modified in the Golgi apparatus of the cell (i). (j) Full-length genomic RNAs are transported to the cytoplasm (k). (l) New virion is assembled and then buds off. (m) Mature virus is released.
- 7. Short, flu-like illness - occurs one to six weeks after infection no symptoms at all Infected person can infect other people
- 8. This stage is free from symptoms There may be swollen glands The level of HIV in the blood drops to very low levels HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
- 9. The symptoms are mild The immune system deteriorates emergence of opportunistic infections and cancers
- 10. The immune system weakens The illnesses become more severe leading to an AIDS diagnosis
- 11. Bacterial ◦ Tuberculosis (TB) Viral ◦ Kaposi Sarcoma ◦ Herpes ◦ Influenza (flu)
- 12. Parasitic ◦ Pneumocystis carinii Fungal ◦ Cryptococcus
- 15. Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors ◦ AZT (Zidovudine) Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors ◦ Viramune (Nevirapine) Protease inhibitors ◦ Norvir (Ritonavir)